Name: purification of the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction
Uploaded: 2019-05-02T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction at JoVE.com

海馬ニューロンの低密度培養に対する岡部茂雄氏と松野仁美さん、TLCN欠損マウスの三科正義さん、技術支援を受けた三井幸子さん、塩崎桃子さん、吉原研究室のメンバーに感謝の意を表します。.この作品は、JSPSカケンヒグラント・ノーズが支援しました。JP20700307、JP22700354、JP24500392、文部研日グラントNos.JP23123525からYFおよびJP20022046、JP18H04683、およびJP18H05146からYYへ。

ここに記載されているすべての方法は、理化学研究所和光の施設動物管理・使用委員会によって承認されています。
1. 海馬ニューロンの培養
<ol><li>培養培地の調製
	<ol>
<li>200倍のビタミンミックスの調製。Dパントテイン酸ヘミカルシウム塩の100mg、塩化コリン100mg、葉酸100mg、イノシトール180mg、ナイアシンアミド100mg、ピリドキサルHCl100mg、500mLのチアミンHC...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+role+of+dendritic+filopodia+in+synaptogenesis+and+spine+formation.">Evidence for a role of dendritic filopodia in synaptogenesis and spine formation.</a> Neuron. 17 (1), 91-102 (1996).</li><li>Lohmann, C., Bonhoeffer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+local+calcium+signaling+in+rapid+synaptic+partner+selection+by+dendritic+filopodia.">A role for local calcium signaling in rapid synaptic partner selection by dendritic filopodia.</a> Neuron. 59 (2), 253-260 (2008).</li><li>Yoshihara, Y., De Roo, M., Muller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+spine+formation+and+stabilization.">Dendritic spine formation and stabilization.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 19 (2), 146-153 (2009).</li><li>Bayes, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+human+and+mouse+postsynaptic+proteomes+finds+high+compositional+conservation+and+abundance+differences+for+key+synaptic+proteins.">Comparative study of human and mouse postsynaptic proteomes finds high compositional conservation and abundance differences for key synaptic proteins.</a> PLoS One. 7 (10), e46683 (2012).</li><li>Bayes, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+proteome,+diseases+and+evolution+of+the+human+postsynaptic+density.">Characterization of the proteome, diseases and evolution of the human postsynaptic density.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 14 (1), 19-21 (2011).</li><li>Furutani, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+telencephalin+and+ERM+family+proteins+mediates+dendritic+filopodia+formation.">Interaction between telencephalin and ERM family proteins mediates dendritic filopodia formation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (33), 8866-8876 (2007).</li><li>Mao, Y. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filopodia+Conduct+Target+Selection+in+Cortical+Neurons+Using+Differences+in+Signal+Kinetics+of+a+Single+Kinase.">Filopodia Conduct Target Selection in Cortical Neurons Using Differences in Signal Kinetics of a Single Kinase.</a> Neuron. 98 (4), 767-782 (2018).</li><li>Matsuno, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalin+slows+spine+maturation.">Telencephalin slows spine maturation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (6), 1776-1786 (2006).</li><li>Raemaekers, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARF6-mediated+endosomal+transport+of+Telencephalin+affects+dendritic+filopodia-to-spine+maturation.">ARF6-mediated endosomal transport of Telencephalin affects dendritic filopodia-to-spine maturation.</a> The EMBO Journal. 31 (15), 3252-3269 (2012).</li><li>Mori, K., Fujita, S. C., Watanabe, Y., Obata, K., Hayaishi, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalon-specific+antigen+identified+by+monoclonal+antibody.">Telencephalon-specific antigen identified by monoclonal antibody.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (11), 3921-3925 (1987).</li><li>Yoshihara, Y., Mori, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalin:+a+neuronal+area+code+molecule?.">Telencephalin: a neuronal area code molecule?.</a> Neuroscience Research. 21 (2), 119-124 (1994).</li><li>Annaert, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+with+telencephalin+and+the+amyloid+precursor+protein+predicts+a+ring+structure+for+presenilins.">Interaction with telencephalin and the amyloid precursor protein predicts a ring structure for presenilins.</a> Neuron. 32 (4), 579-589 (2001).</li><li>Furutani, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vitronectin+induces+phosphorylation+of+ezrin/radixin/moesin+actin-binding+proteins+through+binding+to+its+novel+neuronal+receptor+telencephalin.">Vitronectin induces phosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin actin-binding proteins through binding to its novel neuronal receptor telencephalin.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (46), 39041-39049 (2012).</li><li>Nyman-Huttunen, H., Tian, L., Ning, L., Gahmberg, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=alpha-Actinin-dependent+cytoskeletal+anchorage+is+important+for+ICAM-5-mediated+neuritic+outgrowth.">alpha-Actinin-dependent cytoskeletal anchorage is important for ICAM-5-mediated neuritic outgrowth.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 119 (Pt 15), 3057-3066 (2006).</li><li>Esselens, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presenilin+1+mediates+the+turnover+of+telencephalin+in+hippocampal+neurons+via+an+autophagic+degradative+pathway.">Presenilin 1 mediates the turnover of telencephalin in hippocampal neurons via an autophagic degradative pathway.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 166 (7), 1041-1054 (2004).</li><li>Furutani, Y., Yoshihara, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+Analysis+of+Dendritic+Filopodia-Rich+Fraction+Isolated+by+Telencephalin+and+Vitronectin+Interaction.">Proteomic Analysis of Dendritic Filopodia-Rich Fraction Isolated by Telencephalin and Vitronectin Interaction.</a> Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience. 10, 27 (2018).</li><li>Lu, Z., Piechowicz, M., Qiu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simplified+Method+for+Ultra-Low+Density,+Long-Term+Primary+Hippocampal+Neuron+Culture.">A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 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細胞接着分子TLCNと細胞外マトリックスタンパク質ビトロネクチンとの親和性を用いた樹状フィロポディアリッチ画分の精製方法を開発した。PSD画分と比較して、樹状フィロポディアが豊富な画分から未熟なシナプスに作用するシナプスタンパク質を同定することができる。したがって、樹状フィロポディア富率の構成成分は、74%によってPSD画分のものと異なる。PSD分画とは異なり、培養海馬...

樹状フィロポディアは脊椎の前駆体であると考えられている。樹状フィロポディアのアクチンフィラメントは、その延長と引き込みを調節する1,2,3.軸と接触した後、選択された樹状フィロポディアは脊椎に成熟を開始し、シナプスが形成され、4、5.脊椎の成分は、樹状密度画率6、7の包括的な分析から決定されたが、樹状フィロポディアの成分はほとんど知られていない。テレスファリン(TLCN)、ERM、SynGAP、Ras、PI3キナーゼ、Akt、mTOR、ポロ様キナーゼ2、CaMKII、シンデカン-2、パラレミン-1、ARF6、およびEphBBがデンドリックフィロポダイヤ形成5、8、9を調節することが示されている。 ,10,11, 樹状フィロポディアに存在する分子の包括的な分析のための方法が開発されていない間.
TLCN(ICAM-5)は、最もrostral脳セグメントにおける脊椎ニューロンによって特異的に発現され、テレスファロン12である。TLCNは、その細胞外領域に9つのIg様ドメイン、膜領域、および細胞質尾13を有する。TLCNは、その細胞外領域におけるビトロネクチン(VN)およびLFA-1インテグリンに結合し、その膜領域におけるプレセニリンに、そして細胞質領域5、8、14、15におけるホスホ-ERMおよびα-アクチニンに結合する。 、16.TLCNは、脊椎および樹状シャフト8、16の樹状フィロポディアおよびα-アクチニンの先端にリン-ERMを介してアクチン細胞骨格に結合する。
我々は、TLCNの過剰発現が樹状フィロポディア形成を増強し、フィロポディア10への脊椎の復帰を誘導することを示した。TLCN細胞質領域に結合したエズリンの構成活性形態と高められた樹状フィロポディア形成8.したがって、TLCNは、アクチン結合タンパク質を介して樹状フィロポディア形成を調節する。Esselensらは、マイクロビーズが培養ニューロン17にTLCN蓄積を誘導することを実証した。我々は、TNコーティングされたマイクロビーズの周りの神経デンドライト上に、TLCN依存的な方法15で食細胞性カップ構造が形成されることを示した。樹状フィロポディアの成分は、食中毒カップのものと類似しています。樹状フィロポディアを採取することは困難ですが、磁気マイクロビーズを使用して食中毒カップを収集することは比較的容易です。そこで、樹状フィロポディア18の代わりに食細胞性カップを精製する方法を開発した。ここでは、樹状フィロポディアが豊富な画分の精製方法について説明する。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 ml Low Binding MCT</td>
			<td>Sorenson BioScience</td>
			<td>39640T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 mM L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>2530149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35-mm plastic cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-actin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-5060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-Actinin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-5044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-tubulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T-9026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Ezrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>clone3C12, SAB4200806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Galphaq</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>sc-393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-MAP2</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>clone AP20, MAB3418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Moesin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>clone 38/87, M7060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PLCbeta1</td>
			<td>Santacuz</td>
			<td>sc-5291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PSD95</td>
			<td>MA2</td>
			<td>ABR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Spectrin beta</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB1622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>0080085SA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.08122.0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chrolide, hydrous</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>038-19735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Choline chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-6645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase-I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>DN-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>RPN2232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>e-PAGEL 5-20% SDS-PAGE gradient gel</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>E-T520L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-035-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-Inositol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS-1000 mini</td>
			<td>Fuji Film</td>
			<td>LAS-1000 mini</td>
			<td>For detection of luminescence from WB membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic polystyrene microbeads</td>
			<td>Sperotech</td>
			<td>PM-20-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM amino acid solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11130-051</td>
			<td>30 mM L-Arginine hydrochloride, 5 mM L-Cystine, 10 mM L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O, 20 mM L-Isoleucine, 20 mM L-Leucine, 19.8 mM L-Lysine hydrochloride, 5.1 mM L-Methionine, 10 mM L-Phenylalanine, 20 mM L-Threonine, 2.5 mM L-Tryptophan, 10 mM L-Tyrosine, and 20 mM L-Valine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-slab size electrophoresis system</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>AE-6530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Niacinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N0636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin / Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4906845001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Nacali</td>
			<td>28360-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridoxal HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R9504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver Stain 2 Kit wako</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>291-5031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot SD Semi-Dry Transfer Cell</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1703940JA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra pure water</td>
			<td>MilliQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For production of ultra pure water</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction

樹状フィロポディアは、アクチンフィラメントに基づいて薄く長い突起であり、それらは、ターゲット軸を検索するかのように拡張し、後退します。樹状フィロポディアが標的軸線との接触を確立すると、それらは脊椎に成熟し始め、シナプスの形成につながる。テレンセファリン(TLCN)は樹状フィロポディアに豊富に局在し、徐々に脊椎から除外される。培養海馬ニューロンにおけるTLCNの過剰発現は、樹状性フィロポディア形成を誘導する。我々は、テレスファリンが細胞外マトリックス分子、ビトロネクチンに強く結合することを示した。ビトロネクチンコーティングマイクロビーズは、神経デンドライト上の食器細胞性カップ形成を誘発した。食細胞カップでは、TLCN、リン酸化エズリン/ラジキシン/モエシン(ホスホ-ERM)、F-アクチンなどのTLCN結合タンパク質が蓄積され、食中毒カップの成分が樹状フィロポディアのものと類似していることを示唆している。そこで、樹状フィロポディアの代わりに食細胞性カップを精製する方法を開発した。磁気ポリスチレンビーズは、海馬ニューロンの培養培地に豊富に存在し、神経デンドライト上の食細胞性カップ形成を誘導するビトロネクチンでコーティングされた。インキュベーションの24時間後、ファゴサイトカップを洗剤で軽度に可溶化し、磁石セパレータを用いて回収した。ビーズを洗浄した後、結合タンパク質をタンパク質をタンパク質をタンパク質をタンパク質でタンパク質にして、銀染色およびウェスタンブロッティングにより分析した。結合画分では、TLCNおよびアクチンが豊富に存在していた。さらに、画分から同定された多くのタンパク質は樹状フィロポディアに局在した。したがって、結合分数を樹状フィロポディアリッチ画として命名した。この記事では、樹状フィロポディアリッチ画の精製方法に関する詳細について説明します。

培養海馬ニューロンにおいて、TLCNは樹状フィロポディア、シャフト、およびソマに豊富に局在し、F-アクチンと共局所化した(図1A、B)。培養海馬ニューロンにポリスチレンマイクロビーズを添加すると、ビーズは培養培地中の胎児ウシ血清(FBS)由来のビトロネクチン(VN)で自動的に被覆された。彼らは主にデンドライトに結合し、彼ら...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction at JoVE.com

Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction

このプロトコルでは、樹状性フィロポジア間の特異的かつ強い親和性を利用して、培養海馬ニューロン上の食中毒カップ様突起構造から樹状フィロポジアが豊富な画分を精製する方法を紹介する。接着分子、TLCN、および細胞外マトリックス分子、ビトロネクチン。

樹状フィロポディアリッチ画の精製

Dendritic filopodia are thin and long protrusions based on the actin filament, and they extend and retract as if searching for a target axon. When the ...

PSD画分と比較して、樹状性フィロポディアリッチ分画の周りの未熟シナプスに作用するシナプスタンパク質を同定することができる。私たちは、貪食性キャップ形成を誘導するために生きたニューロンを使用しました。この技術の主な利点は、人工起源における活性タンパク質が樹状性フィロポディアリッチな画分から同定できることである。始めるには、100mgのビタミンB5、100mgのコリンクロライド、100mgの葉酸、180mgのI-イノシトール、ビタミンB3100mg、ビタミンB6塩酸塩100mg、および100mgのチアミン塩酸塩を500mgの超純水系水質物酸塩に溶解させて200xビタミンミックスを調製します。50mlチューブにアリコートを慎重に混ぜ、摂氏20度で保存します。リボフラビン溶液を調製するには、磁気攪拌機を用いて500mgの超純水に100mgのリボフラビンを溶解する。50mlチューブにアリコートを慎重に混ぜ、摂氏20度で保存してください。1モルの二塩化カルシウムを調製するために、磁気攪拌機を用いて50mlの超純水に塩化カルシウム二水和物7.35グラムを溶解する。最小必須培地調製のために溶解する塩化カリウムの400mg、塩化ソドゥムの800mg、2、200mgの重炭酸ナトリウム、158mgのリン酸ナトリウム単塩基二水和物、7、000mgのD-グルコース、および200mgの硫酸ヘプタ水和物、および950mlの超純水を使用して、アパラメを用いた。次に、磁気攪拌機に一定の攪拌を伴う1mlピペットを使用して、滴下方式で1.8mlの二塩化カルシウム1.8mlをMEMに加えます。次に塩酸を加え、MEMのpHをpH7.25に調整します。次に、5 ml の 200x ビタミンミックスと 200 マイクロリットルのリボフラビン溶液を MEM に加えます。溶液の体積を超純水で1000mlに調整します。0.22ミクロンのフィルターシステムを使用して溶液をフィルターし、摂氏4度で保存します。10x DNase-1ストック溶液を調製するために、100mgのDNA-1をHBSSの12.5mlに溶解する。0.22ミクロンのフィルターを通してフィルター、1.5 mlの管のアリコート、および20°Cで管を貯える。Ara-Cストック溶液調製用に8.93mlの超純水に25mgのAra-Cを溶解する。0.22ミクロンのフィルター、1.5mlチューブのアリコートを通してフィルターし、摂氏20度で保存します。メッキ培地を調製するには、1mlのMEMアミノ酸溶液、1モルHEPESの750マイクロリットル、B27の1ml、200ミリモルグルタミンの125マイクロリットル、ペニシリンストレプトマイシン250マイクロリットル、2.5mlの胎児牛血清、および44.375mlのMEM mlで混合する。停止培地を調製するために、MEMアミノ酸溶液1ml、1モルHEPESの750マイクロリットル、FBSの5ml、および43.25mlのMEMを50mlチューブに混合する。HBSSを調製するには、15ミリモルHEPESを補充し、49.25mlのHBSS、および1モルHEPESの750マイクロリットルを混合する。ポリリジンコーティングされた皿の準備のために、25°Cで1日ポリl-リジン臭化水素化物のmlあたり0.2 mgで35ミリメートルプラスチック細胞培養皿をコーティングします。次に、2mlの超純水で皿を3回洗い、使用するまで摂氏25度で1.5mlのストップミディアムでインキュベートします。解剖された海馬を、HBSSの2.5%トリプシンと10X Dnase-1のそれぞれ500マイクロリットルを含む混合物でインキュベートし、15ミリモルHEPES、pH 7.2、37°Cで37度摂氏37度で3分毎に攪拌します。その後、海馬をストップミディアムの10mlに移し、摂氏4度で5分間インキュベートしてトリプシンを不活性化します。次に、解剖した海馬を摂氏4度で10mlの新鮮な停止培地で5分間インキュベートする。海馬を10mlの新鮮な停止培地に移し、摂氏4度でさらに5分間インキュベートします。次いで、海馬を停止培地の900マイクロリットルに、15mlチューブ内の10X Dnase-1の100マイクロリットルに移動させる。1 ml ピペットを使用して、海馬を分離ニューロンに 20 回ピペット化して分離します。9mlのメッキ培地を加え、70ミクロンの細胞ストレーナーを通して50mlのチューブにフィルターを入れる。メッキ媒体中の1ミリリットル当たり4番目の細胞に3.5倍の10倍に調整して、ヘモサイトーメーターを使用して細胞の数を数えます。次に、ポリl-リジンコーティングされた食器から停止培地を吸引する。コーティングされた皿の細胞の皿あたりの皿あたり2mlを皿に入れ、60-64時間摂氏37度で5%の二酸化炭素の下でインキュベートする。インキュベーションの後、ニューロンにAra-Cストック溶液の2マイクロリットルを加え、ゆっくりと皿を振ります。培養液を摂氏37度で5%の二酸化炭素の下で変えずに、加湿箱に入れておいてください。培養ニューロンを含む20皿に最初に1皿あたり300万個の磁気ポリスチレンマイクロビーズを追加して、インビトロで13日後に樹状フィロポディア豊富な分画を精製します。1日後、1mlのPBSでニューロンを3回痛みで洗浄し、培地と非結合マイクロビーズを除去します。PBSを除去した後、リシスバッファーの1皿あたり500マイクロリットルでニューロンを溶精します。次に、細胞スクレーパーでライセートを回収し、10個の低タンパク質結合マイクロチューブにリセートを移す。マグネットのセパライにチューブをセットし、1分間待ちます。上清を収集し、銀染色およびウェスタンブロット分析のための非結合分画として使用します。次に、ビーズを新しい低タンパク質結合マイクロチューブに移し、磁気分離器に1分間セットします。上清を完全に取り除き、500マイクロリットルのリシスバッファーを加えます。渦ミキサーを使用してビーズを15秒間洗います。ビーズの洗浄を10回繰り返し、上清を取り除きます。1X SDSサンプルバッファーの50マイクロリットルを添加してビーズにタンパク質を溶出し、5分間摂氏98度でチューブを沸騰させます。860xG 3000 RPMでチューブを10秒間遠心し、1分間磁気分離器にチューブをセットします。上清を収集し、バインドされた分数として使用します。BCAタンパク質アッセイにより非結合および結合タンパク質画分の濃度を測定します。ブロモフェニルブルーでプロチエン溶液を視覚化し、SDSページのマイクロリットル当たり5ナノグラムに濃度を調整します。5~20%の勾配ゲルを使用して、SDSページでバインドされた分数と非結合分数を分離します。銀染色ゲル。最後に、原稿に従って適切な一次および二次抗体を用いてウェスタンブロット。培養された海馬ニューロンにおいて、TLCNは樹状結腸状フィロポディア、シャフト、およびソーマに豊富に局在し、F-actinと共局化した。コードされたビーズは主に樹状突起に結合し、神経樹状突起にTLCNおよびF-アクチンを蓄積することによって食作用性カップの形成を誘導した。Thorecense画像は、食細胞性カップ形成が樹状突起におけるTLCNの存在に極めて重要な依存していることを示した。食細胞性カップは野生型海馬ニューロンでのみ形成されたが、TLCNの非効率的な海馬ニューロンでは形成されなかった。SDSページの結果は、タンパク質バンドパターンが非結合および結合画分でほぼ同じであったが、50キロおよび70キロダルトンでの強度は、結合された画分において非結合画分のそれよりも低いことを示した。しかし、バンド強度は、TLCN非効率的な培養海馬ニューロンから調製された非結合画分と結合画分の間で明らかに異ならなかった。非結合および結合画分のウェスタンブロット分析は、TLCNおよびVNが主に結合された画分で検出されたことを示した。アクチン、エズリン、Gアルファq、PLCベータ1、MAP-2、およびスペクトリンは、結合画分と非結合画分の両方で検出された。モエシン、PSD-95、α-アクチニン、α-チューブリンは、非結合画分で検出された。マイクロビーズの被覆タンパク質が変化する場合、この手順はアッセイ相互作用を同定するために適用することができる。この技術は、人工物質に取り組んでいるタンパク質を同定することができた。ですから、人工起源のメカニズムを定量化できると考えています。精神障害に関連する新しいタンパク質は、樹状性フィロポディアが豊富な分画から同定できると考えています。そして、治療に拡張することができます。

purification-of-the-dendritic-filopodia-rich-fraction

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Cultured CNS Neurons

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These structures are rich in actin and have been shown to be highly dynamic. In response to classical Hebbian plasticity 
as well as neuromodulatory signals, dendritic spines can change shape and number, which is thought to be critical for the refinement of neural 
circuits and the processing and storage of information within the brain. Within dendritic spines, a complex network of proteins link extracellular 
signals with the actin cyctoskeleton allowing for control of dendritic spine morphology and number. Neuropathological studies have demonstrated that 
a number of disease states, ranging from schizophrenia to autism spectrum disorders, display abnormal dendritic spine morphology or numbers. 
Moreover, recent genetic studies have identified mutations in numerous genes that encode synaptic proteins, leading to suggestions that these 
proteins may contribute to aberrant spine plasticity that, in part, underlie the pathophysiology of these disorders. In order to study the potential 
role of these proteins in controlling dendritic spine morphologies/number, the use of cultured cortical neurons offers several advantages. Firstly, 
this system allows for high-resolution imaging of dendritic spines in fixed cells as well as time-lapse imaging of live cells. Secondly, this in 
vitro system allows for easy manipulation of protein function by expression of mutant proteins, knockdown by shRNA constructs, or pharmacological 
treatments. These techniques allow researchers to begin to dissect the role of disease-associated proteins and to predict how mutations of these 
proteins may function in vivo.

Numerous recent studies have identified mutations in synaptic proteins associated with brain pathologies. Primary cultured cortical neurons offer great flexibility in examining the effects of these disease-associated proteins on dendritic spine morphology and motility.

培養中枢神経系ニューロンの樹状突起スパイン形態の解析

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These ...

神経科学

Inducing Dendritic Growth in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs 4-6. Altered patterns of dendritic growth and plasticity are associated with impaired neurobehavioral function in experimental models 7, and are thought to contribute to clinical symptoms observed in both neurodevelopmental disorders 8-10 and neurodegenerative diseases 11-13. Such observations underscore the functional importance of precisely regulating dendritic morphology, and suggest that identifying mechanisms that control dendritic growth will not only advance understanding of how neuronal connectivity is regulated during normal development, but may also provide insight on novel therapeutic strategies for diverse neurological diseases.
Mechanistic studies of dendritic growth would be greatly facilitated by the availability of a model system that allows neurons to be experimentally switched from a state in which they do not extend dendrites to one in which they elaborate a dendritic arbor comparable to that of their in vivo counterparts. Primary cultures of sympathetic neurons dissociated from the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of perinatal rodents provide such a model. When cultured in defined medium in the absence of serum and ganglionic glial cells, sympathetic neurons extend a single process which is axonal, and this unipolar state persists for weeks to months in culture 14,15. However, the addition of either bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) 16,17 or Matrigel 18 to the culture medium triggers these neurons to extend multiple processes that meet the morphologic, biochemical and functional criteria for dendrites. Sympathetic neurons dissociated from the SCG of perinatal rodents and grown under defined conditions are a homogenous population of neurons 19 that respond uniformly to the dendrite-promoting activity of Matrigel, BMP-7 and other BMPs of the decapentaplegic (dpp) and 60A subfamilies 17,18,20,21. Importantly, Matrigel- and BMP-induced dendrite formation occurs in the absence of changes in cell survival or axonal growth 17,18.
Here, we describe how to set up dissociated cultures of sympathetic neurons derived from the SCG of perinatal rats so that they are responsive to the selective dendrite-promoting activity of Matrigel or BMPs.

We describe a protocol for using bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) or Matrigel to selectively induce dendritic growth in primary sympathetic neurons dissociated from the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of perinatal rats.

培養交感神経ニューロンの樹状成長を誘導する

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

器官切片培養におけるプルキンエ細胞の樹状突起の形態分析

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

グルタミン酸とGABAの高速マイクロイオン導入：シナプス統合を調査するために便利なツール

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

マウスの海馬領域の歯状回における樹状樹枝状分岐の評価

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

マウス脳血管の精製

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and columns to facilitate brain wiring during development and information processing in developed animals. Postsynaptic neurons elaborate dendrites in type-specific patterns in specific layers to synapse with appropriate presynaptic terminals. The fly medulla neuropil is composed of 10 layers and about 750 columns; each column is innervated by dendrites of over 38 types of medulla neurons, which match with the axonal terminals of some 7 types of afferents in a type-specific fashion. This report details the procedures to image and analyze dendrites of medulla neurons. The workflow includes three sections: (i) the dual-view imaging section combines two confocal image stacks collected at orthogonal orientations into a high-resolution 3D image of dendrites; (ii) the dendrite tracing and registration section traces dendritic arbors in 3D and registers dendritic traces to the reference column array; (iii) the dendritic analysis section analyzes dendritic patterns with respect to columns and layers, including layer-specific termination and planar projection direction of dendritic arbors, and derives estimates of dendritic branching and termination frequencies. The protocols utilize custom plugins built on the open-source MIPAV (Medical Imaging Processing, Analysis, and Visualization) platform and custom toolboxes in the matrix laboratory language. Together, these protocols provide a complete workflow to analyze the dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in layers and columns, to identify cell types, and to determine defects in mutants.

Here, we show how to analyze dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in columns and layers. The workflow includes a dual-view imaging technique to improve the image quality and computational tools for tracing, registering dendritic arbors to the reference column array and for analyzing the dendritic structures in 3D space.

列およびレイヤーで樹状形態を分析します

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and ...

Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching variations of the neuronal dendrites within the hippocampus are implicated in cognition and memory formation. There are several approaches to Golgi staining, all of which have been useful for determining the morphological characteristics of dendritic arbors and produce a clear background. The present Golgi-Cox method, (a slight variation of the protocol that is provided with a commercial Golgi staining kit), was designed to assess how a relatively low dose of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-flurouracil (5-Fu) would affect dendritic morphology, the number of spines, and the complexity of arborization within the hippocampus. The 5-Fu significantly modulated the dendritic complexity and decreased the spine density throughout the hippocampus in a region-specific manner. The data presented show that the Golgi staining method effectively stained the mature neurons in the CA1, the CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. This protocol reports the details for each step so that other researchers can reliably stain tissue throughout the brain with high quality results and minimal troubleshooting.

Here we present a Golgi-Cox protocol in extensive detail. This reliable tissue stain method allows for a high-quality assessment of the cytoarchitecture in the hippocampus, and throughout the entire brain, with minimal troubleshooting.

Golgi-Cox法を用いた老齢マウスにおける海馬の樹状突起の複雑さの評価

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching ...

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

This review describes the basic concepts and protocol to perform the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method, the gold-standard to explore and quantify the extracellular space (ECS) of the living brain. The ECS surrounds all brain cells and contains both interstitial fluid and extracellular matrix. The transport of many substances required for brain activity, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and nutrients, occurs by diffusion through the ECS. Changes in the volume and geometry of this space occur during normal brain processes, like sleep, and pathological conditions, like ischemia. However, the structure and regulation of brain ECS, particularly in diseased states, remains largely unexplored. The RTI method measures two physical parameters of living brain: volume fraction and tortuosity. Volume fraction is the proportion of tissue volume occupied by ECS. Tortuosity is a measure of the relative hindrance a substance encounters when diffusing through a brain region as compared to a medium with no obstructions. In RTI, an inert molecule is pulsed from a source microelectrode into the brain ECS. As molecules diffuse away from this source, the changing concentration of the ion is measured over time using an ion-selective microelectrode positioned roughly 100 &#181;m away. From the resulting diffusion curve, both volume fraction and tortuosity can be calculated. This technique has been used in brain slices from multiple species (including humans) and in vivo to study acute and chronic changes to ECS. Unlike other methods, RTI can be used to examine both reversible and irreversible changes to the brain ECS in real time.

This protocol describes real-time iontophoresis, a method that measures physical parameters of the extracellular space (ECS) of living brains. The diffusion of an inert molecule released into the ECS is used to calculate the ECS volume fraction and tortuosity. It is ideal for studying acute reversible changes to brain ECS.

脳の細胞外空間の体積分率とねじれを定量するためのテトラメチルアンモニウムによるリアルタイムイオントフォレシス

This review describes the basic concepts and protocol to perform the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method, the gold-standard to explore and quantify the ...

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. Drosophila larval neuronal dendritic arborization (da) is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis of neural dendrites and gene function in the development of nervous system. There are four classes of da neurons. Class IV is the most complex with a branching pattern that covers almost the entire area of the larval body wall. We have previously characterized the effect of silencing the Drosophila ortholog of SOX5 on class IV neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) using four parameters: the length of dendrites, the surface area of dendrite coverage, the total number of branches, and the branching structure. This protocol presents the workflow of NDAC quantitative analysis, consisting of larval dissection, confocal microscopy, and image analysis procedures using ImageJ software. Further insight into da neuronal development and its underlying mechanisms will improve the understanding of neuronal function and provide clues about the fundamental causes of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

This protocol focuses on quantitative analysis of neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) in Drosophila, which can be used for studies of dendritic morphogenesis.

ショウジョウバエのニューロン樹状分枝複雑さの定量解析

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. ...