Name: determining bile duct density in the mouse liver
Uploaded: 2019-04-30T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

著者らは、国立衛生研究所(NIH)(R01 GM084135およびR01 DK109982)、NIH P30 DK56338の下でテキサス医療センター消化器病センターからのパイロット/実現可能性賞、およびアラギル症候群アクセラレータ賞からの支援を認めます。医療財団

すべての動物は、施設の動物ケアと使用委員会のガイドラインと承認された動物プロトコルの下でベイラー医科大学のバリア動物施設に収容されました。
1. マウス肝組織の採取
<ol><li>
肝臓収穫のためのマウスの調製
	<ol>
<li>イソファランを使用してマウスを安楽死させる。</li>
		<li>死を確実にするために、マウスの頸部脱臼を行う。</li>
		<li>肋骨ケージの?...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+to+identify+laboratory+predictors+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+Alagille+syndrome.">A longitudinal study to identify laboratory predictors of liver disease outcome in Alagille syndrome.</a> Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 50 (5), 526 (2010).</li><li>Mouzaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+life+predictive+markers+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+an+International,+Multicentre+Cohort+of+children+with+Alagille+syndrome.">Early life predictive markers of liver disease outcome in an International, Multicentre Cohort of children with Alagille syndrome.</a> Liver International. 36 (5), 755-760 (2016).</li><li>Shiojiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+differentiation+of+bile+ducts+in+the+mammalian+liver.">Development and differentiation of bile ducts in the mammalian liver.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 39 (4), 328-335 (1997).</li><li>Crawford, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+intrahepatic+biliary+tree.">Development of the intrahepatic biliary tree.</a> Semin Liver Dis. 22 (3), 213-226 (2002).</li><li>Kaneko, K., Kamimoto, K., Miyajima, A., Itoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+remodeling+of+the+biliary+architecture+underlies+liver+homeostasis.">Adaptive remodeling of the biliary architecture underlies liver homeostasis.</a> Hepatology. 61 (6), 2056-2066 (2015).</li><li>Schaub, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+formation+of+the+biliary+system+by+TGFbeta-mediated+hepatocyte+transdifferentiation.">De novo formation of the biliary system by TGFbeta-mediated hepatocyte transdifferentiation.</a> Nature. 557 (7704), 247-251 (2018).</li><li>Sparks, E. E., Huppert, K. A., Brown, M. A., Washington, M. K., Huppert, S. 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マウスにおけるBDの発達と修復の解析は、胆嚢障害の病因およびメカニズムを研究する上で重要なツールである。さらに、新しい治療法の開発は、再生可能で好ましくは定量化可能な表現型の確立に部分的に依存する。マウスモデルにおける現在の表現型は、通常、血清化学、肝臓組織学および細胞型特異的マーカーの免疫染色を伴う。これらの技術は胆道系の構造と機能に関する貴重な情?...

胆汁の木は哺乳類の肝臓の重要な部分であり、肝細胞から腸への胆汁の通過を可能にする。肝内胆管(BD)は、ノッチおよびTGFβシグナル伝達1、2を介して二電位肝芽細胞と区別する胆管状細胞によって形成される。成熟したCDへの胆管細胞とその組み立ての適切な仕様とコミットメントは、肝内胆樹の開発のために重要です。肝臓が発達中または臓器再生時に成長するにつれて、胆汁器系は適切な胆汁の排液を確保するために肝臓に沿って発達する必要がある。さらに、多くのシンドロミックおよび非シンドロミック疾患は、肝内BDs3の貧弱をもたらす。さらに、多くの急性および慢性肝疾患は、胆汁マーカーを発現するが、必ずしも胆汁細胞または形態から生じるとは限らないかなりの数の細胞の存在として定義される、肝臓のいわゆる管反応を引き起こす。特許BDs4.多系統障害アラギル症候群(ALGS)では、ノッチリガンドギザギザギザ(JAG1)のハプロインの充足は、BD形成およびコレスタ症5、6の不十分なBD形成をもたらす。我々の研究室は最近、以前に生成されたJag1ヘテロジゴウスマウスライン7がALGS8におけるBDポーシティの動物モデルであることを実証した。ALGSのこのマウスモデルでは、胆管細胞はまだ存在する。しかし、彼らは成熟した特許BDs8に組み込むことを約束することができません。したがって、BDの貧弱のモデルにおける肝臓の分析は、胆管細胞の明らかな存在または不在以上のものを必要とする。成熟したCDが肝臓に存在する程度を正確に評価することが重要です。
解剖病理学では、BDのポーシティが存在するかどうかを評価するための受け入れられた定量的方法が9である。例えば、ヒト患者におけるALGSに関する研究は、肝生検9、10当たり少なくとも10のポータル血管を分析することによって、BDからポータル静脈(PV)比を定量することが多い。特許BDの形状および全体的な有無の分析は、血清化学と組み合わせることで、マウス11、12、13におけるBD発達に関する貴重な情報を提供することができる。しかし、マウスは、血清ビリルビンレベル8のわずかな増加でかなりの数のBDを失う可能性があります。したがって、PV当たりの存在するBDの数を評価する定量的方法は、マウスにおけるBDのポーシティの程度をより直接的に測定することができる。最近の報告では、我々はすべての肝葉全体のPVあたりのBDの数を定量化し、Jag1+/–動物8のBD対PV比の有意な減少を報告した。 我々の分析の過程で、炎症反応および管反応の程度に有意な変動があるにもかかわらず、BD対PV比は大きな変動性8を示さない。さらに、BDとPV比の定量化により、Jag1+/でグリコシルトランスフェラーゼ遺伝子Poglut1のコピーを1部除去することで、動物のBDの貧弱性を有意に改善できることを実証することができました。 Jag1+/+の背景では、血管平滑筋細胞におけるPoglut1の条件付き損失は、BD数の漸進的な増加をもたらす(20-30%)P7で、大人8で顕著になります.繰り返しますが、この技術は、P7でも、これらの動物のBD密度の増加が統計的に有意であることを示すことを可能にした。なお、生後4ヶ月のこの遺伝子型におけるBD密度の増加は、樹脂鋳造解析を通じて検証された。8これらの観測値および異なるALGSマウスモデル14、15におけるBD密度を測定した他の報告は、様々な変異体の胆汁欠損を分析するための全体的な戦略にこの方法を組み込むことを促したトランスジェニックマウス。
ここでは、肝疾患のマウスモデルにおけるBD罹患率を調べるために使用できる簡単な手法を詳述する(図1)。この方法では、コランゴサイトマーカーサイトケラチン(CK)8およびCK19(以下、広スペクトルCK、wsCK)との共染色を用いて、マウス肝臓におけるBDsおよび非組み込み胆管細胞を可視化する。α平滑筋アクチン(αSMA)に対する抗体を標識容器に染色する。すべての肝葉をカバーするセクションにおけるBDとPV比の系統的分析は、各遺伝子型について多数のPVが分析されることを保証する。我々の方法は、2D画像におけるBDとPVの定量化に依存しているため、胆樹の3D構造や小さな胆管の完全性に対する特定の変異の影響を調べたりするのに適していません。それにもかかわらず、それはマウスの胆道の発達を評価するために研究者のための簡単で客観的な戦略を提供する。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Isothesia (Isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>16-800-552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% PFA</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL tube</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HistoChoice</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>H103-4L</td>
			<td>clearing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omnisette Tissue Cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher HealthCare</td>
			<td>15-197-710E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrosette</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast X-TRA</td>
			<td>McCormick Scientific</td>
			<td>39503002</td>
			<td>Parrafin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Mold</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>62528-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td>HM 325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C8H10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Based Antigen Retrieval</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-3301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Cooker</td>
			<td>Instant Pot</td>
			<td>Lux Mini</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Pap Pen</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween-20)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X251-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate (Triton-X-100)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X198-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK8</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-I</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB531826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK19</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-III</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB2133570</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;SMA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2547, Clone 1A4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat-Alexa488</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A21208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse-Cy5</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>715-175-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22x50 micro cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>48393 059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI6000 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimtech Science</td>
			<td>05511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining bile duct density in the mouse liver

マウスは、胆汁病を研究するためのモデル生物として広く使用されています。胆道系の発達と機能を評価するために、血清化学、組織学的分析、特定マーカーの免疫染色など、様々な技術が用いられる。これらの技術は胆道系に関する重要な情報を提供することができますが、多くの場合、肝臓全体にわたって胆管(BD)発達欠陥の全体像を提示しません。これは、胆汁の発達に著しい障害を持つ動物においても胆汁を排出するマウス肝臓の堅牢な能力に起因する。ここでは、変異型/トランスジェニックマウスのすべてのローブをカバーするセクションで、各ポータル静脈(PV)に関連する平均BD数を計算する簡単な方法を示す。この方法では、肝臓は、様々なゲノムと実験条件間の比較を容易にするために、ステレオタイプ的な方法で取り付けられ、切除される。BDは、シトケラチン染色胆管細胞の光顕微鏡検査によって同定され、その後、肝臓部に存在するPVの総数でカウントされ、除算される。一例として,この方法が野生型マウスとアラギル症候群のマウスモデルを明確に区別する方法を示す.ここで提示する方法は、胆樹の三次元構造を可視化する技術に代わるものとはならない。しかし、それは定量的にBDの発達およびマウスの管反応形成の程度を定量的に評価する容易で直接的な方法を提供する。

我々は以前にJag1+/–動物、ALGS8のマウスモデルで胆汁欠損を文書化した。BDとPV比を決定するために、P30マウスの肝臓を切り離し、血管マーカーαSMAと共にCK8およびCK19(wsCK)のためにそれらを共染色した。その後、各肝葉のすべてのPVを画像化しました。図2Aに示すように、PVを隣接するwsCK染色(矢印)を持つαSMA染色容器とし?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

マウス肝臓における胆管密度を正確に定量するための、かなりシンプルで敏感な方法を提示する。この方法は、遺伝的および環境修飾子の効果と胆汁病のマウスモデルにおける潜在的な治療法の有効性の決定に役立ちます。

マウス肝臓における胆管密度の決定

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

このプロトコルは、研究者が肝臓病のマウスモデルにおける胆管の発達を定量化することを可能にする。また、胆管の開発に対する遺伝的修飾剤の影響を評価することを可能にする。この技術の利点は、胆管の開発の直接評価のための簡単で、敏感で、定量的な方法であるということです。まず、皮膚を鉗子で張り付けて、小さなはさみを使って、安楽死させたマウスの肋骨ケージの約1インチ下に横断切開を行います。肝臓の腹側表面全体を露出させます。小さいはさみを使用して、肝臓と腹部の他の器官をつなぐ靭帯を慎重に切断します。次いで、共通の胆管を切断し、肝臓を腸から切り離す。胆嚢につかまって、慎重に肝臓を取り除きます.すぐに4%パラホルムアルデヒドで充填50ミリリットルチューブを4分の3に入れます。肝臓組織を固定するには、4%PFAを摂氏4度で48時間インキュベートする。一連のエタノール洗浄後、クリア剤で肝臓を室温で30分間3回洗浄します。埋め込みを開始するには、組織カセットを組織モールドで3回30分間、摂氏60度に予熱したパラフィンワックスで洗浄します。その後、パラフィンワックスで組織モールドを4分の3の高さに充填し、摂氏60度の加熱ブロックに保管します。腹側を上に向けて、肝臓を型に入れます。慎重に加熱ブロックから金型を取り外した後、カセットの上部を金型の上に置きます。熱い液体パラフィンを上にして、一晩室温まで冷却させます。肝臓ブロックを型から取り出した後、ミクロトームを使用して肝臓の表面的な後側を切り離し、5マイクロメートルの切片を作ります。解剖顕微鏡の下の表面的なセクションをチェックして、セクションがせせられたり折り畳まれたりしていないことを確認してください。免疫検査用のスライドを処理するには、分析する遺伝子型ごとに1つのスライドを選択し、キシレン、100%エタノール、95%エタノール、そして最後に70%エタノールで15分間洗浄します。スライドをイオン化水に洗浄した後、トリスベースの高pH抗原検索溶液に浸漬する。その後、圧力鍋で圧力を受けて1平方インチあたり10ポンドで3分間加熱します。スライドを室温まで冷やした後、PAP ペンを使用してスライドのセクションの概要を説明します。PBS Tweenで洗浄した後、セクションあたり100マイクロリットルのブロッキング溶液を加えて組織切片をブロックし、摂氏4度で1時間覆われたインキュベートを行います。3つの一次抗体すべてを含む希釈抗体溶液の100マイクロリットルを各セクションに塗布し、一晩摂氏4度でインキュベートします。スライドを洗浄した後、二次抗体を含む2次抗体溶液の100マイクロリットルを加え、室温で1時間インキュベートする。最後に、取り付け媒体とカバースリップをスライドに適用します。蛍光顕微鏡を使用して、各セクションの1倍ズームで20倍の画像を撮影します。肝臓全体のすべての門脈が画像化されていることを確認します。次の列を使用してスプレッドシートを作成します:動物/サンプル番号、画像番号、ポータル静脈の数と胆管の数。各画像の画像ごとのポータルの静脈の数を識別し、記録します。次に、各画像の特許胆管を、定義可能な内腔を取り囲む胆管の存在によって同定する。これらの構造は、他の広域スペクトルサイトケラチン陽性細胞から区別され、間質によって分離されるべきである。この技術の主な課題の1つは、特許胆管の同定です。パテントダクトが何であるかを決定するには、ダクトの形状と内腔を取り巻く細胞の分析が必要です。各特許胆管をカウントし、画像番号と同じ列に配置し、各ポータルの静脈画像について繰り返します。最後に、肝臓サンプル内のすべての門脈と胆管の合計を計算し、肝臓サンプルの胆管と門脈の比率を計算します。P30マウス肝臓は、CK8およびCK19について、血管マーカーと共に切除し、共染色し、α-SMA、BD対PV比を決定した。各肝葉のすべての門脈が画像化されると、門脈は隣接する広域スペクトルサイトケラチン染色を有するα-SMA染色血管として定義された。広域スペクトルサイトケラチンを含まないα-SMA染色構造は、分析から除外された中央静脈であった。パテントダクトは、広いスペクトルのサイトケラチン陽性胆管数減少に囲まれた明確に定義可能なルーメンを有し、通常は近くの管または雑管から間線葉によって分離される。定義可能な内腔を有しない広域シトケラチン陽性細胞は、胆管の総数にカウントされない。野生型動物由来の肝臓部は、いくつかの非法人細胞と共に完全特許ダクトに関連する門脈を示す。JAG1ヘテロ接動物由来の代表的な肝切れ目は、3つの門脈の周囲に特許胆管が存在しない。ここですべての広域スペクトルサイトケラチン陽性細胞は非法人であり、したがって、カウントされるべきではありません。3つの野生型および3つのJAG1ヘテロ接合動物のBD対PV比の分析は、胆管数に基づいて2つの遺伝子型を容易に区別する方法を示している。胆管のすべての門脈を評価することが重要です。肝臓全体にフェオチの変動がある場合は、胆管密度を決定するために特に重要です。.この技術は、ヘルガソンのマウスモデルにおける胆道表現型の遺伝的抑制剤を同定するために使用された。したがって、胆道疾患の動物モデルの治療様式を評価するのに有用であり得る。

determining-bile-duct-density-in-the-mouse-liver

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. 
Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.
This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

マウスの破骨細胞前駆体におけるNotchシグナル伝達の刺激

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

発生生物学

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality and affects more than 2 million people in the United States. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury is crucial for developing effective treatment for ALD. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis after just 24 h of exposure to 2% ethanol, making them useful for the study of acute alcoholic liver injury. This work describes the procedure for acute ethanol treatment in zebrafish larvae and shows that it causes steatosis and swelling of the hepatic blood vessels. A detailed protocol for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) staining that is optimized for the histological analysis of the zebrafish larval liver, is also described. H&#38;E staining has several unique advantages over immunofluorescence, as it marks all liver cells and extracellular components simultaneously and can readily detect hepatic injury, such as steatosis and fibrosis. Given the increasing usage of zebrafish in modeling toxin and virus-induced liver injury, as well as inherited liver diseases, this protocol serves as a reference for the histological analyses performed in all these studies.

This protocol describes histological analyses of the livers from zebrafish larvae that have been treated with 2% ethanol for 24 h. Such acute ethanol treatment results in hepatic steatosis and swelling of the hepatic vasculature.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける急性アルコール性肝障害の組織学的解析

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related ...

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

体外模擬微小重力下でのマウス前胞状卵胞の成長

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The effects these exposures have on mammary gland development are typically evaluated using either basic dimensional measurements or by scoring morphological characteristics. However, the broad range of methods for interpreting developmental changes could lead to inconsistent translations across laboratories. A common method of assessment is needed so that proper interpretations can be formed from data being compared across studies. The present study describes the application of the Sholl analysis method to quantify mammary gland branching characteristics. The Sholl method was originally developed for use in quantifying neuronal dendritic patterns. By using ImageJ, an open-source image analysis software package, and a plugin developed for this analysis, the mammary gland branching density and the complexity of a mammary gland from a peripubertal female rat were determined. The methods described here will enable the use of the Sholl analysis as an effective tool for quantifying an important characteristic of mammary gland development.

Mammary gland development in the rodent has typically been evaluated using descriptive assessments or by measuring basic physical attributes. Branching density is an indicator of mammary development that is difficult to quantify objectively. This protocol describes a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of mammary gland branching characteristics.

ショール分析法を用いたラット乳腺全身の分枝密度の定量

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

マウス二次口蓋融合のライブイメージング

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

郭清ときのこ体の免疫蛍光染色と大人のショウジョウバエ脳光受容器ニューロン

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

マウスの早い妊娠の特性の三次元の高周波超音波の新規な使用

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウス モデル

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

ノードと走査型電子顕微鏡と蛍光抗体法マウント全体を使用して Gastrulating のマウス胚における脊索板を可視化

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have no effective therapeutic options. Tools to study EHBD are very limited. Our purpose was to develop an organ-specific, versatile, adult stem cell-derived, preclinical cholangiocyte model that can be easily generated from wild type and genetically engineered mice. Thus, we report on the novel technique of developing an EHBD organoid (EHBDO) culture system from adult mouse EHBDs. The model is cost-efficient, able to be readily analyzed, and has multiple downstream applications. Specifically, we describe the methodology of mouse EHBD isolation and single cell dissociation, organoid culture initiation, propagation, and long-term maintenance and storage. This manuscript also describes EHBDO processing for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and mRNA abundance quantitation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This protocol has significant advantages in addition to producing EHBD-specific organoids. The use of a conditioned medium from L-WRN cells significantly reduces the cost of this model. The use of mouse EHBDs provides almost unlimited tissue for culture generation, unlike human tissue. Generated mouse EHBDOs contain a pure population of epithelial cells with markers of endodermal progenitor and differentiated biliary cells. Cultured organoids maintain homogenous morphology through multiple passages and can be recovered after a long-term storage period in liquid nitrogen. The model allows for the study of biliary progenitor cell proliferation, can be manipulated pharmacologically, and may be generated from genetically engineered mice. Future studies are needed to optimize culture conditions in order to increase plating efficiency, evaluate functional cell maturity, and direct cell differentiation. Development of co-culture models and a more biologically neutral extracellular matrix are also desirable.

This protocol describes the production of a mouse extrahepatic bile duct 3-dimensional organoid system. These biliary organoids can be maintained in culture to study cholangiocyte biology. Biliary organoids express markers of both progenitor and biliary cells and are composed of polarized epithelial cells.

マウス肝外胆管からオルガノイドの生成

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have ...