Name: determining bile duct density in the mouse liver
Uploaded: 2019-04-30T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Gli autori riconoscono il sostegno del National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01 GM084135 e R01 DK109982), un Pilot/Feasibility Award del Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center sotto NIH P30 DK56338, e un Alagille Syndrome Accelerator Award da La Fondazione Medica.

Tutti gli animali sono stati alloggiati in una struttura per animali barriera presso il Baylor College of Medicine per le linee guida del Comitato istituzionale per la cura e l'uso degli animali e con protocolli animali approvati.
1. Collezione di tessuto epatico del topo
<ol><li>
Preparazione del topo per la raccolta del fegato
	<ol>
<li>Eutanasia il topo usando l'isoflurane.</li>
		<li>Eseguire lussazione cervicale del topo per garantire la morte.</li>
		<li>Fare un'incisi...

<ol>
	<li>Zong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+controls+liver+development+by+regulating+biliary+differentiation.">Notch signaling controls liver development by regulating biliary differentiation.</a> Development. 136 (10), 1727-1739 (2009).</li><li>Clotman, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+liver+cell+fate+decision+by+a+gradient+of+TGF&#946;+signaling+modulated+by+Onecut+transcription+factors.">Control of liver cell fate decision by a gradient of TGF&#946; signaling modulated by Onecut transcription factors.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 19 (16), 1849-1854 (2005).</li><li>Karpen, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+the+etiologies+and+management+of+neonatal+cholestasis.">Update on the etiologies and management of neonatal cholestasis.</a> Clin Perinatol. 29 (1), 159-180 (2002).</li><li>Roskams, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nomenclature+of+the+finer+branches+of+the+biliary+tree:+canals,+ductules,+and+ductular+reactions+in+human+livers.">Nomenclature of the finer branches of the biliary tree: canals, ductules, and ductular reactions in human livers.</a> Hepatology. 39 (6), 1739-1745 (2004).</li><li>Oda, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+the+human+Jagged1+gene+are+responsible+for+Alagille+syndrome.">Mutations in the human Jagged1 gene are responsible for Alagille syndrome.</a> Nature Genetics. 16 (3), 235 (1997).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alagille+syndrome+is+caused+by+mutations+in+human+Jagged1,+which+encodes+a+ligand+for+Notch1.">Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in human Jagged1, which encodes a ligand for Notch1.</a> Nature Genetics. 16 (3), 243 (1997).</li><li>Xue, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+lethality+and+vascular+defects+in+mice+lacking+the+Notch+ligand+Jagged1.">Embryonic lethality and vascular defects in mice lacking the Notch ligand Jagged1.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (5), 723-730 (1999).</li><li>Thakurdas, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+heterozygosity+in+mice+results+in+a+congenital+cholangiopathy+which+is+reversed+by+concomitant+deletion+of+one+copy+of+Poglut1+(Rumi).">Jagged1 heterozygosity in mice results in a congenital cholangiopathy which is reversed by concomitant deletion of one copy of Poglut1 (Rumi).</a> Hepatology. 63 (2), 550-565 (2016).</li><li>Hadchouel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paucity+of+interlobular+bile+ducts.">Paucity of interlobular bile ducts.</a> Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 9 (1), 24-30 (1992).</li><li>Emerick, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Features+of+Alagille+syndrome+in+92+patients:+frequency+and+relation+to+prognosis.">Features of Alagille syndrome in 92 patients: frequency and relation to prognosis.</a> Hepatology. 29 (3), 822-829 (1999).</li><li>Poncy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factors+SOX4+and+SOX9+cooperatively+control+development+of+bile+ducts.">Transcription factors SOX4 and SOX9 cooperatively control development of bile ducts.</a> Dev Biol. 404 (2), 136-148 (2015).</li><li>Hofmann, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+in+the+portal+vein+mesenchyme+regulates+intrahepatic+bile+duct+development:+insights+into+Alagille+syndrome.">Jagged1 in the portal vein mesenchyme regulates intrahepatic bile duct development: insights into Alagille syndrome.</a> Development. 137 (23), 4061-4072 (2010).</li><li>McCright, B., Lozier, J., Gridley, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+Alagille+syndrome:+Notch2+as+a+genetic+modifier+of+Jag1+haploinsufficiency.">A mouse model of Alagille syndrome: Notch2 as a genetic modifier of Jag1 haploinsufficiency.</a> Development. 129 (4), 1075-1082 (2002).</li><li>Andersson, E. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Model+of+Alagille+Syndrome+and+Mechanisms+of+Jagged1+Missense+Mutations.">Mouse Model of Alagille Syndrome and Mechanisms of Jagged1 Missense Mutations.</a> Gastroenterology. 154 (4), 1080-1095 (2018).</li><li>Loomes, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+duct+proliferation+in+liver-specific+Jag1+conditional+knockout+mice:+effects+of+gene+dosage.">Bile duct proliferation in liver-specific Jag1 conditional knockout mice: effects of gene dosage.</a> Hepatology. 45 (2), 323-330 (2007).</li><li>Brulet, P., Babinet, C., Kemler, R., Jacob, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+against+trophectoderm-specific+markers+during+mouse+blastocyst+formation.">Monoclonal antibodies against trophectoderm-specific markers during mouse blastocyst formation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77 (7), 4113-4117 (1980).</li><li>Skalli, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+monoclonal+antibody+against+alpha-smooth+muscle+actin:+a+new+probe+for+smooth+muscle+differentiation.">A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: a new probe for smooth muscle differentiation.</a> J Cell Biol. 103 (6 Pt 2), 2787-2796 (1986).</li><li>Kamath, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+to+identify+laboratory+predictors+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+Alagille+syndrome.">A longitudinal study to identify laboratory predictors of liver disease outcome in Alagille syndrome.</a> Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 50 (5), 526 (2010).</li><li>Mouzaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+life+predictive+markers+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+an+International,+Multicentre+Cohort+of+children+with+Alagille+syndrome.">Early life predictive markers of liver disease outcome in an International, Multicentre Cohort of children with Alagille syndrome.</a> Liver International. 36 (5), 755-760 (2016).</li><li>Shiojiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+differentiation+of+bile+ducts+in+the+mammalian+liver.">Development and differentiation of bile ducts in the mammalian liver.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 39 (4), 328-335 (1997).</li><li>Crawford, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+intrahepatic+biliary+tree.">Development of the intrahepatic biliary tree.</a> Semin Liver Dis. 22 (3), 213-226 (2002).</li><li>Kaneko, K., Kamimoto, K., Miyajima, A., Itoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+remodeling+of+the+biliary+architecture+underlies+liver+homeostasis.">Adaptive remodeling of the biliary architecture underlies liver homeostasis.</a> Hepatology. 61 (6), 2056-2066 (2015).</li><li>Schaub, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+formation+of+the+biliary+system+by+TGFbeta-mediated+hepatocyte+transdifferentiation.">De novo formation of the biliary system by TGFbeta-mediated hepatocyte transdifferentiation.</a> Nature. 557 (7704), 247-251 (2018).</li><li>Sparks, E. E., Huppert, K. A., Brown, M. A., Washington, M. K., Huppert, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+regulates+formation+of+the+three-dimensional+architecture+of+intrahepatic+bile+ducts+in+mice.">Notch signaling regulates formation of the three-dimensional architecture of intrahepatic bile ducts in mice.</a> Hepatology. 51 (4), 1391-1400 (2010).</li><li>Tanimizu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrahepatic+bile+ducts+are+developed+through+formation+of+homogeneous+continuous+luminal+network+and+its+dynamic+rearrangement+in+mice.">Intrahepatic bile ducts are developed through formation of homogeneous continuous luminal network and its dynamic rearrangement in mice.</a> Hepatology. 64 (1), 175-188 (2016).</li><li>Walter, T. J., Sparks, E. E., Huppert, S. 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(68), e4272 (2012).</li><li>Popper, H., Kent, G., Stein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ductular+cell+reaction+in+the+liver+in+hepatic+injury.">Ductular cell reaction in the liver in hepatic injury.</a> J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 24 (5), 551-556 (1957).</li><li>Yimlamai, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippo+pathway+activity+influences+liver+cell+fate.">Hippo pathway activity influences liver cell fate.</a> Cell. 157 (6), 1324-1338 (2014).</li></ol>

L'analisi dello sviluppo e della riparazione di BD nei topi è uno strumento importante per studiare la patogenesi e il meccanismo dei disturbi colestatici. Inoltre, lo sviluppo di nuove terapie dipende in parte dalla creazione di un fenotipo riproducibile e preferibilmente quantificabile. L'attuale fenotipizzazione nei modelli murini di solito coinvolge la chimica del siero, l'istologia del fegato e l'immunostaining per marcatori specifici di tipo cellulare. Sebbene queste tecniche generino informazioni preziose sulla s...

L'albero biliare è una parte critica del fegato dei mammiferi, permettendo il passaggio della bile dagli epatociti nell'intestino. I dotti biliari intraepatici (BD) sono formati da cholangiociti, che si differenziano dagli epatoblasti bipotenziali attraverso la segnalazione di Notch e TGF Una corretta specificazione e impegno dei cholangiocyti e del loro assemblaggio in BD maturi sono fondamentali per lo sviluppo dell'albero biliare intraepatico. Come il fegato cresce durante lo sviluppo o sulla rigenerazione dell'organo, il sistema biliare ha bisogno di sviluppare lungo il fegato per garantire il corretto drenaggio della bile. Inoltre, un certo numero di malattie sindromiche e non sindromiche si traducono nella scarsità di BD intraepatici3 . Inoltre, una serie di malattie acute e croniche del fegato danno origine alle cosiddette reazioni dudulle nel fegato, che sono definite come la presenza di un numero significativo di cellule che esprimono marcatori biliari ma non derivano necessariamente da cellule biliari o forme brevetto BD4. Nel disturbo multisistema la sindrome di Alagille (ALGS), aploinsufficienza del ligando di Notch(JAG1) provoca scarsa formazione di BD e colestasi5,6. Il nostro laboratorio ha recentemente dimostrato che una lineadi mouse Jag1 eterozygous generata in precedenza è un modello animale di paucedia BD in ALGS8. In questo modello di topo di ALGS, i cholangiocytes sono ancora presenti. Tuttavia, non riescono a impegnarsi nell'incorporazione in maturi, brevetti BD8. Pertanto, l'analisi del fegato in un modello di paucity BD richiede più della presenza apparente o assenza di colgaliociti. È importante valutare con precisione il grado di presenza di BD maturi nel fegato.
Nella patologia anatomica, ci sono metodi quantitativi accettati per valutare se la paucity BD esiste9. Ad esempio, gli studi su ALGS su pazienti umani spesso quantificano il rapporto BD-vina porta (PV) analizzando almeno 10 vasi portali per biopsia epatica9,10. L'analisi della forma e la presenza complessiva o l'assenza di BD brevettati, combinati con la chimica del siero, possono fornire preziose informazioni sullo sviluppo di BD nei topi11,12,13. Tuttavia, i topi possono perdere un numero significativo di BD con solo un modesto aumento del livello biliarina del siero8. Di conseguenza, un metodo quantitativo che valuta il numero di BD presenti per fotovoltaico può fornire una misura più diretta del grado di scarsità di BD nei topi. In un recente rapporto, abbiamo quantificato il numero di BD per FOTO in tutti i lobi epatici e segnalato una significativa diminuzione del rapporto BD-PV in Jag1/– animali8. Nel corso della nostra analisi, abbiamo notato che, nonostante la variazione significativa nel grado di risposta infiammatoria e reazioni dudulare, il rapporto BD-PV non mostra molta variabilità8. Inoltre, la quantificazione del rapporto BD-PV ci ha permesso di dimostrare che la rimozione di una copia del gene glicosiltransferasi Poglut1 in Jag1- / gli animali possono migliorare significativamente la loro scarsità di BD8. In uno sfondo di Jag1/ , la perdita condizionale di Poglut1 nelle cellule muscolari limpiche vascolari si traduce in un aumento progressivo del numero di BD, che è modesto (20-30%) a P7 ma diventa prominente negli adulti8. Anche in questo caso, questa tecnica ci ha permesso di dimostrare che anche a P7, l'aumento della densità di BD in questi animali è statisticamente significativo. Da notare che l'aumento della densità di BD in questo genotipo a quattro mesi di età è stato convalidato anche attraverso l'analisi del getto di resina. 8 Queste osservazioni e altre relazioni che misuravano la densità di BD in diversi modelli murini ALGS14,15 ci hanno spinto a incorporare questo metodo nella nostra strategia complessiva per analizzare i difetti biliari in vari modelli mutanti e topi transgenici.
In questo caso, viene descritta in dettaglio una tecnica semplice che può essere utilizzata per esaminare il grado di scarsità di BD nei modelli murini di malattia epatica (Figura 1). In questo metodo, la co-colorazione con marcatori di colosso ciclica (CK) 8 e CK19 (in seguito ad ampio spettro CK, wsCK) viene utilizzata per visualizzare BD e cholangiocyte non incorporati nel fegato del topo. Un anticorpo contro l'actina muscolare alfa-liscio (SMA) viene aggiunto alla colorazione per etichettare i vasi. L'analisi sistematica del rapporto BD-PV in una sezione che copre tutti i lobi epatici assicura che un gran numero di fotocamere venga analizzato per ogni genotipo. Poiché il nostro metodo si basa sulla quantificazione di BD e PV in immagini 2D, non è adatto per studiare gli effetti di una determinata mutazione sulla struttura 3D dell'albero biliare o sull'integrità dei piccoli condotti biliari. Tuttavia, fornisce una strategia semplice e oggettiva per gli investigatori per valutare lo sviluppo biliare nel mouse.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Isothesia (Isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>16-800-552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% PFA</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL tube</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HistoChoice</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>H103-4L</td>
			<td>clearing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omnisette Tissue Cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher HealthCare</td>
			<td>15-197-710E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrosette</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast X-TRA</td>
			<td>McCormick Scientific</td>
			<td>39503002</td>
			<td>Parrafin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Mold</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>62528-32</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td>HM 325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C8H10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Based Antigen Retrieval</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-3301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Cooker</td>
			<td>Instant Pot</td>
			<td>Lux Mini</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Pap Pen</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>8877</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween-20)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X251-07</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate (Triton-X-100)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X198-07</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK8</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-I</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB531826</td>
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			<td>anti-CK19</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-III</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB2133570</td>
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			<td>anti-&#945;SMA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2547, Clone 1A4</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat-Alexa488</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A21208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse-Cy5</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>715-175-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22x50 micro cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>48393 059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI6000 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimtech Science</td>
			<td>05511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining bile duct density in the mouse liver

Il topo è ampiamente usato come organismo modello per studiare le malattie biliari. Per valutare lo sviluppo e la funzione del sistema biliare, vengono utilizzate varie tecniche, tra cui la chimica del siero, l'analisi istologica e l'immunostaining per marcatori specifici. Anche se queste tecniche possono fornire importanti informazioni sul sistema biliare, spesso non presentano un quadro completo dei difetti dello sviluppo del dotto biliare (BD) in tutto il fegato. Ciò è in parte dovuto alla robusta capacità del fegato di topo di drenare la bile anche negli animali con compromissione significativa nello sviluppo biliare. Qui presentiamo un metodo semplice per calcolare il numero medio di BD associati a ogni vena del portale (PV) in sezioni che coprono tutti i lobi di topi mutanti/transgenici. In questo metodo, i fegati sono montati e sezionato in modo stereotipato per facilitare il confronto tra vari genotipi e condizioni sperimentali. I BD sono identificati tramite microscopia leggera dei cholangiociti macchiati di citokeratina, e quindi contati e divisi per il numero totale di FOTO presenti nella sezione epatica. Ad esempio, mostriamo come questo metodo possa distinguere chiaramente tra topi selvatici e un modello murino della sindrome di Alagille. Il metodo qui presentato non può sostituire le tecniche che visualizzano la struttura tridimensionale dell'albero biliare. Tuttavia, offre un modo semplice e diretto per valutare quantitativamente lo sviluppo della BD e il grado di formazione della reazione dudulare nei topi.

In precedenza abbiamo documentato i difetti biliari negli animali Jag1/– un modello murino di ALGS8. Per determinare il rapporto BD-PV, abbiamo sezionato i fegati di topo P30 e li abbiamo co-macchiati per CK8 e CK19 (wsCK) insieme al marcatore vascolare sMA. Abbiamo poi immaginato tutti i PV in ciascuno dei lobi epatici. Come illustrato nella Figura 2A, abbiamo definito i PV come vasi con colorazione sMA con colorazione wsCK...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Vi presentiamo un metodo piuttosto semplice e sensibile per la quantificazione accurata della densità del condotto biliare nel fegato del topo. Questo metodo può aiutare a determinare gli effetti dei modificatori genetici e ambientali e l'efficacia delle potenziali terapie nei modelli murini delle malattie biliari.

Determinazione della densità del dotto biliare nel fegato del topo

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

Questo protocollo consente allo sperimentatore di quantificare lo sviluppo del condotto biliare nei modelli di topo di malattia epatica. Consente inoltre di valutare gli effetti dei modificatori genetici sullo sviluppo del condotto biliare. Il vantaggio di questa tecnica è che è un metodo semplice, sensibile e quantitativo per la valutazione diretta dello sviluppo del condotto biliare.Per iniziare, con la pelle tenuta tesa dalle forbici, usa piccole forbici per fare un'incisione trasversale circa un pollice sotto la gabbia toracica di un topo eutanasiato. Esporre l'intera superficie ventrale del fegato. Utilizzare piccole forbici per tagliare con cura i legamenti che collegano il fegato agli altri organi dell'addome.Quindi, tagliare attraverso il condotto biliare comune per staccare il fegato dall'intestino. Tenere la cistifellea e rimuovere con cura il fegato. Posizionarlo immediatamente in un tubo da 50 millilitri riempito tre quarti con paraformaldeide al 4%.Per fissare il tessuto epatico, incubarlo in PFA al 4% a quattro gradi Celsius per 48 ore. Dopo una serie di lavaggi di etanolo, lavare il fegato con agente di compensazione tre volte per 30 minuti ciascuno a temperatura ambiente. Per iniziare l'incorporamento, lavare una cassetta di tessuto in uno stampo tissutale tre volte per 30 minuti in cera di paraffina preriscaldata a 60 gradi Celsius.Quindi, riempire lo stampo di tessuto con cera di paraffina a tre quarti di altezza e tenerlo su un blocco riscaldante a 60 gradi Celsius. Posizionare il fegato nello stampo con il lato ventrale rivolto verso l'alto. Dopo aver rimosso con cura lo stampo dal blocco riscaldante, posizionare la parte superiore della cassetta sullo stampo.Completa con paraffina liquida calda e lascialo raffreddare a temperatura ambiente durante la notte. Dopo aver rimosso il blocco epatico dallo stampo, utilizzare un microtomo per iniziare a sessare attraverso il lato dorsale superficiale del fegato, facendo cinque sezioni di micrometro. Controllare le sezioni superficiali al microscopio a dissezione per assicurarsi che le sezioni non siano tranciate o piegate.Per elaborare le diapositive per l'immunoistochimica, selezionare una diapositiva per genotipo da analizzare e lavarla per 15 minuti in xilene, 100% etanolo, 95% etanolo e, infine, 70%etanolo. Dopo aver lavato lo scivolo nell'acqua ionizzata, immergerlo nella soluzione di recupero dell'antigene ad alto pH a base di Tris. Quindi, scaldarlo sotto pressione in una pentola a pressione per tre minuti a 10 libbre per pollice quadrato.Dopo aver lasciato raffreddare lo scivolo a temperatura ambiente, utilizzare una penna PAP per delineare le sezioni della diapositiva. Dopo il lavaggio con PBS Tween, bloccare le sezioni tissutali aggiungendo 100 microlitri di soluzione di blocco per sezione e incubare coperti a quattro gradi Celsius per un'ora. Applicare 100 microlitri della soluzione anticorpale diluita contenente tutti e tre gli anticorpi primari su ogni sezione e incubarli a quattro gradi Celsius durante la notte.Dopo aver lavato le diapositive, aggiungere 100 microlitri della soluzione anticorpale secondaria contenente sia anticorpi secondari che incubare per un'ora a temperatura ambiente. Infine, applicare il supporto di montaggio e un coverslip alle diapositive. Usa un microscopio fluorescente per scattare immagini 20x con uno zoom 1x di ogni sezione.Assicurarsi che ogni vena porta attraverso il fegato sia immagine. Creare un foglio di calcolo con le colonne seguenti:Numero animale/campione, Numero di immagine, numero di vene del portale e numero di dotti biliari. Identificare e registrare il numero di vene portale per immagine per ogni immagine.Quindi, identificare i dotti biliari brevettati in ogni immagine, dalla presenza di conlangiociti che circondano un lume definibile. Queste strutture dovrebbero essere distinte e separate dal mesenchima da altre cellule positive alla citocheratina ad ampio spettro. Una sfida principale di questa tecnica consiste nell'identificare i dotti biliari brevettati.Determinare cos'è un condotto brevettato richiede un'analisi della forma del condotto e delle cellule che circondano il lume. Contare ogni condotto biliare brevettato e posizionarlo nella stessa colonna del numero di immagine e ripetere per ogni immagine della vena del portale. Infine, calcola la somma di tutte le vene portale e di tutti i dotti biliari nel campione di fegato e calcola il rapporto bile condotto/vena portale per il campione di fegato.I fegati del topo P30 sono stati sesati e co-macchiati per CK8 e CK19 insieme al marcatore vascolare, alfa-SMA, per determinare il rapporto BD-PV. Quando tutte le vene portale in ogni lobo epatico sono state immagini, le vene portale sono state definite come vasi macchiati alfa-SMA che hanno una colorazione adiacente della citocheratina ad ampio spettro. Le strutture di macchie alfa-SMA senza citocheratina ad ampio spettro erano vene centrali che sono state escluse dall'analisi.I condotti dei brevetti hanno un lume chiaramente definibile che è circondato da cholangioctyes positive alla citocheratina ad ampio spettro e di solito sono separati da condotti o colinogiociti vicini dal mesenchima. Le cellule citocheratina-positive ad ampio spettro che non hanno un lume definibile, non vengono conteggiate per il numero totale di dotti biliari. La sezione epatica di un animale di tipo selvatico mostra una vena portale associata a un condotto completamente brevettato insieme a diverse cellule non incorporate.La sezione epatica rappresentativa di un animale eterozigote JAG1 non mostra che non siano presenti dotti biliari brevettati intorno alle tre vene del portale. Tutte le cellule citocheratine-positive ad ampio spettro qui non sono incorporate e quindi non devono essere conteggiate. L'analisi del rapporto BD/PV per tre animali eterozigoti jag1 mostra come i due genotipi possano essere facilmente distinti in base al numero di dutti biliari.È importante valutare tutte le navi portale per i dotti biliari. È particolarmente importante per determinare la densità del condotto biliare se c'è variabilità fenotipico nel fegato. Questa tecnica è stata utilizzata per identificare un soppressore genetico del fenotipo biliare in un modello di topo di Helgason.Pertanto, può essere utile per valutare le modalità di trattamento dei modelli animali di malattia biliare.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. 
Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.
This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

La stimolazione di Notch segnalazione in mouse osteoclasti Precursori

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality and affects more than 2 million people in the United States. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury is crucial for developing effective treatment for ALD. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis after just 24 h of exposure to 2% ethanol, making them useful for the study of acute alcoholic liver injury. This work describes the procedure for acute ethanol treatment in zebrafish larvae and shows that it causes steatosis and swelling of the hepatic blood vessels. A detailed protocol for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) staining that is optimized for the histological analysis of the zebrafish larval liver, is also described. H&#38;E staining has several unique advantages over immunofluorescence, as it marks all liver cells and extracellular components simultaneously and can readily detect hepatic injury, such as steatosis and fibrosis. Given the increasing usage of zebrafish in modeling toxin and virus-induced liver injury, as well as inherited liver diseases, this protocol serves as a reference for the histological analyses performed in all these studies.

This protocol describes histological analyses of the livers from zebrafish larvae that have been treated with 2% ethanol for 24 h. Such acute ethanol treatment results in hepatic steatosis and swelling of the hepatic vasculature.

Analisi istologiche di lesioni al fegato acuto alcolico in Zebrafish

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related ...

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

In Vitro Crescita dei follicoli preantrali Mouse sotto condizioni di microgravità simulata

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The effects these exposures have on mammary gland development are typically evaluated using either basic dimensional measurements or by scoring morphological characteristics. However, the broad range of methods for interpreting developmental changes could lead to inconsistent translations across laboratories. A common method of assessment is needed so that proper interpretations can be formed from data being compared across studies. The present study describes the application of the Sholl analysis method to quantify mammary gland branching characteristics. The Sholl method was originally developed for use in quantifying neuronal dendritic patterns. By using ImageJ, an open-source image analysis software package, and a plugin developed for this analysis, the mammary gland branching density and the complexity of a mammary gland from a peripubertal female rat were determined. The methods described here will enable the use of the Sholl analysis as an effective tool for quantifying an important characteristic of mammary gland development.

Mammary gland development in the rodent has typically been evaluated using descriptive assessments or by measuring basic physical attributes. Branching density is an indicator of mammary development that is difficult to quantify objectively. This protocol describes a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of mammary gland branching characteristics.

Quantificazione della densità di raggruppamento nelle ghiandole del mammella di ratto intere con il metodo di analisi di Sholl

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Imaging Live di Mouse Seconda Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Dissezione e macchiatura immunofluorescente del corpo di fungo e del fotoricettore neuroni nel cervello adulto Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

Un uso novello di tridimensionale ad alta frequenza l'ecografia per la caratterizzazione di gravidanza precoce nel topo

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

Un modello di Mouse chimerici del fegato umano di ipercolesterolemia familiare facendo uso degli epatociti derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Visualizzare il nodo e la piastra Notochordal In embrioni di topo Gastrulating mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione e intero Monte immunofluorescenza

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have no effective therapeutic options. Tools to study EHBD are very limited. Our purpose was to develop an organ-specific, versatile, adult stem cell-derived, preclinical cholangiocyte model that can be easily generated from wild type and genetically engineered mice. Thus, we report on the novel technique of developing an EHBD organoid (EHBDO) culture system from adult mouse EHBDs. The model is cost-efficient, able to be readily analyzed, and has multiple downstream applications. Specifically, we describe the methodology of mouse EHBD isolation and single cell dissociation, organoid culture initiation, propagation, and long-term maintenance and storage. This manuscript also describes EHBDO processing for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and mRNA abundance quantitation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This protocol has significant advantages in addition to producing EHBD-specific organoids. The use of a conditioned medium from L-WRN cells significantly reduces the cost of this model. The use of mouse EHBDs provides almost unlimited tissue for culture generation, unlike human tissue. Generated mouse EHBDOs contain a pure population of epithelial cells with markers of endodermal progenitor and differentiated biliary cells. Cultured organoids maintain homogenous morphology through multiple passages and can be recovered after a long-term storage period in liquid nitrogen. The model allows for the study of biliary progenitor cell proliferation, can be manipulated pharmacologically, and may be generated from genetically engineered mice. Future studies are needed to optimize culture conditions in order to increase plating efficiency, evaluate functional cell maturity, and direct cell differentiation. Development of co-culture models and a more biologically neutral extracellular matrix are also desirable.

This protocol describes the production of a mouse extrahepatic bile duct 3-dimensional organoid system. These biliary organoids can be maintained in culture to study cholangiocyte biology. Biliary organoids express markers of both progenitor and biliary cells and are composed of polarized epithelial cells.

Generazione dei Organoids da dotti biliari Extrahepatic Mouse

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have ...