Name: three-dimensional bone extracellular matrix model for osteosarcoma
Uploaded: 2019-04-12T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma at JoVE.com

The authors value the support of Liuying Chen for her administrative assistance and Long Zhao for his excellent technical assistance during the construction of bone extracellular matrix scaffolds. This study is supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871413).

Animal care and use are conducted according to the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH publication NO.80-23, revised in 1996) after approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-sen University.
1. Bone preparation
<ol>
	<li>Obtain 4 to 6-week-old BALB/c mice (without sex-specific requirement). Euthanize a mouse aseptically by cervical dislocation and cut off fresh fibula, tibia and femur from a hindlimb with sterile surgical scissors. Pe...

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+of+origin+in+osteosarcoma:+mesenchymal+stem+cells+or+osteoblast+committed+cells.">Cells of origin in osteosarcoma: mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblast committed cells.</a> Bone. 62, 56-63 (2014).</li><li>Sato, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+tumors+can+derive+from+Ng2/Cspg4-Expressing+pericytes+with+&#946;-Catenin+modulating+the+neoplastic+phenotype.">Mesenchymal tumors can derive from Ng2/Cspg4-Expressing pericytes with &#946;-Catenin modulating the neoplastic phenotype.</a> Cell Reports. 16, 917-927 (2016).</li><li>Patane, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MET+overexpression+turns+human+primary+osteoblasts+into+osteosarcomas.">MET overexpression turns human primary osteoblasts into osteosarcomas.</a> Cancer Research. 66, 4750-4757 (2006).</li><li>Poos, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+heterogeneity+of+osteosarcoma+-+shift+from+single+candidates+to+functional+modules.">Genomic heterogeneity of osteosarcoma - shift from single candidates to functional modules.</a> PLoS One. 10, 123082 (2015).</li><li>Martin, J. 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Generally, OS can be classified as osteoblastic, chondroblastic, and &#64257;broblastic subtypes depending on its dominant histologic component. Its prognosis is dependent not only on histologic parameters but also on its anatomic site. It may occur inside the bones (in the intramedullary or intracortical compartment), on the surfaces of bones, and in extraosseous sites19. The emergence and heterogeneity of OS can be elucidated as a conjugation of oncogenic events and an adequate microenvironmenta...

Osteosarcoma (OS) usually occurs in actively growing areas, the metaphysis of long bones, during adolescence. More than 80% of the OS-affected sites have preference for the metaphysis of proximal tibia and proximal humerus as well as both distal and proximal femur, corresponding to the location of the growth plate1. OS comprises multiple cell subtypes with mesenchymal properties and considerable diversity in histologic features and grade. Evidences support mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts committed precursors and pericytes as the cells of origin2,3,4,5. These cells can accumulate&#160;genetic or epigenetic alterations and give rise to OS under the influence of certain bone microenvironmental signals. Both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms result in the genomic instability and heterogeneity of OS, with multiple morphological and clinical phenotypes6,7. For individualized therapies or screening of new drugs, novel models need to be generated to against heterogeneity or other clinical disorders.
OS is an intra-osseous malignant solid tumor. The complexity and activity of surrounding microenvironment elements confer phenotypic and functional differences upon OS cells in different locations of a tumor. Bone extracellular matrix (BEM) provides a structural and biochemical scaffold for mineral deposition and bone remodeling. The organic portion of extracellular matrix (ECM) mainly consists of type I collagen secreted by osteoblastic lineage cells, while its mineralized portion is composed of calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite8. The dynamic role of ECM networks is to regulate cell adhesion, differentiation, cross-talk and tissue function maintenance9.
Demineralized BEM and ECM hydrogels have been successfully used in cell culture and can enhance cell proliferation10,11. Synthesized bone-like ECM can regulate the pool size, fate decisions and lineage progression of MSCs12,13,14. Moreover, results evidence its clinical significance to provide osteogenic activity by stimulating cellular processes during bone formation and regeneration15,16,17.
In this article, our group establishes a modified model and favorable alternative for three-dimensional long-term culture. OS cells injected into the tissue-derived BEM present a heterogeneously mesenchymal phenotype readily as compared to plastic two-dimensional cultures. BEM derived from site-specific homologous tissue show its dramatic advantage as being a native niche for OS cells in vitro and has great potential in OS theoretical and clinical research. This characterized BEM platform is simple but efficient for in vitro research and may be extended in modeling multiple cancers.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1049px;" width="1049">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">15 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>188271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">50 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>227270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">6 cm cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>628160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">6-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>657160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42">C57-BL/6J mouse</td>
			<td>Sun Yat-sen University Laboratory Animal Center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25">CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>SHEL LAB</td>
			<td>SCO5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42">Dibasic sodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory</td>
			<td>BE14-GR-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D0547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30084.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>BLAU</td>
			<td>717805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Kanamycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>PHR1487</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42">MG-63</td>
			<td>Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Cell Bank</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Human osteosarcoma cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42">MNNG/HOS</td>
			<td>Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Cell Bank</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Human osteosarcoma cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42">Phenol red</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4633</td>
			<td>A solution of phenol red is used as a pH indicator: its color exhibits a gradual transition from yellow to red over the pH range 6.6 to 8.0.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A100395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Potassium Phosphate Monobasic</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A501211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A501218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional bone extracellular matrix model for osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with diagnostic or prognostic difficulties. OS comprises genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cells. Bone microenvironment elements are proved to account for tumor heterogeneity and disease progression. Bone extracellular matrix (BEM) retains the microstructural matrices and biochemical components of native extracellular matrix. This tissue-specific niche provides a favorable and long-term scaffold for OS cell seeding and proliferation. This article provides a protocol for the preparation of BEM model and its further experimental application. OS cells can grow and differentiate into multiple phenotypes consistent with the histopathological complexity of OS clinical specimens. The model also allows visualization of diverse morphologies and their association with genetic alterations and underlying regulatory mechanisms. As homologous to human OS, this BEM-OS model can be developed and applied to the pathology and clinical research of OS.

After demineralization and decellularization, BEM appears to be translucent with stronger resilience and tenacity compared to native mouse bone. A little muscle residue and the space of medullary cavity can be clearly observed (Figure 1A, B). To determine the effective decellularization of BEM, BEM is embedded in paraffin after fixation, and then sliced into 3&#8211;5 &#956;m sections for hematoxylin-eosin (H&#38;E) staining. The thorough removal of cell nuclei is shown by b...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma at JoVE.com

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma (Video) | JoVE

The bone extracellular matrix (BEM) model for osteosarcoma (OS) is well established and shown here. It can be used as a suitable scaffold for mimicking primary tumor growth in vitro and providing an ideal model for studying the histologic and cytogenic heterogeneity of OS.

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with ...

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Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional 3D Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts (Video) | JoVE

Three-dimensional (3D) culture of organoids from tumor specimens of human patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of prostate cancer, referred ...

A Three-dimensional Model of Spheroids to Study Colon Cancer Stem Cells

A Three-dimensional Model of Spheroids to Study Colon Cancer Stem Cells (Video) | JoVE

Colorectal cancers are characterized by heterogeneity and a hierarchical organization comprising a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) responsible for ...

Three-Dimensional In Vitro Biomimetic Model of Neuroblastoma Using Collagen-Based Scaffolds

Three-Dimensional In Vitro Biomimetic Model of Neuroblastoma Using Collagen-Based Scaffolds (Video) | JoVE

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, accounting for 15% of overall pediatric cancer deaths. The native tumor tissue is a ...