Name: purification of the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction
Uploaded: 2019-05-02T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction at JoVE.com

해마 뉴런의 저밀도 배양, TLCN 결핍 마우스를 위한 미시나 마사요시, 기술 지원을 위한 미쓰이 사치코, 시오자키 모모코, 요시하라 연구소 회원에게 도움이 되는 토론에 대해 감사합니다. . 이 작품은 JSPS 카켄히 그랜트 노스에 의해 지원되었다. JP20700307, JP22700354, JP24500392 및 MEXT 카켄히 그랜트 노스. JP23123525 ~ YF 및 JP20022046, JP18H04683 및 JP18H05146 ~ YY.

여기에 설명된 모든 방법은 RIKEN Wako의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회의 승인을 받았습니다.
1. 해마 뉴런의 문화
<ol><li>배양 배지의 준비
	<ol>
<li>200x 비타민 믹스의 준비. D-판토텐산 헤미칼슘 염 100 mg, 콜린 염화물 100 mg, 엽산 100 mg, 이노시톨 180 mg, 나이아신아미드 100 mg, 피리독살 HCl 100 mg, 그리고 500 mL의 초순수 수분 으로 티아민 HCl 100 mg을 용해하십시오. 용액이 ...

<ol>
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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filopodia+Conduct+Target+Selection+in+Cortical+Neurons+Using+Differences+in+Signal+Kinetics+of+a+Single+Kinase.">Filopodia Conduct Target Selection in Cortical Neurons Using Differences in Signal Kinetics of a Single Kinase.</a> Neuron. 98 (4), 767-782 (2018).</li><li>Matsuno, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalin+slows+spine+maturation.">Telencephalin slows spine maturation.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (6), 1776-1786 (2006).</li><li>Raemaekers, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ARF6-mediated+endosomal+transport+of+Telencephalin+affects+dendritic+filopodia-to-spine+maturation.">ARF6-mediated endosomal transport of Telencephalin affects dendritic filopodia-to-spine maturation.</a> The EMBO Journal. 31 (15), 3252-3269 (2012).</li><li>Mori, K., Fujita, S. C., Watanabe, Y., Obata, K., Hayaishi, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalon-specific+antigen+identified+by+monoclonal+antibody.">Telencephalon-specific antigen identified by monoclonal antibody.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 84 (11), 3921-3925 (1987).</li><li>Yoshihara, Y., Mori, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telencephalin:+a+neuronal+area+code+molecule?.">Telencephalin: a neuronal area code molecule?.</a> Neuroscience Research. 21 (2), 119-124 (1994).</li><li>Annaert, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+with+telencephalin+and+the+amyloid+precursor+protein+predicts+a+ring+structure+for+presenilins.">Interaction with telencephalin and the amyloid precursor protein predicts a ring structure for presenilins.</a> Neuron. 32 (4), 579-589 (2001).</li><li>Furutani, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vitronectin+induces+phosphorylation+of+ezrin/radixin/moesin+actin-binding+proteins+through+binding+to+its+novel+neuronal+receptor+telencephalin.">Vitronectin induces phosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin actin-binding proteins through binding to its novel neuronal receptor telencephalin.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (46), 39041-39049 (2012).</li><li>Nyman-Huttunen, H., Tian, L., Ning, L., Gahmberg, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=alpha-Actinin-dependent+cytoskeletal+anchorage+is+important+for+ICAM-5-mediated+neuritic+outgrowth.">alpha-Actinin-dependent cytoskeletal anchorage is important for ICAM-5-mediated neuritic outgrowth.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 119 (Pt 15), 3057-3066 (2006).</li><li>Esselens, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presenilin+1+mediates+the+turnover+of+telencephalin+in+hippocampal+neurons+via+an+autophagic+degradative+pathway.">Presenilin 1 mediates the turnover of telencephalin in hippocampal neurons via an autophagic degradative pathway.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 166 (7), 1041-1054 (2004).</li><li>Furutani, Y., Yoshihara, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+Analysis+of+Dendritic+Filopodia-Rich+Fraction+Isolated+by+Telencephalin+and+Vitronectin+Interaction.">Proteomic Analysis of Dendritic Filopodia-Rich Fraction Isolated by Telencephalin and Vitronectin Interaction.</a> Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience. 10, 27 (2018).</li><li>Lu, Z., Piechowicz, M., Qiu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simplified+Method+for+Ultra-Low+Density,+Long-Term+Primary+Hippocampal+Neuron+Culture.">A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (109), (2016).</li><li>Okabe, S., Miwa, A., Okado, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+splicing+of+the+C-terminal+domain+regulates+cell+surface+expression+of+the+NMDA+receptor+NR1+subunit.">Alternative splicing of the C-terminal domain regulates cell surface expression of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (18), 7781-7792 (1999).</li><li>Okabe, S., Vicario-Abejon, C., Segal, M., McKay, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+synaptogenesis+of+hippocampal+neurons+without+NMDA+receptor+function+in+culture.">Survival and synaptogenesis of hippocampal neurons without NMDA receptor function in culture.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 10 (6), 2192-2198 (1998).</li></ol>

우리는 세포 부착 분자 TLCN과 세포 외 매트릭스 단백질 비트로넥틴 사이의 친화성을 사용하여 수지상 필로포디아가 풍부한 분획에 대한 정제 방법을 개발했습니다. PSD 분획에 비해, 수지상 필로포디아 가 풍부한 분획으로부터 미성숙 시냅스상에 작용하는 시냅스 단백질을 식별할 수 있었다. 따라서, 수지상 필로포디아-풍부한 분획의 성분은 74%에 의해 PSD 분획의 성분과 상이하다. PSD 분획과는 달?...

수지상 필로포디아는 척추의 전구체로 생각됩니다. 수지상 필로포디아의 액틴 필라멘트는 확장 및철회를조절1,2,3. 축축액과 접촉 한 후 선택된 수지상 필로포디아가 척추로 성숙을 시작하고 시냅스가4,5로형성됩니다. 척추의 성분은 후진성 밀도 분획6,7의포괄적 인 분석에서 결정되었으며 수지상 필로포디아의 구성 요소는 크게 알려지지 않았습니다. 텔렌스팔린(TLCN), ERM, SynGAP, Ras, PI3 키나아제, Akt, mTOR, 폴로유사 키나아제 2, CaMKII, 신데칸-2, 파라레민-1, ARF6 및 EphB가 수지상 필로포디아 형성 5,8,9를 조절하는 것으로 나타났습니다. ,10,도 11,수지상 필로포디아에 존재하는 분자의 포괄적인 분석을 위한 방법이 개발되지 않은 반면.
TLCN(ICAM-5)은 특히 가장 로스트랄 뇌 세그먼트에서 가시 뉴런에 의해발현되며, 텔렌세판론(12). TLCN은 세포외 영역, 막막 영역 및 세포질 꼬리13에9 개의 Ig 유사 도메인을 가지고 있습니다. TLCN은 세포외 영역에서 비트로넥틴(VN) 및 LFA-1 인테그린에 결합하고, 세포막 영역에서 프레세닐린을, 세포질 영역에서 인광-ERM 및 α-액티닌에 결합합니다 5,8,14,15 ,16. TLCN은 수지상 필로포디아 및 α-액티닌의 끝에서 인광-ERM을 통해 세포골격에 결합하고 척추 및 수지상샤프트 8,16.
우리는 TLCN의 과발현이 수지상 필로포디아 형성을 강화하고 가시가 필로포디아(10)로 복귀하도록 유도하는 것을 보여주었다. TLCN 세포질 영역에 결합된 에즈린의 구성활성 형태및 강화된 수지상 필로포디아형성 8. 따라서 TLCN은 액틴 결합 단백질을 통해 수지상 필로포디아 형성을 조절합니다. Esselens 외. 마이크로비드가 배양된 뉴런에 TLCN 축적을 유도한다는 것을 입증했다17. 우리는 식세포 컵 구조가 TLCN 의존적인 방식으로 VN 코팅 된 마이크로 비드 주위의 신경 모수석에 형성되었다는 것을 보여주었다15. 수지상 필로포디아의 성분은 식세포 컵과 유사합니다. 수지상 필로포디아를 수집하는 것은 어렵지만 자기 마이크로 비드를 사용하여 식세포 컵을 수집하는 것이 상대적으로 쉽습니다. 따라서 수지상 필로포디아(18) 대신 식수구컵을 정화하는 방법을개발하였다. 여기서, 수지상 필로포디아 풍부 분획에 대한 정제 방법을 설명한다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M HEPES</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.7 ml Low Binding MCT</td>
			<td>Sorenson BioScience</td>
			<td>39640T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 mM L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>2530149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35-mm plastic cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-actin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-5060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-Actinin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-5044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-tubulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T-9026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Ezrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>clone3C12, SAB4200806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Galphaq</td>
			<td>Santacruz</td>
			<td>sc-393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-MAP2</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>clone AP20, MAB3418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Moesin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>clone 38/87, M7060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PLCbeta1</td>
			<td>Santacuz</td>
			<td>sc-5291</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-PSD95</td>
			<td>MA2</td>
			<td>ABR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Spectrin beta</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB1622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>0080085SA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA protein assay kit</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>23227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.08122.0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chrolide, hydrous</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>038-19735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scraper</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Choline chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11873580001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-6645</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase-I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>DN-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECL Prime Western Blotting Detection Reagent</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>RPN2232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>e-PAGEL 5-20% SDS-PAGE gradient gel</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>E-T520L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14175095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>111-035-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i-Inositol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAS-1000 mini</td>
			<td>Fuji Film</td>
			<td>LAS-1000 mini</td>
			<td>For detection of luminescence from WB membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic polystyrene microbeads</td>
			<td>Sperotech</td>
			<td>PM-20-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM amino acid solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11130-051</td>
			<td>30 mM L-Arginine hydrochloride, 5 mM L-Cystine, 10 mM L-Histidine hydrochloride-H2O, 20 mM L-Isoleucine, 20 mM L-Leucine, 19.8 mM L-Lysine hydrochloride, 5.1 mM L-Methionine, 10 mM L-Phenylalanine, 20 mM L-Threonine, 2.5 mM L-Tryptophan, 10 mM L-Tyrosine, and 20 mM L-Valine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-slab size electrophoresis system</td>
			<td>ATTO</td>
			<td>AE-6530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Niacinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N0636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicilin / Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4906845001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Nacali</td>
			<td>28360-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridoxal HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R9504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver Stain 2 Kit wako</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>291-5031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot SD Semi-Dry Transfer Cell</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>1703940JA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra pure water</td>
			<td>MilliQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For production of ultra pure water</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of the dendritic filopodia-rich fraction

수지상 필로포디아는 액틴 필라멘트에 기초하여 얇고 긴 돌출부이며, 표적 축색을 찾는 것처럼 확장하고 후퇴합니다. 수지상 필로포디아가 표적 축색과 접촉하면 척추로 성숙하기 시작하여 시냅스의 형성으로 이어집니다. 텔렌세팔린 (TLCN)은 수지상 필로포디아에 풍부하게 국한되어 있으며 점차 척추에서 제외됩니다. 배양된 해마 뉴런에서 TLCN의 과발현은 수지상 우포ODIa 형성을 유도한다. 우리는 텔렌스팔린이 세포외 매트릭스 분자인 비트로네틴에 강하게 결합한다는 것을 보여주었습니다. Vitronectin 코팅된 마이크로비드는 신경 모수석에 식세포 컵 형성을 유도했습니다. 식세포 컵, TLCN, 인산화 된 에즈린 / 라디신 / 모에신 (포스포 - ERM) 및 F-액틴과 같은 TLCN 결합 단백질이 축적되어 식세포 컵의 성분이 수지상 필로포디아와 유사하다는 것을 시사합니다. 따라서 수지상 필로포디아 대신 식세포 컵을 정화하는 방법을 개발했습니다. 마그네틱 폴리스티렌 구슬은 비트론틴으로 코팅되었고, 이는 해마 뉴런의 배양 배지에 풍부하게 존재하며 뉴런 모수석에 식세포 컵 형성을 유도합니다. 24시간 배양 후, 식세포 컵을 세제로 경미하게 용해시키고 자석 분리기를 사용하여 수집했습니다. 구슬을 세척한 후, 결합 단백질을 용출하고 은 염색 및 웨스턴 블로팅에 의해 분석시켰다. 결합 분획에서, TLCN 및 액틴은 풍부하게 존재했다. 또한, 분획으로부터 확인된 많은 단백질은 수지상 필로포디아로 국소화되었다; 따라서, 우리는 수지상 filopodia 풍부한 분획으로 결합 분획을 명명했다. 이 기사에서는 수지상 필로포디아 가풍부한 분획에 대한 정제 방법에 관한 세부 사항을 설명합니다.

배양된 해마 뉴런에서, TLCN은 수지상 필로포디아, 샤프트 및 소마에 풍부하게 국소화되었고 F-액틴(도1A,B)으로 국소화되었다. 폴리스티렌 마이크로비드가 배양된 해마 뉴런에 첨가되었을 때, 구슬은 배양 배지에서 태아 소 혈청(FBS)으로부터 유래된 비트로넥틴(VN)으로 자동 코팅되었다; 그들은 주로 수상돌기와 결합되었고, 식세포 컵의 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction at JoVE.com

Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction

이 프로토콜에서는 수지상 필로포디알 사이의 특이적이고 강한 친화력을 활용하여 배양된 해마 뉴런상의 식수컵형 돌출 구조로부터 수지상 필로포디아가 풍부한 분획을 정화하는 방법을 소개합니다. 접착 분자, TLCN, 및 세포외 매트릭스 분자, vitronectin.

수지상 필로포디아 풍부한 분획의 정화

Dendritic filopodia are thin and long protrusions based on the actin filament, and they extend and retract as if searching for a target axon. When the ...

PSD 분획에 비해, 수지상 filopodia-풍부한 분획 주위미미미한 시냅스상에 작용하는 시냅스 단백질을 식별할 수 있다. 우리는 식세포 캡 형성을 유도하기 위해 살아있는 뉴런을 사용했습니다. 이 기술의 주요 장점은 인공 창세기에 있는 액티브한 단백질이 수지상 filopodia 풍부한 분획에서 확인될 수 있었다는 것입니다.먼저, 비타민 B5 100 mg, 콜린 염화물 100 mg, 엽산 100 mg, 이이노시톨 180 mg, 비타민 B3 100 mg, 비타민 B6 염산염 100mg, 티아민 염산 염수 100 mg을 사용하여 200x 비타민 믹스를 준비하십시오. 알리코를 50ml 튜브에 조심스럽게 섞어서 섭씨 20도에 보관하십시오. 리보플라빈 용액을 준비하려면 자기 교반기를 사용하여 500 mg의 초순수수에 100 mg의 리보플라빈을 녹입니다.알리코를 50ml 튜브에 조심스럽게 섞고 섭씨 20도에 보관하십시오. 1개의 어금니 칼슘 이염화물을 준비하려면 마그네틱 교반기를 사용하여 50ml의 초순수수에 7.35그램의 염화칼슘을 용해시킵니다. 최소 필수 중간 제제용 염화칼륨 400 mg 6, 소덤 염화 800 mg, 중탄산나트륨 2, 200 mg, 나트륨 인산염 단일 베이직 이질158 mg, D-포도당 7, 000 mg, 마그네슘 200 mg의 황산염 이질, 200 mg의 마그네슘 을 사용하여 저온화, 900 mg의 마그네슘 을 사용해 줍니다.다음으로, 자기 교반기에 일정한 교반이 있는 1ml 파이펫을 사용하여 MM에 1.8 ml의 어금니 칼슘 이산화물을 드롭 방식으로 첨가합니다. 그런 다음 염산을 추가하여 MEM의 pH를 pH 7.25로 조정한다. 그런 다음 MEM에 200x 비타민 믹스 5ml와 리보플라빈 용액 200마이크로리터를 추가합니다.초순수수로 용액의 부피를 1000ml로 조절한다. 0.22 미크론 필터 시스템을 사용하여 용액을 필터링하고 섭씨 4도에 보관하십시오. 10x DNase-1 스톡 용액을 HBSS 12.5 ml에 100 mg의 Dnase-1을 용해하십시오.0.22 미크론 필터를 걸며 1.5ml 튜브에 알리쿼트하고 튜브를 섭씨 20도에 보관합니다. 아라-C 스톡 용액을 위해 8.93 ml의 초순수에 아라-C 25 mg을 녹입니다. 0.22 미크론 필터를 걸기, 1.5ml 튜브의 알리쿼트, 섭씨 20도에 보관하십시오.도금 매체를 준비하려면 MEM 아미노산 용액 1ml, 어금니 HEPES 1ml 750 마이크로리터, B27 1ml, 200 밀리머 글루타민 125 마이크로리터, 페니실린-스트렙토마이신 250마이크로리터, 페탈바인 소 르스럼 2.5ml, 페탈소 소 소 스럼럼 2.5 ml를 혼합하십시오. 스톱 배지를 준비하려면 MEM 아미노산 용액 1ml, 어금니 HEPES 1개 소리터 750개, FBS 5ml, MEM 43.25 ml를 50ml 튜브에 섞어 주세요. HBSS를 준비하려면 15 밀리몰러 HEPES로 보충하고, HBSS 49.25 ml, 1 개의 어금니 HEPES 750 마이크로 리터를 혼합하십시오.폴리 l-리신 코팅 요리 준비를 위해, 코팅 35 mm 플라스틱 세포 배양 접시 와 0.2 mg 의 폴리 l-리신 하이드로 브로마이드 의 ml 당 하루 25 섭씨. 다음으로, 초순수 2ml로 설거지를 세 번 씻고, 사용전까지 섭씨 25도에서 스톱 미디엄 1.5ml로 배양합니다. 해부 된 해마를 포함 하는 혼합물에 500 마이크로 리터 각 2.5%트립신과 10 X DNA-1 HBSS에 보충 15 밀리 머러 HEPES, pH 7.2, 3 분마다 교반과 함께 섭씨 37도에.이어서, 정지 매체의 10ml로 해마를 옮기고 트립신을 비활성화하기 위해 섭씨 4도에서 5분간 배양한다. 다음으로 해부된 해마를 섭씨 4도에서 10ml의 신선한 정지 배지로 5분간 배양합니다. 해마를 신선한 정지 중간 10ml로 옮기고 섭씨 4도에서 5분간 배양합니다.이어서, 15ml 튜브에서 정지 배지의 900 마이크로리터와 100 마이크로리터의 100 마이크로리터로 해마를 이동한다. 1ml 파이펫을 사용하여 20번 피펫을 사용하여 해마를 고립된 뉴런으로 해리합니다. 도금 매체 9ml를 추가하고 70 미크론 세포 여과기를 걸기하여 50ml 튜브에 넣습니다.혈종계를 사용하여 세포의 수를 계산하고 도금 배지에서 밀리리터 당 네 번째 세포에 3.5 배 10으로 조정한다. 다음으로 폴리 l-l-lisine 코팅 요리에서 정지 매체를 흡인합니다. 코팅 된 요리에 세포의 접시 당 2 ml를 접시와 60-64 시간 동안 섭씨 37도에서 5 % 이산화탄소 아래 배양.인큐베이션 후, 신경에 Ara-C 스톡 용액 2 마이크로리터를 넣고 천천히 접시를 흔들어 줍니다. 문화 권식을 가습 상자에 보관하여 37도에서 이산화탄소 5% 미만의 배양 배지를 변경하지 않고 보관하십시오. 식기당 300만 개의 마그네틱 폴리스티렌 마이크로비드를 배양뉴런을 함유한 20가지 요리에 먼저 첨가하여 체외에서 13일 후에 수지상 필리포디아의 풍부한 분수를 정화합니다.하루 후, 중간 및 무한 한 마이크로 비드를 제거 하는 3 번 생기와 PBS의 1 ml에 뉴런을 세척. PBS를 제거한 후, 리시스 버퍼의 접시당 500 마이크로리터로 뉴런을 lyse. 다음으로, 세포 스크레이퍼로 lysate를 수집하고 10 개의 저단백질 결합 마이크로 튜브로 lysate를 전달합니다.자석 분리기에 튜브를 설정하고 1 분 동안 기다립니다. 상체를 수집하고 은 염색 및 서양 얼룩 분석에 대한 언바운드 분수로 사용합니다. 다음으로, 구슬을 새로운 저단백질 결합 마이크로튜브로 옮기고 자기 분리기에 1분 동안 설정한다.상체를 완전히 제거하고 리시스 버퍼의 500 마이크로리터를 추가합니다. 소용돌이 믹서를 사용하여 구슬을 15초 동안 씻으시면 됩니다. 구슬의 세탁을 10 번 반복하고 상체를 제거합니다.1X SDS 샘플 버퍼의 50 마이크로리터를 첨가하여 구슬까지 엘루트 단백질을 넣고 5분 동안 98도에서 튜브를 끓입니다. 860xG 3000 RPM에서 10초 동안 튜브를 원심분리하고 튜브를 자기 분리기에 1분 동안 설정합니다. 상체를 수집하고 바운드 분획으로 사용합니다.BCA 단백질 분석에 의해 결합되지 않은 단백질 분획의 농도를 측정합니다. 브로모페닐 블루로 프로티안 솔루션을 시각화하고 SDS 페이지의 마이크로리터당 5나노그램으로 농도를 조정합니다. 5-20%의 그라데이션 젤을 사용하여 SDS 페이지로 바운드 및 언바운드 분수를 분리합니다.실버 얼룩 젤. 마지막으로, 원고에 따라 적절한 원차 및 이차 항체를 사용하는 서양 얼룩. 배양 해마 뉴런에서 TLCN은 수지상 소포디아, 샤프트 및 소마에 풍부하게 국한되고 F-actin과 공동 국화되었습니다.인코딩 된 구슬은 주로 덴라이트에 묶여 있었고 뉴런 원더라이트에 TLCN과 F-actin을 축적하여 phagocytic cups의 형성을 유도했습니다. Thorecense 이미지는 phagocytic 컵 형성이 결정적으로 수상월에 TLCN의 존재에 의존했다는 것을 보여주었습니다. phagocytic 컵은 야생 형 해마 뉴런에서만 형성되었지만 TLCN 비효율적인 해마 뉴런에는 형성되지 않았습니다.SDS 페이지 결과는 단백질 밴드 패턴이 언바운드 및 바운드 분획에 대해 거의 동일하지만 50 및 70 킬로달톤의 강도는 바운드 분획에 있는 것보다 낮았다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 그러나, 밴드 강도는 TLCN 비효율적인 배양 해마 뉴런에서 제조된 언바운드 및 바운드 분수 사이에 분명히 다르지 않았다. 언바운드 및 바운드 분획의 서쪽 얼룩 분석은 TLCN과 VN이 주로 바운드 분획에서 검출되었다는 것을 보여주었습니다.액틴, 에즈린, G 알파 q, PLC 베타 1, MAP-2 및 스펙트린은 바운드 및 언바운드 분획 모두에서 검출되었습니다. 모에신, PSD-95, 알파-액티닌 및 알파-투굴린이 언바운드 분수에서 검출되었다. 마이크로비드의 코팅 단백질이 변경되면, 이 절차는 분석 상호 작용을 확인하기 위해 적용될 수 있다.이 기술은 인공 물질에 작동 하는 단백질을 식별할 수 있습니다. 그래서 우리는 기계장치 인공 창세기가 정량화될 수 있다고 믿습니다. 우리는 정신 장애와 관련되었던 새로운 단백질이 수지상 filopodia 가 풍부한 분수에서 확인될 수 있다는 것을 믿습니다.그리고 치료에 확장 될 수있다.

purification-of-the-dendritic-filopodia-rich-fraction

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Analysis of Dendritic Spine Morphology in Cultured CNS Neurons

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These structures are rich in actin and have been shown to be highly dynamic. In response to classical Hebbian plasticity 
as well as neuromodulatory signals, dendritic spines can change shape and number, which is thought to be critical for the refinement of neural 
circuits and the processing and storage of information within the brain. Within dendritic spines, a complex network of proteins link extracellular 
signals with the actin cyctoskeleton allowing for control of dendritic spine morphology and number. Neuropathological studies have demonstrated that 
a number of disease states, ranging from schizophrenia to autism spectrum disorders, display abnormal dendritic spine morphology or numbers. 
Moreover, recent genetic studies have identified mutations in numerous genes that encode synaptic proteins, leading to suggestions that these 
proteins may contribute to aberrant spine plasticity that, in part, underlie the pathophysiology of these disorders. In order to study the potential 
role of these proteins in controlling dendritic spine morphologies/number, the use of cultured cortical neurons offers several advantages. Firstly, 
this system allows for high-resolution imaging of dendritic spines in fixed cells as well as time-lapse imaging of live cells. Secondly, this in 
vitro system allows for easy manipulation of protein function by expression of mutant proteins, knockdown by shRNA constructs, or pharmacological 
treatments. These techniques allow researchers to begin to dissect the role of disease-associated proteins and to predict how mutations of these 
proteins may function in vivo.

Numerous recent studies have identified mutations in synaptic proteins associated with brain pathologies. Primary cultured cortical neurons offer great flexibility in examining the effects of these disease-associated proteins on dendritic spine morphology and motility.

교양 CNS의 뉴런의 돌기 스파인 형태론 분석

Dendritic spines are the sites of the majority of excitatory connections within the brain, and form the post-synaptic 
compartment of synapses. These ...

연구

신경과학

Inducing Dendritic Growth in Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs 4-6. Altered patterns of dendritic growth and plasticity are associated with impaired neurobehavioral function in experimental models 7, and are thought to contribute to clinical symptoms observed in both neurodevelopmental disorders 8-10 and neurodegenerative diseases 11-13. Such observations underscore the functional importance of precisely regulating dendritic morphology, and suggest that identifying mechanisms that control dendritic growth will not only advance understanding of how neuronal connectivity is regulated during normal development, but may also provide insight on novel therapeutic strategies for diverse neurological diseases.
Mechanistic studies of dendritic growth would be greatly facilitated by the availability of a model system that allows neurons to be experimentally switched from a state in which they do not extend dendrites to one in which they elaborate a dendritic arbor comparable to that of their in vivo counterparts. Primary cultures of sympathetic neurons dissociated from the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of perinatal rodents provide such a model. When cultured in defined medium in the absence of serum and ganglionic glial cells, sympathetic neurons extend a single process which is axonal, and this unipolar state persists for weeks to months in culture 14,15. However, the addition of either bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) 16,17 or Matrigel 18 to the culture medium triggers these neurons to extend multiple processes that meet the morphologic, biochemical and functional criteria for dendrites. Sympathetic neurons dissociated from the SCG of perinatal rodents and grown under defined conditions are a homogenous population of neurons 19 that respond uniformly to the dendrite-promoting activity of Matrigel, BMP-7 and other BMPs of the decapentaplegic (dpp) and 60A subfamilies 17,18,20,21. Importantly, Matrigel- and BMP-induced dendrite formation occurs in the absence of changes in cell survival or axonal growth 17,18.
Here, we describe how to set up dissociated cultures of sympathetic neurons derived from the SCG of perinatal rats so that they are responsive to the selective dendrite-promoting activity of Matrigel or BMPs.

We describe a protocol for using bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) or Matrigel to selectively induce dendritic growth in primary sympathetic neurons dissociated from the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of perinatal rats.

교양 공감 뉴런의 돌기 성장을 유도

The shape of the dendritic arbor determines the total synaptic input a neuron can receive 1-3, and influences the types and distribution of these inputs ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

Organotypic 슬라이스 문화의 Purkinje 세포 수지상의 형태학의 분석

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

글루타민산 염과 GABA의 빠른 마이크로 이온 도입 : 시냅틱 통합을 조사하는 유용한 도구

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

쥐의 해마 영역의 치아 이랑 (dentate gyrus)에서 수지상 Arborization의 평가

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

마우스 뇌 혈관의 정화

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and columns to facilitate brain wiring during development and information processing in developed animals. Postsynaptic neurons elaborate dendrites in type-specific patterns in specific layers to synapse with appropriate presynaptic terminals. The fly medulla neuropil is composed of 10 layers and about 750 columns; each column is innervated by dendrites of over 38 types of medulla neurons, which match with the axonal terminals of some 7 types of afferents in a type-specific fashion. This report details the procedures to image and analyze dendrites of medulla neurons. The workflow includes three sections: (i) the dual-view imaging section combines two confocal image stacks collected at orthogonal orientations into a high-resolution 3D image of dendrites; (ii) the dendrite tracing and registration section traces dendritic arbors in 3D and registers dendritic traces to the reference column array; (iii) the dendritic analysis section analyzes dendritic patterns with respect to columns and layers, including layer-specific termination and planar projection direction of dendritic arbors, and derives estimates of dendritic branching and termination frequencies. The protocols utilize custom plugins built on the open-source MIPAV (Medical Imaging Processing, Analysis, and Visualization) platform and custom toolboxes in the matrix laboratory language. Together, these protocols provide a complete workflow to analyze the dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in layers and columns, to identify cell types, and to determine defects in mutants.

Here, we show how to analyze dendritic routing of Drosophila medulla neurons in columns and layers. The workflow includes a dual-view imaging technique to improve the image quality and computational tools for tracing, registering dendritic arbors to the reference column array and for analyzing the dendritic structures in 3D space.

열 및 레이어에 수지상 형태학 분석

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and ...

Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching variations of the neuronal dendrites within the hippocampus are implicated in cognition and memory formation. There are several approaches to Golgi staining, all of which have been useful for determining the morphological characteristics of dendritic arbors and produce a clear background. The present Golgi-Cox method, (a slight variation of the protocol that is provided with a commercial Golgi staining kit), was designed to assess how a relatively low dose of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-flurouracil (5-Fu) would affect dendritic morphology, the number of spines, and the complexity of arborization within the hippocampus. The 5-Fu significantly modulated the dendritic complexity and decreased the spine density throughout the hippocampus in a region-specific manner. The data presented show that the Golgi staining method effectively stained the mature neurons in the CA1, the CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. This protocol reports the details for each step so that other researchers can reliably stain tissue throughout the brain with high quality results and minimal troubleshooting.

Here we present a Golgi-Cox protocol in extensive detail. This reliable tissue stain method allows for a high-quality assessment of the cytoarchitecture in the hippocampus, and throughout the entire brain, with minimal troubleshooting.

골지 - 콕스 방법을 이용한 고령의 해마 상피 세포의 수지상 돌기 복잡성 평가

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching ...

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

This review describes the basic concepts and protocol to perform the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method, the gold-standard to explore and quantify the extracellular space (ECS) of the living brain. The ECS surrounds all brain cells and contains both interstitial fluid and extracellular matrix. The transport of many substances required for brain activity, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and nutrients, occurs by diffusion through the ECS. Changes in the volume and geometry of this space occur during normal brain processes, like sleep, and pathological conditions, like ischemia. However, the structure and regulation of brain ECS, particularly in diseased states, remains largely unexplored. The RTI method measures two physical parameters of living brain: volume fraction and tortuosity. Volume fraction is the proportion of tissue volume occupied by ECS. Tortuosity is a measure of the relative hindrance a substance encounters when diffusing through a brain region as compared to a medium with no obstructions. In RTI, an inert molecule is pulsed from a source microelectrode into the brain ECS. As molecules diffuse away from this source, the changing concentration of the ion is measured over time using an ion-selective microelectrode positioned roughly 100 &#181;m away. From the resulting diffusion curve, both volume fraction and tortuosity can be calculated. This technique has been used in brain slices from multiple species (including humans) and in vivo to study acute and chronic changes to ECS. Unlike other methods, RTI can be used to examine both reversible and irreversible changes to the brain ECS in real time.

This protocol describes real-time iontophoresis, a method that measures physical parameters of the extracellular space (ECS) of living brains. The diffusion of an inert molecule released into the ECS is used to calculate the ECS volume fraction and tortuosity. It is ideal for studying acute reversible changes to brain ECS.

뇌의 세포 외 공간의 부피비와 비틀림을 정량화하기위한 테트라 메틸 암모늄을 이용한 실시간 이온 도입

This review describes the basic concepts and protocol to perform the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method, the gold-standard to explore and quantify the ...

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. Drosophila larval neuronal dendritic arborization (da) is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis of neural dendrites and gene function in the development of nervous system. There are four classes of da neurons. Class IV is the most complex with a branching pattern that covers almost the entire area of the larval body wall. We have previously characterized the effect of silencing the Drosophila ortholog of SOX5 on class IV neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) using four parameters: the length of dendrites, the surface area of dendrite coverage, the total number of branches, and the branching structure. This protocol presents the workflow of NDAC quantitative analysis, consisting of larval dissection, confocal microscopy, and image analysis procedures using ImageJ software. Further insight into da neuronal development and its underlying mechanisms will improve the understanding of neuronal function and provide clues about the fundamental causes of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

This protocol focuses on quantitative analysis of neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) in Drosophila, which can be used for studies of dendritic morphogenesis.

초파리 에서 신경 돌기 Arborization 복잡성의 정량 분석

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. ...