Name: determining bile duct density in the mouse liver
Uploaded: 2019-04-30T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Forfatterne erkjenner støtte fra National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01 GM084135 og R01 DK109982), en pilot/gjennomførbarhet Award fra Texas Medical Center fordøyelsen Disease Center under NIH P30 DK56338, og en Alagille syndrom Accelerator Award fra Den medisinske stiftelsen.

Alle dyrene var huset inne en barriere dyr letter for Baylor universitet av medisin per institusjonell dyr bekymre og bruk komité retningslinjene og under anerkjent dyr protokoller.
1. samling av mus Liver vev
<ol><li>
Utarbeidelse av mus for lever innhøsting
	<ol>
<li>Euthanize musa ved hjelp av isoflurane.</li>
		<li>Utfør cervical forvridning av musen for å sikre døden.</li>
		<li>Lag en tverrgående snitt omtrent en tomme under rib bur.</li>
		<li>Utsett hele ventra...

<ol>
	<li>Zong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+controls+liver+development+by+regulating+biliary+differentiation.">Notch signaling controls liver development by regulating biliary differentiation.</a> Development. 136 (10), 1727-1739 (2009).</li><li>Clotman, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+liver+cell+fate+decision+by+a+gradient+of+TGF&#946;+signaling+modulated+by+Onecut+transcription+factors.">Control of liver cell fate decision by a gradient of TGF&#946; signaling modulated by Onecut transcription factors.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 19 (16), 1849-1854 (2005).</li><li>Karpen, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+the+etiologies+and+management+of+neonatal+cholestasis.">Update on the etiologies and management of neonatal cholestasis.</a> Clin Perinatol. 29 (1), 159-180 (2002).</li><li>Roskams, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nomenclature+of+the+finer+branches+of+the+biliary+tree:+canals,+ductules,+and+ductular+reactions+in+human+livers.">Nomenclature of the finer branches of the biliary tree: canals, ductules, and ductular reactions in human livers.</a> Hepatology. 39 (6), 1739-1745 (2004).</li><li>Oda, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+the+human+Jagged1+gene+are+responsible+for+Alagille+syndrome.">Mutations in the human Jagged1 gene are responsible for Alagille syndrome.</a> Nature Genetics. 16 (3), 235 (1997).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alagille+syndrome+is+caused+by+mutations+in+human+Jagged1,+which+encodes+a+ligand+for+Notch1.">Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in human Jagged1, which encodes a ligand for Notch1.</a> Nature Genetics. 16 (3), 243 (1997).</li><li>Xue, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+lethality+and+vascular+defects+in+mice+lacking+the+Notch+ligand+Jagged1.">Embryonic lethality and vascular defects in mice lacking the Notch ligand Jagged1.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (5), 723-730 (1999).</li><li>Thakurdas, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+heterozygosity+in+mice+results+in+a+congenital+cholangiopathy+which+is+reversed+by+concomitant+deletion+of+one+copy+of+Poglut1+(Rumi).">Jagged1 heterozygosity in mice results in a congenital cholangiopathy which is reversed by concomitant deletion of one copy of Poglut1 (Rumi).</a> Hepatology. 63 (2), 550-565 (2016).</li><li>Hadchouel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paucity+of+interlobular+bile+ducts.">Paucity of interlobular bile ducts.</a> Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 9 (1), 24-30 (1992).</li><li>Emerick, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Features+of+Alagille+syndrome+in+92+patients:+frequency+and+relation+to+prognosis.">Features of Alagille syndrome in 92 patients: frequency and relation to prognosis.</a> Hepatology. 29 (3), 822-829 (1999).</li><li>Poncy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factors+SOX4+and+SOX9+cooperatively+control+development+of+bile+ducts.">Transcription factors SOX4 and SOX9 cooperatively control development of bile ducts.</a> Dev Biol. 404 (2), 136-148 (2015).</li><li>Hofmann, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+in+the+portal+vein+mesenchyme+regulates+intrahepatic+bile+duct+development:+insights+into+Alagille+syndrome.">Jagged1 in the portal vein mesenchyme regulates intrahepatic bile duct development: insights into Alagille syndrome.</a> Development. 137 (23), 4061-4072 (2010).</li><li>McCright, B., Lozier, J., Gridley, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+Alagille+syndrome:+Notch2+as+a+genetic+modifier+of+Jag1+haploinsufficiency.">A mouse model of Alagille syndrome: Notch2 as a genetic modifier of Jag1 haploinsufficiency.</a> Development. 129 (4), 1075-1082 (2002).</li><li>Andersson, E. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Model+of+Alagille+Syndrome+and+Mechanisms+of+Jagged1+Missense+Mutations.">Mouse Model of Alagille Syndrome and Mechanisms of Jagged1 Missense Mutations.</a> Gastroenterology. 154 (4), 1080-1095 (2018).</li><li>Loomes, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+duct+proliferation+in+liver-specific+Jag1+conditional+knockout+mice:+effects+of+gene+dosage.">Bile duct proliferation in liver-specific Jag1 conditional knockout mice: effects of gene dosage.</a> Hepatology. 45 (2), 323-330 (2007).</li><li>Brulet, P., Babinet, C., Kemler, R., Jacob, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+against+trophectoderm-specific+markers+during+mouse+blastocyst+formation.">Monoclonal antibodies against trophectoderm-specific markers during mouse blastocyst formation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77 (7), 4113-4117 (1980).</li><li>Skalli, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+monoclonal+antibody+against+alpha-smooth+muscle+actin:+a+new+probe+for+smooth+muscle+differentiation.">A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: a new probe for smooth muscle differentiation.</a> J Cell Biol. 103 (6 Pt 2), 2787-2796 (1986).</li><li>Kamath, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+to+identify+laboratory+predictors+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+Alagille+syndrome.">A longitudinal study to identify laboratory predictors of liver disease outcome in Alagille syndrome.</a> Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 50 (5), 526 (2010).</li><li>Mouzaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+life+predictive+markers+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+an+International,+Multicentre+Cohort+of+children+with+Alagille+syndrome.">Early life predictive markers of liver disease outcome in an International, Multicentre Cohort of children with Alagille syndrome.</a> Liver International. 36 (5), 755-760 (2016).</li><li>Shiojiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+differentiation+of+bile+ducts+in+the+mammalian+liver.">Development and differentiation of bile ducts in the mammalian liver.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 39 (4), 328-335 (1997).</li><li>Crawford, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+intrahepatic+biliary+tree.">Development of the intrahepatic biliary tree.</a> Semin Liver Dis. 22 (3), 213-226 (2002).</li><li>Kaneko, K., Kamimoto, K., Miyajima, A., Itoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+remodeling+of+the+biliary+architecture+underlies+liver+homeostasis.">Adaptive remodeling of the biliary architecture underlies liver homeostasis.</a> Hepatology. 61 (6), 2056-2066 (2015).</li><li>Schaub, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+formation+of+the+biliary+system+by+TGFbeta-mediated+hepatocyte+transdifferentiation.">De novo formation of the biliary system by TGFbeta-mediated hepatocyte transdifferentiation.</a> Nature. 557 (7704), 247-251 (2018).</li><li>Sparks, E. E., Huppert, K. A., Brown, M. A., Washington, M. K., Huppert, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+regulates+formation+of+the+three-dimensional+architecture+of+intrahepatic+bile+ducts+in+mice.">Notch signaling regulates formation of the three-dimensional architecture of intrahepatic bile ducts in mice.</a> Hepatology. 51 (4), 1391-1400 (2010).</li><li>Tanimizu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrahepatic+bile+ducts+are+developed+through+formation+of+homogeneous+continuous+luminal+network+and+its+dynamic+rearrangement+in+mice.">Intrahepatic bile ducts are developed through formation of homogeneous continuous luminal network and its dynamic rearrangement in mice.</a> Hepatology. 64 (1), 175-188 (2016).</li><li>Walter, T. J., Sparks, E. E., Huppert, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-dimensional+resin+casting+and+imaging+of+mouse+portal+vein+or+intrahepatic+bile+duct+system.">3-dimensional resin casting and imaging of mouse portal vein or intrahepatic bile duct system.</a> J Vis Exp. (68), e4272 (2012).</li><li>Popper, H., Kent, G., Stein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ductular+cell+reaction+in+the+liver+in+hepatic+injury.">Ductular cell reaction in the liver in hepatic injury.</a> J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 24 (5), 551-556 (1957).</li><li>Yimlamai, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippo+pathway+activity+influences+liver+cell+fate.">Hippo pathway activity influences liver cell fate.</a> Cell. 157 (6), 1324-1338 (2014).</li></ol>

Analyse av BD utvikling og reparasjon hos mus er et viktig redskap for å studere patogenesen og mekanismen av kolestatisk lidelser. I tillegg er utvikling av nye terapier delvis avhengig av å etablere en reproduserbar og fortrinnsvis målbare fenotype. Nåværende bestemmelse av fenotype i musemodeller innebærer vanligvis serum kjemi, leveren histologi og immunostaining for celle-type spesifikke markører. Selv om disse teknikkene genererer verdifull informasjon om strukturen og funksjonen til galle systemet, gir de i...

Galle treet er en kritisk del av pattedyr leveren, slik at passering av galle fra hepatocytter inn i tarmen. Intrahepatic galle kanaler (BDS) er dannet av cholangiocytes, som skiller fra bipotential hepatoblasts gjennom hakk og TGFβ signal1,2. Riktig spesifikasjon og engasjement for cholangiocytes og deres montering i modne BDs er avgjørende for utviklingen av intrahepatic galle tre. Som leveren vokser under utvikling eller på orgel regenerering, galle systemet må utvikle seg langs leveren for å sikre riktig galle drenering. Videre, en rekke syndromisk og ikke-syndromisk sykdommer resulterer i mangelen av intrahepatic BDs3. I tillegg, en rekke akutte og kroniske leversykdommer gir opphav til såkalte ductular reaksjoner i leveren, som er definert som tilstedeværelsen av et betydelig antall celler som uttrykker galle markører, men ikke nødvendigvis oppstår fra galle celler eller form patent BDs4. I multisystem Disorder Alagille syndrom (ALGS), haploinsufficiency av hakk ligand jagged1 (JAG1) resulterer i dårlig BD formasjon og kolestase5,6. Laboratoriet vårt har nylig vist at en tidligere generert Jag1 heterozygot muse linje7 er en dyremodell av BD-mangelen i ALGS8. I denne muse modellen av ALGS, cholangiocytes er fortsatt til stede. Men de unnlater å forplikte seg til innlemmelse i modne, patent BDs8. Derfor krever analyse av leveren i en modell av BD mangelen mer enn den tilsynelatende tilstedeværelsen eller fravær av cholangiocytes. Det er viktig å nøyaktig vurdere i hvilken grad eldre BDs er til stede i leveren.
I anatomiske patologi er det akseptert kvantitative metoder for å vurdere om BD mangelen finnes9. For eksempel, studier på ALGS i Human pasienter ofte kvantifisere BD til Portal vene (PV) ratio ved å analysere minst 10 Portal fartøy per lever biopsi9,10. Analyse av formen og generell tilstedeværelse eller fravær av patent BDS, kombinert med serum kjemi, kan gi verdifull informasjon om BD utvikling i mus11,12,13. Mus kan imidlertid miste et betydelig antall BDs med bare en beskjeden økning i serum bilirubin nivå8. Følgelig kan en kvantitativ metode som evaluerer antall BD-er til stede per PV, gi et mer direkte mål på graden av BD-mangelen hos mus. I en fersk rapport, kvantifisert vi antall BDs per PV over alle lever fliker og rapporterte en betydelig nedgang i BD til PV ratio i Jag1 +/- dyr8. I løpet av vår analyse, la vi merke til at til tross for betydelig variasjon i graden av inflammatorisk respons og ductular reaksjoner, ikke BD til PV ratio viser ikke mye variasjon8. Dessuten, kvantifisering av det BD å PV forhold innrømmet oss å demonstrere det fjerner ettall avskrift av det glycosyltransferase gen Poglut1 inne Jag1 +/– dyrene kanne viktig gjøre bedre deres BD mangelen8. I en Jag1 +/+ bakgrunn, betinget tap av Poglut1 i vaskulære glatte muskelceller resulterer i en progressiv økning i BD tall, som er beskjeden (20-30%) på P7, men blir fremtredende i voksne8. Igjen, denne teknikken tillot oss å vise at selv på P7, økningen i BD-tettheten i disse dyrene er statistisk signifikant. Av note, det forhøyet BD tettheten i denne genotype for fire måneder av alderen var godkjent igjennom harpiks kast analyse likeledes. 8 disse observasjonene og andre rapporter som målte BD tetthet i forskjellige ALGS mus modeller14,15 bedt oss om å innlemme denne metoden i vår overordnede strategi for å analysere galle defekter i ulike mutant og transgene mus.
Her detalj vi en grei teknikk som kan brukes til å undersøke graden av BD mangelen i musemodeller av leversykdom (figur 1). I denne metoden, co-farging med cholangiocyte markører cytokeratin (CK) 8 og CK19 (heretter bredspektret CK, wsCK) brukes til å visualisere BDs og kommunefritt cholangiocytes i musen leveren. Et antistoff mot Alpha-glatt muskel utgangen (αSMA) legges til farging for å merke fartøy. Systematisk analyse av BD til PV ratio i en seksjon som dekker alle lever fliker sikrer at et stort antall PVs er analysert for hver genotype. Siden vår metode er avhengig av kvantifisere BDs og PVs i 2D-bilder, er det ikke egnet for å studere virkningene av en gitt mutasjon på 3D-strukturen i galle treet eller integriteten til de små gallekanalene. Likevel, det gir en enkel og objektiv strategi for undersøkere å vurdere galle utvikling i musen.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Isothesia (Isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>16-800-552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% PFA</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL tube</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HistoChoice</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>H103-4L</td>
			<td>clearing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omnisette Tissue Cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher HealthCare</td>
			<td>15-197-710E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrosette</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast X-TRA</td>
			<td>McCormick Scientific</td>
			<td>39503002</td>
			<td>Parrafin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Mold</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>62528-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td>HM 325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C8H10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Based Antigen Retrieval</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-3301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Cooker</td>
			<td>Instant Pot</td>
			<td>Lux Mini</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Pap Pen</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween-20)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X251-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate (Triton-X-100)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X198-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK8</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-I</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB531826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK19</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-III</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB2133570</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;SMA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2547, Clone 1A4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat-Alexa488</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A21208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse-Cy5</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>715-175-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22x50 micro cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>48393 059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI6000 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimtech Science</td>
			<td>05511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining bile duct density in the mouse liver

Mus er bredt brukt som en modell organisme for å studere galle sykdommer. For å evaluere utviklingen og funksjonen til galle systemet, brukes forskjellige teknikker, inkludert serum kjemi, histologiske analyse og immunostaining for spesifikke markører. Selv om disse teknikkene kan gi viktig informasjon om galle systemet, de ofte ikke presentere et fullstendig bilde av galle duct (BD) utviklingsmessige defekter over hele leveren. Dette er delvis på grunn av den robuste evne til musen leveren å drenere galle selv i dyr med betydelig svekkelse i galle utvikling. Her presenterer vi en enkel metode for å beregne gjennomsnittlig antall BDs knyttet til hver Portal vene (PV) i seksjoner som dekker alle fliker av mutant/transgene mus. I denne metoden er lever montert og delt på en stereotypic måte for å lette sammenligningen mellom ulike genotyper og eksperimentelle forhold. BDs er identifisert via lys mikroskopi av cytokeratin-beiset cholangiocytes, og deretter telles og delt av det totale antall PVs til stede i leveren delen. Som et eksempel, viser vi hvordan denne metoden kan tydelig skille mellom vill-type mus og en mus modell av Alagille syndrom. Metoden som presenteres her kan ikke erstatte teknikker som visualiserer den tredimensjonale strukturen i galle treet. Imidlertid, den tilbyder en lett og direkte vei å kvantitativt vurdere BD utviklingen og graden av ductular reaksjonen formasjon inne mus.

Vi har tidligere dokumentert galle defekter i Jag1 +/- dyr, en mus modell av ALGS8. Å avgjøre det BD å PV forhold, vi delt P30 musen lever og tilpasse-flekkete seg for CK8 og CK19 (wsCK) jevnsides med det vaskulær Farm land αSMA. Vi så avbildet alle PVs i hver av leveren fliker. Som vist i figur 2a, definerte vi PVS som αSMA-flekket fartøy som har tilstøtende wsCK farging (pilspisser). Den αSMA-farget strukturer uten...

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Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Vi presenterer en ganske enkel og følsom metode for nøyaktig kvantifisering av galle duct tetthet i musen leveren. Denne metoden kan hjelpe til med å bestemme effekten av genetiske og miljømessige bestemmelsesord og effektiviteten av potensielle terapier i musemodeller av galle sykdommer.

Bestemme galle duct tetthet i musen Liver

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

Denne protokollen gjør det mulig for forskeren å kvantifisere gallegangsutvikling i musemodeller av leversykdom. Det tillater også å evaluere effekten av genetiske modifikatorer på gallegangsutvikling. Fordelen med denne teknikken er at den er en enkel, følsom og kvantitativ metode for direkte vurdering av gallekanalutvikling.Til å begynne med, med huden holdt stram av tang, bruk liten saks for å lage et tverrgående snitt omtrent en tomme under brystkassen til en eutanisert mus. Utsett hele leverens ventrale overflate. Bruk liten saks til å forsiktig skjære gjennom leddbåndene som forbinder leveren til de andre organene i magen.Deretter, kutt gjennom den vanlige gallekanalen for å løsne leveren fra tarmen. Hold på galleblæren og fjern leveren forsiktig. Plasser den umiddelbart i et 50 milliliter rør fylt tre fjerdedeler med 4% paraformaldehyd.For å fikse levervevet, inkuber det i 4% PFA ved fire grader Celsius i 48 timer. Etter en rekke etanol vasker, vask leveren med clearing agent tre ganger i 30 minutter hver ved romtemperatur. For å begynne å bygge inn, vask en vevkassett i en vevsform tre ganger i 30 minutter i parafinvoks forvarmet til 60 grader Celsius.Fyll deretter vevsformen med parafinvoks til trekvarters høyde og hold den på en varmeblokk ved 60 grader Celsius. Plasser leveren i formen med ventral side vendt opp. Etter nøye fjerning av formen fra varmeblokken, plasser toppen av kassetten på formen.Topp av med varm flytende parafin og la den avkjøles til romtemperatur over natten. Etter å ha fjernet leverblokken fra formen, bruk en mikrotom til å begynne å seksjonere gjennom den overfladiske dorsale siden av leveren, noe som gjør fem mikrometerseksjoner. Kontroller de overfladiske seksjonene under et disseksjonsmikroskop for å sikre at seksjonene ikke er skjært eller brettet.Hvis du vil behandle lysbilder for immunohistochemistry, velger du ett lysbilde per genotype som skal analyseres og vaskes i 15 minutter i xylen, 100% etanol, 95% etanol og til slutt 70% etanol. Etter å ha vasket lysbildet i det ioniserte vannet, senk den ned i Tris-basert høy pH antigen gjenfinningsløsning. Deretter varmer den under trykk i en trykkoker i tre minutter på 10 pounds per kvadrattomme.Når du har latt lysbildet avkjøles til romtemperatur, bruker du en PAP-penn til å skissere delene på lysbildet. Etter vask med PBS Tween, blokkere vevseksjonene ved å legge til 100 mikroliter blokkerende løsning per seksjon og inkubere dekket ved fire grader Celsius i en time. Påfør 100 mikroliter av den fortynnede antistoffløsningen som inneholder alle tre primære antistoffene til hver seksjon og inkuber dem ved fire grader Celsius over natten.Etter vask av lysbildene, tilsett 100 mikroliter av den sekundære antistoffløsningen som inneholder både sekundære antistoffer og inkubere i en time ved romtemperatur. Til slutt, påfør monteringsmedium og en dekkslipp på lysbildene. Bruk et fluorescerende mikroskop for å ta 20x bilder ved 1x zoom av hver seksjon.Sørg for at hver portal vene over leveren er avbildet. Opprett et regneark med følgende kolonner:Dyre-/eksempelnummer, Bildenummer, antall portalårer og antall gallekanaler. Identifiser og registrer antall portalårer per bilde for hvert bilde.Deretter identifiserer du patentgallekanaler i hvert bilde, ved tilstedeværelse av kolangiocytter rundt en definerbar lumen. Disse strukturene skal være distinkte og adskilt av mesenchyme fra andre bredspektrede cytokeratinpositive celler. En hovedutfordring med denne teknikken er å identifisere patentgallekanaler.Bestemme hva som er en patentkanal krever en analyse av formen på kanalen og cellene rundt lumen. Telle hver patent galle kanal og plasser i samme kolonne som bildenummeret og gjenta for hver portal vene bilde. Til slutt beregner du summen av alle portalårer og alle gallekanaler i leverprøven og beregner gallekanalen til portalveneforholdet for leverprøven.P30 muselever ble seksjonert og co-farget for CK8 og CK19 sammen med vaskulær markør, alfa-SMA, for å bestemme BD til PV forholdet. Når alle portalårene i hver leverflibe er avbildet, ble portalårer definert som alfa-SMA-fargede kar som har tilstøtende bredspektret cytokeratinfarging. Alfa-SMA-flekkstrukturene uten bredspektret cytokeratin var sentrale årer som ble utelukket fra analysen.Patentkanaler har en klart definerbar lumen som er omgitt av bredspektret cytokeratin-positive cholangioctyes og er vanligvis atskilt fra nærliggende kanaler eller kolangiocytter av mesenchyme. Bredspektrede cytokeratinpositive celler som ikke har en definerbar lumen, telles ikke mot det totale antallet gallekanaler. Leverseksjon fra et viltdyr viser en portalvene forbundet med en fullstendig patentkanal sammen med flere uinnlemmet celler.Representativ leverseksjon fra et JAG1 heterozygous dyr viser ingen patent galle kanaler er til stede rundt de tre portal årer. Alle bredspektrede cytokeratinpositive celler her er ikke innlemmet og bør derfor ikke telles. Analyse av BD til PV-forholdet for tre villtype og tre JAG1 heterozygous dyr viser hvordan de to genotypene lett kan skilles ut basert på gallekanaltellinger.Det er viktig å vurdere alle portalfartøy for gallekanaler. Det er spesielt viktig for å bestemme galle duct tetthet hvis det er fenotypisk variasjon over leveren. Denne teknikken ble brukt til å identifisere en genetisk suppressor av galde fenotypen i en musemodell av Helgason.Derfor kan det være nyttig i vurderingen av behandlingsmodaliteter av dyremodeller av gallesykdom.

determining-bile-duct-density-in-the-mouse-liver

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. 
Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.
This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

Stimulering av Notch signale i Muse osteoclast Prekursorer

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality and affects more than 2 million people in the United States. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury is crucial for developing effective treatment for ALD. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis after just 24 h of exposure to 2% ethanol, making them useful for the study of acute alcoholic liver injury. This work describes the procedure for acute ethanol treatment in zebrafish larvae and shows that it causes steatosis and swelling of the hepatic blood vessels. A detailed protocol for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) staining that is optimized for the histological analysis of the zebrafish larval liver, is also described. H&#38;E staining has several unique advantages over immunofluorescence, as it marks all liver cells and extracellular components simultaneously and can readily detect hepatic injury, such as steatosis and fibrosis. Given the increasing usage of zebrafish in modeling toxin and virus-induced liver injury, as well as inherited liver diseases, this protocol serves as a reference for the histological analyses performed in all these studies.

This protocol describes histological analyses of the livers from zebrafish larvae that have been treated with 2% ethanol for 24 h. Such acute ethanol treatment results in hepatic steatosis and swelling of the hepatic vasculature.

Histologiske analyser av akutt alkoholskader i sebrafisk

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related ...

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

In Vitro Veksten av musen Preantral follikler Under simulert mikrogravitasjon

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The effects these exposures have on mammary gland development are typically evaluated using either basic dimensional measurements or by scoring morphological characteristics. However, the broad range of methods for interpreting developmental changes could lead to inconsistent translations across laboratories. A common method of assessment is needed so that proper interpretations can be formed from data being compared across studies. The present study describes the application of the Sholl analysis method to quantify mammary gland branching characteristics. The Sholl method was originally developed for use in quantifying neuronal dendritic patterns. By using ImageJ, an open-source image analysis software package, and a plugin developed for this analysis, the mammary gland branching density and the complexity of a mammary gland from a peripubertal female rat were determined. The methods described here will enable the use of the Sholl analysis as an effective tool for quantifying an important characteristic of mammary gland development.

Mammary gland development in the rodent has typically been evaluated using descriptive assessments or by measuring basic physical attributes. Branching density is an indicator of mammary development that is difficult to quantify objectively. This protocol describes a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of mammary gland branching characteristics.

Kvantifiserende forgreningstetthet i rotte Mammary Gland Whole-mounts ved hjelp av Sholl analysemetoden

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Disseksjon og Immunofluorescent flekker av sopp kropp og Photoreceptor Neurons i voksen Drosophila melanogaster hjernen

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

Romanen bruk av tredimensjonal høyfrekvente Ultrasonography for tidlig Graviditet karakterisering musen

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

En familiær hyperkolesterolemi menneskelige leveren Chimeric musemodell med indusert Pluripotent Stamcelle-avledet hepatocytter

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Visualisere Node og Notochordal Plate i Gastrulating Mouse embryoer skanning elektronmikroskop og hele Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have no effective therapeutic options. Tools to study EHBD are very limited. Our purpose was to develop an organ-specific, versatile, adult stem cell-derived, preclinical cholangiocyte model that can be easily generated from wild type and genetically engineered mice. Thus, we report on the novel technique of developing an EHBD organoid (EHBDO) culture system from adult mouse EHBDs. The model is cost-efficient, able to be readily analyzed, and has multiple downstream applications. Specifically, we describe the methodology of mouse EHBD isolation and single cell dissociation, organoid culture initiation, propagation, and long-term maintenance and storage. This manuscript also describes EHBDO processing for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and mRNA abundance quantitation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This protocol has significant advantages in addition to producing EHBD-specific organoids. The use of a conditioned medium from L-WRN cells significantly reduces the cost of this model. The use of mouse EHBDs provides almost unlimited tissue for culture generation, unlike human tissue. Generated mouse EHBDOs contain a pure population of epithelial cells with markers of endodermal progenitor and differentiated biliary cells. Cultured organoids maintain homogenous morphology through multiple passages and can be recovered after a long-term storage period in liquid nitrogen. The model allows for the study of biliary progenitor cell proliferation, can be manipulated pharmacologically, and may be generated from genetically engineered mice. Future studies are needed to optimize culture conditions in order to increase plating efficiency, evaluate functional cell maturity, and direct cell differentiation. Development of co-culture models and a more biologically neutral extracellular matrix are also desirable.

This protocol describes the production of a mouse extrahepatic bile duct 3-dimensional organoid system. These biliary organoids can be maintained in culture to study cholangiocyte biology. Biliary organoids express markers of both progenitor and biliary cells and are composed of polarized epithelial cells.

Generasjon av Organoids fra mus Extrahepatic galle kanaler

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have ...