Name: using facial electromyography to assess facial muscle reactions to experienced and observed affective touch in humans
Uploaded: 2019-03-15T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans at JoVE.com

The authors are grateful to Dr. Margaret Wardle for her exceptional training and technical assistance. This work was funded in part by Swedish Research Council grant FYF-2013-687 (IM).

This protocol is based on Mayo et al.31 (Experiment 1) and Ree et al.32 (Experiment 2). Ethical approval was granted by the Regional Ethical Review Board, Link&#246;ping, Sweden (Experiment 1) and the local ethical committee at the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway (Experiment 2).
1. Participant Screening and Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Recruit participants who lack tactile or uncorrected visual disturbances and are free of any neu...

<ol>
	<li>Abraira, V. E., Ginty, D. 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S., Olausson, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+skin+as+a+social+organ.">The skin as a social organ.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 204 (3), 305-314 (2010).</li><li>Morrison, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+C-afferent+fibre+density+affects+perceived+pleasantness+and+empathy+for+touch.">Reduced C-afferent fibre density affects perceived pleasantness and empathy for touch.</a> Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 134, 1116-1126 (2011).</li><li>Olausson, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unmyelinated+tactile+afferents+signal+touch+and+project+to+insular+cortex.">Unmyelinated tactile afferents signal touch and project to insular cortex.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 5 (9), 900-904 (2002).</li><li>Croy, I., Sehlstedt, I., Wasling, H. 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Here, we report on the use of facial electromyography (EMG) as a method to study affective responses to observed and experienced touch. Previously, many studies have focused on the use of self-report ratings to characterize the affective quality of touch. Touch that optimally activates CT afferents (e.g., 1-10 cm/s) is consistently rated as more pleasant than either faster or slower touch velocities10. In contrast, ratings of intensity seem to track with velocity, with faster touch velocities rate...

C-tactile (CT) afferents are proposed to convey the affective component of touch, which can be distinguished from the discriminative aspects of touch processed via A&#946; fibers1,2. CT-mediated affective touch is believed to play an integral role in social affiliative behaviors3, leading to the &#34;skin as a social organ&#34; hypothesis4. Physical5,6, developmental7, and psychiatric8,9 factors can influence CT-mediated touch processing. Thus, establishing an objective measure to quantify affective reactions to CT-relevant touch is critical to allow for comparisons across populations.
In recent years, much insight has been gained regarding the characteristics of CT afferents. These unmyelinated afferents demonstrate an inverted U-shaped firing frequency, with velocities of 1-10 cm/s (&#34;CT-optimal&#34;) eliciting the greatest frequency and both greater (&#34;fast non-optimal&#34;) or lesser (&#34;slow non-optimal&#34;) velocities eliciting reduced firing10. CT firing frequency correlates with self-reported ratings of touch &#34;pleasantness&#34;, producing a similar inverted U-shaped curve in pleasantness ratings10. Moreover, CT-afferents also respond most robustly to stimuli close to skin temperature11. These fibers also show distinct conduction speeds. The unmyelinated CT afferents are slower2 and thus the volley of afferent input to the cortex shows a temporal lag when compared to the speed of the faster, myelinated A&#946; fibers1,12. Affective and discriminative touch can also be distinguished on a neural level. While both types of touch activate overlapping somatosensory areas, affective touch is more likely to activate the posterior insula, while discriminative touch activates sensorimotor areas13,14,15,16. This activation pattern is consistent whether the touch is directly experienced or merely observed17, suggesting that affective touch is not just a &#34;bottom-up&#34; process driven by physical activation of CT afferents, but also involves &#34;top-down&#34; integration of multimodal sensory processing.
Situations in which CT processing is deficient or otherwise atypical has also provided insight into the functional significance of these afferents. In a unique patient group with a heritable mutation affecting the nerve growth factor &#946; gene, there is a reduction in the density of thin and unmyelinated nerve fibers, including CT afferents. Compared to healthy controls, these patients report touch at CT-optimal velocities as less pleasant5. The converse scenario is also true; patients who lack myelinated A&#946; fibers are able to retain a faint sensation of pleasant touch carried by the still intact CT afferents6. Abnormal affective touch processing is not just confined to instances of physical changes in CT-afferents. Across patient and healthy populations, those higher on the spectrum of autistic traits reported reduced pleasantness ratings of touch8. Psychiatric patients also demonstrate reduced hedonic ratings of affective touch, with a history of childhood maltreatment as one of the most consistent predictors of dysregulated affective touch awareness8. Dysregulation in the CT-based affective touch system in anorexia nervosa has also been reported9. Thus, both physical and psychological factors can influence affective touch processing, and as such, it is imperative to establish methodologies that can be applied to all individuals in an equitable and comparable manner.
Insights into normo-typical and dysregulated affective processing have the opportunity to provide a more nuanced picture of many patient groups. However, one potential limitation of affective touch research is the necessity of self-reported ratings. At times, self-report can be unreliable18 and subject to recall bias19. Inquiries of self-report can psychologically remove a participant from the current setting, limiting the ecological validity of the responses and removing them temporally from the experience20. Moreover, self-report relies on a firm understanding of language and semantics, making cross-cultural and developmentally diverse (e.g. infant and toddler-aged individuals) comparisons challenging. For instance, individuals with an autism spectrum diagnosis frequently show distinct behavioral responses to touch21, but can also have difficulties in communicating verbally22. Thus, finding non-invasive methods to measure responses to touch that circumvent a reliance on self-report may translate, at least, to a better understanding of the mechanisms of affective touch, and at most, novel insights into dysregulation of social processing in patient populations.
Facial electromyography (EMG) is a suitable candidate to objectively assess affective responses to touch. It has been used to measure valence-specific reactions to visual23, audio-visual24, olfactory25, and gustatory26 stimuli. Facial EMG is a safe and non-invasive method consisting of surface electrodes that adhere to the face27. These surface electrodes record facial muscle activity continuously in real-time with time scale sensitivity in the tens of milliseconds. Of particular interest is the corrugator supercilii (&#34;corrugator&#34;), which is activated when furrowing the brow and relaxes during a smile. As a result, corrugator activity has a linear relationship with affective valence, with increased response to negative stimuli and decreased activity in response to positive stimuli28. In addition, the zygomaticus major (&#34;zygomatic&#34;) is the muscle activated as the corners of the mouth pull up into a smile. The zygomatic displays a &#34;J-shaped&#34; activation pattern with positive stimuli eliciting the greatest response, and the most negative stimuli eliciting a greater response than neutral stimuli28. Facial EMG recordings of these muscles can even be observed when stimuli are presented outside conscious awareness or when individuals are explicitly trying to suppress their reactions29,30. Importantly, facial EMG can be used alone or in combination with self-report ratings or other physiological recordings. Thus, it is an ideal methodology to assess affective reactions to tactile stimulation31,32.
In sum, facial EMG can be combined with self-report ratings to determine how CT-optimal tactile stimulation influences facial muscle activity as a potential indicator of affective response. One can take advantage of the velocity-dependent firing frequency of CTs to apply touch at CT-optimal and non-optimal velocities, and touch can be applied both to the CT-rich arm and the putatively CT-lacking palm. Comparisons can be made across modalities to determine whether affective responses to touch require direct stimulation or can be elicited via mere observation, suggestive of shared processing across sensory modalities. Finally, upon establishing facial EMG as a suitable methodology to study affective reactions to affective touch, researchers can then explore how affective touch processing may be influenced by various interventions (e.g., drug administration; stress exposure), how it changes throughout development7, how it is influenced by the relationship of the interactants33, and whether it is dysregulated in clinical populations8.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">4mm Ag-AgCl sheilded reusable electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">EL654</td>
			<td style="width:477px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">75mm goat hair brush</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">IN-EX Color AB</td>
			<td>77062</td>
			<td>Touch application; https://www.in-exfarg.se</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">8mm Ag-AgCl unsheilded reusable electrode</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Acqknowledge software</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td>ACK100W</td>
			<td>Used for application of filtering steps, analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Adhesive collars</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ADD204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Cables</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">BN-EL30-LEAD3; LEAD2</td>
			<td>LEAD3 includes ground, LEAD2 is only bipolar recording electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Electro-gel</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">GEL100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">EMG aplifier x 2</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">BN-EMG2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">El-Prep</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ELPREP</td>
			<td style="width:477px;">Facial exfoliant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">MP160 data acqusition system</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biopac</td>
			<td>MP160WSW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:305px;">Presentation software</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Neurobehavioral systems</td>
			<td style="width:177px;"></td>
			<td>Task presentation software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using facial electromyography to assess facial muscle reactions to experienced and observed affective touch in humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

CT-optimal touch elicits distinct EMG responses compared to fast non-optimal touch across modalities 
The first experiment addressed whether differential EMG reactivity could be detected in response to CT-optimal (3 cm/s) and fast non-optimal (30 cm/s) tactile stimulation that was directly experienced (Figure 3) or merely observed (Figure 2 and Figure 3)31</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans at JoVE.com

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

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Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

EmoCogMeter, 소설 태블릿 컴퓨터 기반 접근 방식을 사용하여인지 기능의 연령과 관련된 변화의 평가

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

연구

행동분석학

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

인간의 음식 보상과 동기 부여를 공부

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

비트의 청각 장애를 폭로 : 감지 리듬 장애를 누르면 동기화 손가락 및 지각 타이밍 작업에

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

위협 확률 작업을 사용하면 불확실하고 특정 위협하는 동안 불안과 공포를 평가하는

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

전체적 얼굴 복합 작성 및 후속 비디오 라인업 목격자 식별 패러다임

The paradigm detailed in this manuscript describes an applied experimental method based on real police investigations during which an eyewitness or victim ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

물 박탈, 사카린 페이딩 또는 확장 액세스 교육을받지 않은 쥐에 에탄올의 강화 속성을 평가하는 방법

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

지연하는 조정 금액 태스크를 사용하여 인간에로 할인 측정

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

관능 평가를위한 데이터 수집 및 자동화 표정 분석 기술에 대한 분석 응용 및 시간적 분석을위한 프로토콜

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans

수동 테스트의 프로토콜은 인간의 감각과 통증을 측정하는

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study ...

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...