Name: using facial electromyography to assess facial muscle reactions to experienced and observed affective touch in humans
Uploaded: 2019-03-15T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans at JoVE.com

提交人感谢 Margaret Wardle 博士的出色培训和技术援助。这项工作的部分资金来自瑞典研究理事会的 fyf-2013-987 (IM) 赠款。

该议定书以 Mayo 等人31 人 (实验 1) 和 ree等人32 人 (实验 2) 为基础。瑞典林雪平区域道德审查委员会 (实验 1) 和挪威奥斯陆大学心理学系地方道德委员会 (实验 2) 批准了道德。
1. 参与者筛选和准备
<ol><li>招募参与者缺乏触觉或未经纠正的视觉障碍, 没有任何神经或精神障碍, 除非正在招募特定的病人群体。</li>
	<li>确保参与者能够完全理解?...

<ol>
	<li>Abraira, V. E., Ginty, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sensory+neurons+of+touch.">The sensory neurons of touch.</a> Neuron. 79 (4), 618-639 (2013).</li><li>Olausson, H., Wessberg, J., Morrison, I., McGlone, F., Vallbo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurophysiology+of+unmyelinated+tactile+afferents.">The neurophysiology of unmyelinated tactile afferents.</a> Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 34 (2), 185-191 (2010).</li><li>Gallace, A., Spence, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+science+of+interpersonal+touch:+an+overview.">The science of interpersonal touch: an overview.</a> Neuroscience and BiobehavioralReviews. 34 (2), 246-259 (2010).</li><li>Morrison, I., Loken, L. 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在这里, 我们报告使用面部肌电图 (EMG) 作为一种方法, 研究情感反应的观察和经验触摸。此前, 许多研究都集中在使用自我报告评级来描述触觉的情感品质上。最佳激活 CT 传入 (如 1-10 cm/s) 的触摸始终被评为比速度更快或较慢的触摸速度更令人愉快 10.相反, 强度的额定值似乎跟踪速度, 更快的触摸速度被评为更强烈, 很可能通过 Aβ纤维介导37。利用两个独立的数?...

提出了 c-触觉 (ct) 传入来传达触觉的情感成分, 它可以区别于通过 aβ纤维1, 2 处理触摸的判别方面。ct 介导的情感触觉被认为在社会从属行为中起着不可或缺的作用 3, 导致了 "皮肤作为社会器官" 的假设4。物理5,6, 发育7, 和精神 8,9 因素可以影响 ct 介导的触摸处理。因此, 建立一个客观的措施来量化对 ct 相关触觉的情感反应, 对于进行人群之间的比较至关重要。
近年来, 对 CT 传入的特点有了很大的了解。这些未髓鞘的传入显示了一个倒置 u 形的发射频率, 速度为 1-10 cm/s "Ct-pe散") 产生最大的频率, 并且具有较大的 ("快速非最优") 或较小 ("慢速非最优") 的速度, 从而降低了射击10。CT 发射频率与自我报告的触摸 "愉悦度" 相关, 在愉快度10中产生类似的倒 u 形曲线.此外, ct-传入也对接近皮肤温度11 的刺激反应最强烈。这些纤维也显示出明显的传导速度。无髓鞘 ct 传入速度较慢 2, 因此与速度较快的、髓鞘性 aβ纤维 1,12 的速度相比, 皮层传入输入的截流量显示出时间上的滞后。情感和鉴别性的触摸也可以在神经层面上加以区分。虽然两种类型的触摸激活重叠的体感区域, 情感触摸更有可能激活后脑岛, 而歧视性触摸激活感觉运动区13,14,15,16. 无论触摸是直接体验还是仅仅观察到17, 这种激活模式都是一致的, 这表明情感触摸不仅仅是一个由 ct 传入的物理激活驱动的 "自下而上" 的过程, 而且还涉及 "自上而下的 "多模式感官处理集成。
CT 处理不足或不典型的情况也使人们深入了解了这些传入的功能意义。在一个独特的患者群体中, 具有影响神经生长因子β基因的可遗传突变, 薄和未髓鞘神经纤维的密度降低, 包括 CT 传入。与健康对照相比, 这些患者报告在 ct 最佳速度的触摸不太愉快 5。相反的场景也是正确的; 相反的情况也是正确的。缺乏髓鞘性 Aβ纤维的患者能够保持一种微弱的愉快触觉的感觉, 由仍然完整的 CT 传入 6.异常的情感触摸处理不仅局限于 ct 传入中物理变化的情况。在患者和健康人群中, 那些在自闭症特征范围较高的人群中, 触觉8的快感评分降低。精神病患者还表现出情感触觉的享乐评级降低, 童年虐待史是情感触觉意识失调的最一致的预测因素之一.基于 ct 的神经性厌食症患者情感触觉系统的失调也有9项报道.因此, 身体和心理因素都会影响情感触摸处理, 因此, 必须制定能够以公平和可比的方式适用于所有个人的方法。
对典型和不规范的情感处理的洞察有机会提供许多患者群体更细致入微的画面。然而, 情感触觉研究的一个潜在局限性是自我报告评级的必要性。有时, 自我报告可能不可靠,会有回忆偏见.自我报告的询问可以心理上从当前设置中删除参与者, 限制反应的生态有效性, 暂时将其从经验20中删除。此外, 自我报告依赖于对语言和语义的牢固理解, 使跨文化和发展多样化 (例如婴儿和幼儿) 的比较具有挑战性。例如, 自闭症频谱诊断的个人经常对触摸21表现出不同的行为反应, 但也可能难以进行言语交流22。因此, 找到非侵入性方法来衡量对触摸的反应, 以规避对自我报告的依赖, 至少可以转化为更好地了解情感接触的机制, 最多只能对社会处理的失调产生新的见解在患者群体中。
面部肌电图 (EMG) 是客观评估触觉情感反应的合适人选。它已被用来测量特定于勇气的反应视觉23, 视听24, 嗅觉25, 和味觉26 刺激.面部肌电图是一种安全的非侵入性方法, 由粘附在脸27上的表面电极组成。这些表面电极以几十毫秒的时间尺度灵敏度连续实时记录面部肌肉活动。特别令人感兴趣的是瓦楞纸箱 ("瓦楞纸板"), 它是激活时, 皱眉和放松在一个微笑。因此, 瓦楞纸板活性与情感价呈线性关系, 对负面刺激的反应增加, 对积极刺激的反应减少.此外, 当嘴角拉成微笑时, 高度的肌肉被激活。合子体显示一个 "j 形" 激活模式与积极的刺激引起最大的反应, 和最消极的刺激引起一个更大的反应比中性刺激 28.当刺激在意识之外表现出来, 或者当个人明确试图抑制他们的反应 29,30 时, 甚至可以观察到这些肌肉的面部肌电图记录.重要的是, 面部肌电图可以单独使用, 也可以与自我报告评分或其他生理记录结合使用。因此, 它是评估情绪反应的一个理想的方法, 触觉刺激 31,32。
总之, 面部肌电图可以与自我报告评级相结合, 以确定 ct 最佳触觉刺激如何影响面部肌肉活动, 作为情感反应的潜在指标。人们可以利用 CTs 的速度相关的发射频率, 在 ct 最佳和非最佳速度下应用触控, 触控既可以应用于 ct 丰富的手臂, 也可以应用于理想的 ct 缺乏的手掌。可以对不同的方式进行比较, 以确定对触摸的情感反应是否需要直接刺激, 或者仅仅通过观察来获得, 暗示了各种感官方式的共享处理。最后, 在将面部肌电图确定为研究情感触觉情感反应的合适方法后, 研究人员可以探讨各种干预措施 (如药物管理、压力暴露) 对情感触觉处理的影响), 它如何在整个发展过程中变化 7, 它是如何受到相互作用物33的关系的影响, 以及它是否在临床人群中被失调8。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1149px;" width="1148">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">4mm Ag-AgCl sheilded reusable electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">EL654</td>
			<td style="width:477px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">75mm goat hair brush</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">IN-EX Color AB</td>
			<td>77062</td>
			<td>Touch application; https://www.in-exfarg.se</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">8mm Ag-AgCl unsheilded reusable electrode</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Acqknowledge software</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td>ACK100W</td>
			<td>Used for application of filtering steps, analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Adhesive collars</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ADD204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Cables</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">BN-EL30-LEAD3; LEAD2</td>
			<td>LEAD3 includes ground, LEAD2 is only bipolar recording electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Electro-gel</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">GEL100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">EMG aplifier x 2</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">BN-EMG2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">El-Prep</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ELPREP</td>
			<td style="width:477px;">Facial exfoliant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">MP160 data acqusition system</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td>MP160WSW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Presentation software</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Neurobehavioral systems</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td>Task presentation software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using facial electromyography to assess facial muscle reactions to experienced and observed affective touch in humans

"情感" 触摸被认为是以不同于歧视性触摸的方式处理的, 并涉及激活 c 触觉 (CT) 传入纤维。最佳激活 CT 纤维的触摸一直被评为享乐愉悦。社会情感功能受损的患者群体也表现出无序的情感触觉评级。然而, 依靠自我报告的触觉评级有很多限制, 包括召回偏差和沟通障碍。在这里, 我们描述了一种方法方法来研究情感反应触摸通过面部肌电图 (EMG), 以避免依赖自我报告评级。面部肌电图是一种客观的、定量的、非侵入性的方法, 用于测量面部肌肉活动, 指示情感反应。可以评估健康和患者群体的应对措施, 而无需进行口头沟通。在这里, 我们提供了两个独立的数据集, 证明 ct 最佳和非最佳触摸会引起不同的面部肌肉反应。此外, 面部肌电图反应是一致的, 在刺激模式, 如触觉 (经验的触摸) 和视觉 (观察触摸)。最后, 面部肌电图的时间分辨率可以检测到时间尺度上的反应, 而不是口头报告的反应。总之, 我们的数据表明, 面部肌电图是一种合适的方法, 用于情感触觉研究, 可用于补充, 或在某些情况下, 取代现有的措施。

与快速的非最佳触摸相比, ct 最佳触摸可获得明显的 EMG 响应 第一个实验讨论了是否可以检测到差异肌电磁场反应是为了响应 ct 优化 (3 mms) 和快速非最优 (30 mx) 触觉刺激, 直接经历 (图 3) 或仅仅观察到 (图 2 )和图 3)31。
经验丰?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans at JoVE.com

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

我们描述了一个评估面部肌肉活动的方案, 以响应经验丰富和观察到的触觉刺激使用面部肌电图。

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

一种协议使研究人员能够克服潜在的问题，如召回购买，或沟通障碍，为新的研究路线铺平道路，否则可能是不可能的。这种方法使我们能够实时跟踪面部肌肉运动。因此，除了自我和融，我们在整个触摸刺激中，还可以获得情感反应的客观测量。学习如何一致地正确应用电极需要时间。但是，在数据处理和分析期间，确保收集高质量数据需要很长时间。首先通知参与者电极传感器的应用过程，目的是测量会话期间的肌肉和汗液活动。然后，用水清洁参与者的皮肤，在那里将应用传感器。使用外向磨砂轻轻擦擦相同区域。接下来，在电极对上涂抹胶粘圈，由两、四毫米屏蔽双极记录电极组成，外加一个单极参考电极，使它们粘附在皮肤上。将衣领粘附在电极的外缘后，用导电电极凝胶填充传感器，注意防止气泡的形成。然后，沿着一条假想的垂直线将眉毛正上方贴上一个电极，穿过眼睛的内角。将第二个电极放在一厘米的横向，稍微优于第一个电极，沿着眉毛的边界。对于酶运动反应，将第一个传感器放在中间，沿着连接上耳和嘴角的假想线放置。将第二个电极放在一厘米的中，朝向嘴部，并注意避免肌肉质量。接下来，使用八毫米，无护，单极记录电极，作为参考电极，并放在前额中间，等距内眉和下发际线。确保电极线的位置不会妨碍视力。最后，检查每个电极的阻抗水平是否低于 20 千瓦姆，并配有阻抗监视器。首先让学员坐在电脑前，实验臂横向伸出，舒适地休息。然后，用窗帘分隔符阻挡学员手臂的横向视图。最后，使用75毫米山羊发刷进行触摸，该刷适用于手臂上标记的指定部分。结果表明，无论触摸位置如何，有经验的CT最佳触摸都被评为比非最佳触摸更愉快。快速、非最佳的触摸始终被评定为更强烈，无论触摸是否体验。对于触碰手臂，CT 最佳触摸和非最佳触摸之间的腐蚀器响应明显不同，但仅看到触摸手掌的趋势水平效果。另一方面，酶运动没有受到经验触摸的显著影响。此外，对于第二个实验，结果表明，慢速、非最佳触摸被评定为不太愉快，强度也低于CT最佳触摸。类似于快速、非最佳触摸、慢速、非最佳触摸，则引起由 CT 最佳触摸衰减的稳健波纹管活动。最后，EMG 响应表明，在前 700 毫秒内，波纹管反应没有差异。然而，在接下来的5.6秒内，波纹管的反应和对CT最佳触摸的反应逐渐减少，而它逐渐增加，以回应缓慢，非最佳触摸。除了E姆格，您还可以同时收集其他心理生理测量，如皮肤传导或心率。这将为您提供更全面的心理生理档案。

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Anatomy and Physiology

Behavior

Unit 1

The Muscular System

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

与年龄相关的变化认知功能使用EmoCogMeter，新型平板计算机基础法评估

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

科研

行为学

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

整体面部复合创作以后的视频阵容目击者识别范式

The paradigm detailed in this manuscript describes an applied experimental method based on real police investigations during which an eyewitness or victim ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

测量延迟贴现在人类使用的调量任务

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans

手动测试的协议来衡量感觉和疼痛人类

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study ...

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

人体特异 Reach-to-Grasp 运动的帧-帧视频分析

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...