Name: crispr/cas9 technology in restoring dystrophin expression in ipsc-derived muscle progenitors
Uploaded: 2019-09-14T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Restoring Dystrophin Expression in iPSC-Derived Muscle Progenitors at JoVE.com

Tang and Weintraub were partially supported by NIH-AR070029, NIH-HL086555, NIH-HL134354.

All animal handling and surgical procedures were performed by a protocol approved by the Augusta University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Mice were fed standard diet and water ad libitum.
1. Isolation of primary mouse &#64257;broblasts from adult Dmdmdx mice
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize adult Dmdmdx mice (male, 2 months old) by CO2 asphyxiation and thoracotomy according to IACUC approved by Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Cut the...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomeres+acquire+embryonic+stem+cell+characteristics+in+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Telomeres acquire embryonic stem cell characteristics in induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 4 (2), 141-154 (2009).</li><li>Dumont, N. 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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a destructive and ultimately fatal hereditary disease characterized by a lack of dystrophin, leading to progressive muscle atrophy1,2. Our results demonstrate the restored dystrophin gene expression in Dmdmdx iPSC-derived myogenic progenitor cells by the approach of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated exon23 deletion. This approach has three advantages.
First, we generated iPSCs from Dmdmdx m...

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common muscular dystrophies and is characterized by the absence of dystrophin, affecting 1 of approximately 5,000 newborn boys worldwide1. Loss of dystrophin gene function results in structural muscle defects leading to progressive myofibers degeneration1,2. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene therapy system has been tested to restore the dystrophin expression and improve muscle function, such as gene replacement using micro-dystrophins (&#181;-Dys). However, the rAAV approach requires repeated injections to sustain expression of the functional protein3,4. Therefore, we need a strategy that can provide effectively and permanently recover dystrophin gene expression in patients with DMD. The&#160;Dmdmdx mouse, a mouse model for DMD, has a point mutation in exon 23 of the&#160;dystrophin&#160;gene that introduces a premature termination codon and results in a non-functional truncated protein lacking the C-terminal dystroglycan binding domain. Recent studies demonstrated the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to restore dystrophin gene expression by accurate gene correction or mutant exon deletion in small and large animal5,6,7. Long et al.8 reported the method for correcting the dystrophin gene mutation in Dmdmdx mouse germline by homology-directed repair (HDR) based CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. El Refaey et al.9 reported that rAAV could efficiently excise the mutant exon 23 in dystrophic mice. In these studies, gRNAs were designed in the introns 20 and 23 to cause double-stranded DNA breaks, which partially restored the dystrophin expression after DNA repair via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Even more exciting, Amoasii et al.10 recently reported the efficacy and feasibility of rAAV-mediated CRISPR gene editing in restoring dystrophin expression in canine models, an essential step in future clinical application.
DMD also causes stem cell disorders11. For muscle damage, residential muscle stem cells replenish dying muscle cells after muscle differentiation. However, the consecutive cycles of injury and repair lead to shortening of telomeres in muscle stem cells12, and premature depletion of stem cell pools13,14. Therefore, a combination of autologous stem cell therapy with genome editing to restore dystrophin expression can be a practical approach for treating DMD. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology provides the possibility of generating autologous genetically corrected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for functional muscle regeneration and prevent further complications of DMD without causing immune rejection. However, iPSCs have a risk of tumor formation, which could be alleviated by the differentiation of iPSC into myogenic progenitor cells.
In this protocol, we describe the use of non-integrating Sendai virus to reprogramming dermal fibroblasts of Dmdmdx mice into iPSCs and then recover dystrophin expression by CRISPR/Cas9 genome deletion. After validation of Exon23 deletion in iPSC by genotyping, we differentiated genome-corrected iPSC into myogenic progenitors (MPC) via MyoD-induced myogenic differentiation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>31-gauge needle</td>
			<td>Various&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharp Incision</td>
			<td>Various&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Scalpels</td>
			<td>Various&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td>Various&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibroblast medium (for 100 mL of complete medium)</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21-985-023</td>
			<td>0.1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic Antimycotic Slution 100x</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>MT30004CI</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium - high glucose</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
			<td>87 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum Characterized</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30396.03</td>
			<td>10 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100x)&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140076</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TVP solution (for 500 mL of complete solution)</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chicken Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16110-082</td>
			<td>5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E6758</td>
			<td>186 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphat-buffered saline</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to 500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin (2.5%)</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>15090046</td>
			<td>5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mES growth medium(for 500 mL of complete solution)</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol (55 mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21-985-023</td>
			<td>0.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic Antimycotic Slution 100x</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>MT30004CI</td>
			<td>5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium - high glucose</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
			<td>408.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum Characterized</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30396.03</td>
			<td>75 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td>5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse recombinant Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), 0.5 x 106 U/mL</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore Corp</td>
			<td>CS210511</td>
			<td>500 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEK/GS3 Inhibitor Supplement</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore Corp</td>
			<td>CS210510-500UL</td>
			<td>500 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100x)&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140076</td>
			<td>5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">The ES cell media should not be stored for more than 4 weeks and with inhibitors not more than 2 weeks.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mES frozen medium(for 50 mL of complete solution)</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td>5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium - high glucose</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
			<td>24.9 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum Characterized</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30396.03</td>
			<td>25 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse recombinant Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), 0.5 x 106 U/mL</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore Corp</td>
			<td>CS210511</td>
			<td>50 &#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>RRID</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.05% Trypsin/0.53 mM EDTA</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>25-052-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>J19943-k2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase solution</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>A6964</td>
			<td>Cell detachment solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AgeI-HF</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R3552L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488-conjugated goat-anti-mouse antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A32723</td>
			<td>AB_2633275</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A32731</td>
			<td>AB_2633280</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa555-conjugated goat-anti-rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A32732</td>
			<td>AB_2633281</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-AFP</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>RB-365-A1</td>
			<td>AB_59574</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;-Smooth Muscle Actin (D4K9N) XP</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>19245S</td>
			<td>AB_2734735</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Dystrophin</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>PA5-32388</td>
			<td>AB_2549858</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-LIN28A (D1A1A) XP&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>8641S</td>
			<td>AB_10997528</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-MYH2</td>
			<td>DSHB</td>
			<td>mAb2F7</td>
			<td>AB_1157865</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Nanog-XP</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>8822S</td>
			<td>AB_11217637</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Oct-4A (D6C8T)</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>83932S</td>
			<td>AB_2721046</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Sox2</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab97959</td>
			<td>AB_2341193</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-SSEA1(MC480)&#160;</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>4744s</td>
			<td>AB_1264258</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TH (H-196)</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ&#160;</td>
			<td>sc-14007</td>
			<td>AB_671397</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase Live Stain (500x)</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>A14353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blasticidin S</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>203350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BsmBI/Esp3I</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R0580L/R0734L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbenicillin</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>205805-250MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV&#160;</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>LS004189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Competent Cells</td>
			<td>TakaRa</td>
			<td>636763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CutSmart&#160;</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B7204S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoTune-iPS 2.0 Sendai Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>A16517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DirectPCR Lysis Reagent (cell)</td>
			<td>VIAGEN BIOTECH</td>
			<td>302-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase (1 U/mL)</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>7923</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxycycline Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP26535</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI-HF</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R3101L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin bovine plasma</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160; 
			QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit (500)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>20051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin from porcine skin, type A</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G1890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HardSet Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>H-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hygromycin B (50 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10687010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine HCL Injection</td>
			<td>HENRY SCHEIN ANIMAL HEALTH</td>
			<td>45822</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KpnI-HF</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R3142L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lenti-CRISPRv2-blast</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>83480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lenti-Guide-Hygro-iRFP670</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>99377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamin 3000 Transfection Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>L3000015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LV-TRE-VP64-mouse MyoD-T2A-dsRedExpress2&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>60625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LV-TRE-VP16 mouse MyoD-T2A-dsRedExpress2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>60626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse on Mouse (M.O.M.) Basic Kit</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>BMK-2202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NotI-HF</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R3189L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Media</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>31985070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene glycol 4,000</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>AAA161510B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>TR1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning&#160;BioCoat Poly-D-Lysine/Laminin Culture Slide</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>CB354688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A25742</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PrimeSTAR Max Premix</td>
			<td>TakaRa</td>
			<td>R045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>VIAGEN BIOTECH</td>
			<td>507-PKP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin Dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>ICN19453980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>qPCR Lentivirus Titration Kit</td>
			<td>abm</td>
			<td>LV900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick ligation kit</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M2200S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (250)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>27106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAGEN Plasmid Plus Midi Kit (100)</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>12945</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RevertAid RT Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>K1691</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAzol RT</td>
			<td>Molecular Research Center, INC</td>
			<td>RN 190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase Reaction Buffer</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>B0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 Polynucleotide Kinase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terrific Broth Modified</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP9729-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ViralBoost Reagent (500x)</td>
			<td>ALSTEM</td>
			<td>VB100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

crispr/cas9 technology in restoring dystrophin expression in ipsc-derived muscle progenitors

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which ultimately leads to the exhaustion of muscle progenitor cells. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing has the potential to restore the expression of the dystrophin gene. Autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived muscle progenitor cells (MPC) can replenish the stem/progenitor cell pool, repair damage, and prevent further complications in DMD without causing an immune response. In this study, we introduce a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and non-integrated iPSC technologies to obtain muscle progenitors with recovered dystrophin protein expression. Briefly, we use a non-integrating Sendai vector to establish an iPSC line from dermal fibroblasts of Dmdmdx mice. We then use the CRISPR/Cas9 deletion strategy to restore dystrophin expression through a non-homologous end joining of the reframed dystrophin gene. After PCR validation of exon23 depletion in three colonies from 94 picked iPSC colonies, we differentiate iPSC into MPC by doxycycline (Dox)-induced expression of MyoD, a key transcription factor playing a significant role in regulating muscle differentiation. Our results show the feasibility of using CRISPR/Cas9 deletion strategy to restore dystrophin expression in iPSC-derived MPC, which has significant potential for developing future therapies for the treatment of DMD.

Establishment of Dmdmdx skin fibroblasts derived iPSC. We demonstrated the efficiency of generating mouse iPSCs from Dmdmdx mice derived skin fibroblast using the integration-free reprogramming vectors. Figure 1A demonstrated that the appearance of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like colonies at three weeks after infection. We evaluate the efficiency of iPSC induction by live alkaline phosphatase (AP) stain; Figure 1B s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Restoring Dystrophin Expression in iPSC-Derived Muscle Progenitors at JoVE.com

CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Restoring Dystrophin Expression in iPSC-Derived Muscle Progenitors

Here, we present a Cas9-based exon23 deletion protocol to restore dystrophin expression in iPSC from Dmdmdx mouse-derived skin fibroblasts and directly differentiate iPSCs into myogenic progenitor cells (MPC) using the Tet-on MyoD activation system.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which ultimately leads to the ...

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

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