Name: determining bile duct density in the mouse liver
Uploaded: 2019-04-30T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Os autores reconhecem o apoio dos institutos nacionais de saúde (NIH) (R01 GM084135 e R01 DK109982), um prêmio de piloto/viabilidade do centro médico do centro de doenças digestivas do Texas NIH p30 DK56338, e um prêmio de acelerador de síndrome de Alagille de A Fundação médica.

Todos os animais foram alojados em uma instalação de barreira animal no Baylor College of Medicine por diretrizes institucionais de cuidado animal e uso do Comitê e protocolos de animais aprovados.
1. coleção do tecido do fígado do rato
<ol><li>
Preparação do rato para a colheita do fígado
	<ol>
<li>Eutanizar o rato usando isoflurano.</li>
		<li>Realize luxação cervical do mouse para garantir a morte.</li>
		<li>Faça uma incisão transversal aproximadamente uma p...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+heterozygosity+in+mice+results+in+a+congenital+cholangiopathy+which+is+reversed+by+concomitant+deletion+of+one+copy+of+Poglut1+(Rumi).">Jagged1 heterozygosity in mice results in a congenital cholangiopathy which is reversed by concomitant deletion of one copy of Poglut1 (Rumi).</a> Hepatology. 63 (2), 550-565 (2016).</li><li>Hadchouel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paucity+of+interlobular+bile+ducts.">Paucity of interlobular bile ducts.</a> Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 9 (1), 24-30 (1992).</li><li>Emerick, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Features+of+Alagille+syndrome+in+92+patients:+frequency+and+relation+to+prognosis.">Features of Alagille syndrome in 92 patients: frequency and relation to prognosis.</a> Hepatology. 29 (3), 822-829 (1999).</li><li>Poncy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factors+SOX4+and+SOX9+cooperatively+control+development+of+bile+ducts.">Transcription factors SOX4 and SOX9 cooperatively control development of bile ducts.</a> Dev Biol. 404 (2), 136-148 (2015).</li><li>Hofmann, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+in+the+portal+vein+mesenchyme+regulates+intrahepatic+bile+duct+development:+insights+into+Alagille+syndrome.">Jagged1 in the portal vein mesenchyme regulates intrahepatic bile duct development: insights into Alagille syndrome.</a> Development. 137 (23), 4061-4072 (2010).</li><li>McCright, B., Lozier, J., Gridley, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+Alagille+syndrome:+Notch2+as+a+genetic+modifier+of+Jag1+haploinsufficiency.">A mouse model of Alagille syndrome: Notch2 as a genetic modifier of Jag1 haploinsufficiency.</a> Development. 129 (4), 1075-1082 (2002).</li><li>Andersson, E. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Model+of+Alagille+Syndrome+and+Mechanisms+of+Jagged1+Missense+Mutations.">Mouse Model of Alagille Syndrome and Mechanisms of Jagged1 Missense Mutations.</a> Gastroenterology. 154 (4), 1080-1095 (2018).</li><li>Loomes, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+duct+proliferation+in+liver-specific+Jag1+conditional+knockout+mice:+effects+of+gene+dosage.">Bile duct proliferation in liver-specific Jag1 conditional knockout mice: effects of gene dosage.</a> Hepatology. 45 (2), 323-330 (2007).</li><li>Brulet, P., Babinet, C., Kemler, R., Jacob, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+against+trophectoderm-specific+markers+during+mouse+blastocyst+formation.">Monoclonal antibodies against trophectoderm-specific markers during mouse blastocyst formation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77 (7), 4113-4117 (1980).</li><li>Skalli, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+monoclonal+antibody+against+alpha-smooth+muscle+actin:+a+new+probe+for+smooth+muscle+differentiation.">A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: a new probe for smooth muscle differentiation.</a> J Cell Biol. 103 (6 Pt 2), 2787-2796 (1986).</li><li>Kamath, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+to+identify+laboratory+predictors+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+Alagille+syndrome.">A longitudinal study to identify laboratory predictors of liver disease outcome in Alagille syndrome.</a> Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 50 (5), 526 (2010).</li><li>Mouzaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+life+predictive+markers+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+an+International,+Multicentre+Cohort+of+children+with+Alagille+syndrome.">Early life predictive markers of liver disease outcome in an International, Multicentre Cohort of children with Alagille syndrome.</a> Liver International. 36 (5), 755-760 (2016).</li><li>Shiojiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+differentiation+of+bile+ducts+in+the+mammalian+liver.">Development and differentiation of bile ducts in the mammalian liver.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 39 (4), 328-335 (1997).</li><li>Crawford, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+intrahepatic+biliary+tree.">Development of the intrahepatic biliary tree.</a> Semin Liver Dis. 22 (3), 213-226 (2002).</li><li>Kaneko, K., Kamimoto, K., Miyajima, A., Itoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+remodeling+of+the+biliary+architecture+underlies+liver+homeostasis.">Adaptive remodeling of the biliary architecture underlies liver homeostasis.</a> Hepatology. 61 (6), 2056-2066 (2015).</li><li>Schaub, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+formation+of+the+biliary+system+by+TGFbeta-mediated+hepatocyte+transdifferentiation.">De novo formation of the biliary system by TGFbeta-mediated hepatocyte transdifferentiation.</a> Nature. 557 (7704), 247-251 (2018).</li><li>Sparks, E. E., Huppert, K. A., Brown, M. A., Washington, M. K., Huppert, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+regulates+formation+of+the+three-dimensional+architecture+of+intrahepatic+bile+ducts+in+mice.">Notch signaling regulates formation of the three-dimensional architecture of intrahepatic bile ducts in mice.</a> Hepatology. 51 (4), 1391-1400 (2010).</li><li>Tanimizu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrahepatic+bile+ducts+are+developed+through+formation+of+homogeneous+continuous+luminal+network+and+its+dynamic+rearrangement+in+mice.">Intrahepatic bile ducts are developed through formation of homogeneous continuous luminal network and its dynamic rearrangement in mice.</a> Hepatology. 64 (1), 175-188 (2016).</li><li>Walter, T. J., Sparks, E. E., Huppert, S. 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(68), e4272 (2012).</li><li>Popper, H., Kent, G., Stein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ductular+cell+reaction+in+the+liver+in+hepatic+injury.">Ductular cell reaction in the liver in hepatic injury.</a> J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 24 (5), 551-556 (1957).</li><li>Yimlamai, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippo+pathway+activity+influences+liver+cell+fate.">Hippo pathway activity influences liver cell fate.</a> Cell. 157 (6), 1324-1338 (2014).</li></ol>

A análise do desenvolvimento e reparo da BD em camundongos é uma importante ferramenta para estudar a patogênese e o mecanismo de distúrbios colestáticos. Além, o desenvolvimento de terapias novas é na parte dependente em cima de estabelecer um phenotype reprodutível e preferivelmente quantificáveis. A fenotipagem atual em modelos de mouse geralmente envolve química sérica, histologia hepática e imunocoloração para marcadores específicos do tipo celular. Embora essas técnicas gerem informações valiosas ...

A árvore biliar é uma parte crítica do fígado de mamíferos, permitindo a passagem da bile de hepatócitos para o intestino. Os ductos biliares intrahepáticos (BDS) são formados por colangiócitos, que se diferenciam dos hepatoblastos bipotenciais através da sinalização de entalhe e TGFβ1,2. A especificação e o compromisso apropriados dos colangiócitos e de seu conjunto em BDS maduros são críticos para o desenvolvimento da árvore biliar intrahepatic. Como o fígado cresce durante o desenvolvimento ou após a regeneração de órgãos, o sistema biliar precisa se desenvolver ao longo do fígado para garantir a drenagem biliar adequada. Além disso, um número de doenças sindrômica e não-sindrômica resultam no escassez de BDS intrahepatic3. Além disso, uma série de doenças hepáticas agudas e crônicas dão origem às chamadas reações ductulares no fígado, que são definidas como a presença de um número significativo de células que expressam marcadores biliares, mas não necessariamente surgem de células biliares ou forma patente BDs4. Na síndrome de Alagille do transtorno multisistema (algs), a haploinsuficiência do entalhe ligante jagged1 (JAG1) resulta em má formação de BD e colestase5,6. Nosso laboratório demonstrou recentemente que uma linha Jag1 heterozygous previamente gerada7 do rato é um modelo animal de BD escassez em algs8. Neste modelo do rato de algs, os colangiócitos estão ainda atuais. No entanto, eles não conseguem se comprometer com a incorporação em maduro, patentes BDs8. Conseqüentemente, a análise do fígado em um modelo de BD escassez exige mais do que a presença ou a ausência aparente de cholangiocytes. É importante avaliar com precisão o grau em que os BDs maduros estão presentes no fígado.
Na patologia anatômica, existem métodos quantitativos aceitos para avaliar se a BD escassez existe9. Por exemplo, estudos sobre algs em pacientes humanos frequentemente quantificam a razão BD para veia porta (PV) analisando pelo menos 10 vasos portais por biópsia hepática9,10. A análise da forma e a presença ou ausência geral de BDS de patentes, combinadas com a química sérica, podem fornecer informações valiosas sobre o desenvolvimento de BD em camundongos11,12,13. No entanto, os camundongos podem perder um número significativo de BDs com apenas um aumento modesto no nível de bilirrubina sérica8. Assim, um método quantitativo que avalia o número de BDS presentes por PV pode fornecer uma medida mais direta do grau de BD escassez em camundongos. Em um relatório recente, nós quantificamos o número de BDs por o picovolt através de todos os lóbulos do fígado e relatamos uma diminuição significativa na relação do BD ao picovolt em Jag1 +/- animais8. No decorrer de nossa análise, observamos que, apesar da significativa variação do grau de resposta inflamatória e das reações ductulares, a relação BD com PV não mostra muita variabilidade8. Além disso, a quantificação da relação BD para PV permitiu demonstrar que a remoção de uma cópia do gene glicosiltransferase Poglut1 em Jag1 +/– animais pode melhorar significativamente a sua BD escassez8. Em um fundo Jag1 +/+ , a perda condicional de Poglut1 em células musculares lisas vasculares resulta em um aumento progressivo nos números de BD, o que é modesto (20-30%) no P7, mas torna-se proeminente em adultos8. Mais uma vez, esta técnica permitiu-nos mostrar que, mesmo em P7, o aumento da densidade de BD nesses animais é estatisticamente significante. Da nota, a densidade aumentada do BD neste genótipo em quatro meses da idade foi validada com a análise do molde da resina também. 8 estas observações e outros relatórios que mediram a densidade do BD em modelos diferentes do rato de algs14,15 alertaram-nos incorporar este método em nossa estratégia total para analisar defeitos biliares em vários mutantes e camundongos transgênicos.
Aqui, detalhamos uma técnica direta que pode ser usada para examinar o grau de BD escassez em modelos de camundongo de doença hepática (Figura 1). Neste método, a cocoloração com marcadores de colangiócitos citoqueratina (CK) 8 e CK19 (a seguir CK de largo espectro, wsCK) é usada para visualizar BDs e colangiócitos não incorporados no fígado do mouse. Um anticorpo de encontro ao actínio alfa-liso do músculo (αSMA) é adicionado à mancha para etiquetar embarcações. A análise sistemática da relação BD para PV em uma seção que abrange todos os lóbulos hepáticos assegura que um grande número de PVs seja analisado para cada genótipo. Como nosso método depende da quantificação de BDs e PVs em imagens 2D, não é adequado para estudar os efeitos de uma determinada mutação na estrutura 3D da árvore biliar ou a integridade das pequenas condutas biliares. Não obstante, fornece uma estratégia simples e objetiva para que os investigadores avaliem o desenvolvimento biliar no rato.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Isothesia (Isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>16-800-552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% PFA</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL tube</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HistoChoice</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>H103-4L</td>
			<td>clearing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omnisette Tissue Cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher HealthCare</td>
			<td>15-197-710E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrosette</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast X-TRA</td>
			<td>McCormick Scientific</td>
			<td>39503002</td>
			<td>Parrafin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Mold</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>62528-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td>HM 325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C8H10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Based Antigen Retrieval</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-3301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Cooker</td>
			<td>Instant Pot</td>
			<td>Lux Mini</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Pap Pen</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween-20)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X251-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate (Triton-X-100)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X198-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK8</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-I</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB531826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK19</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-III</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB2133570</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;SMA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2547, Clone 1A4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat-Alexa488</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A21208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse-Cy5</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>715-175-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22x50 micro cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>48393 059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI6000 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimtech Science</td>
			<td>05511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining bile duct density in the mouse liver

O rato é amplamente utilizado como um organismo modelo para estudar as doenças biliares. Para avaliar o desenvolvimento e a função do sistema biliar, diversas técnicas são usadas, incluindo a química do soro, a análise histológica, e a imunomarcação para marcadores específicos. Embora essas técnicas possam fornecer informações importantes sobre o sistema biliar, muitas vezes não apresentam um quadro completo de defeitos de desenvolvimento do ducto biliar (BD) em todo o fígado. Isto é em parte devido à habilidade robusta do fígado do rato para drenar a bilis mesmo nos animais com prejuízo significativo no desenvolvimento biliar. Aqui nós apresentamos um método simples para calcular o número médio de BDs associados com cada veia portal (picovolt) nas seções que cobrem todos os lóbulos de ratos mutantes/transgenic. Neste método, os fígados são montados e seccionados de forma estereotipado para facilitar a comparação entre vários genótipos e condições experimentais. Os BDs são identificados por meio de microscopia de luz de colangiócitos corados por citoqueratina e, em seguida, contados e divididos pelo número total de PVs presentes na seção hepática. Como exemplo, mostramos como esse método pode distinguir claramente entre camundongos de tipo selvagem e um modelo de rato da síndrome de Alagille. O método aqui apresentado não pode substituir técnicas que visualizem a estrutura tridimensional da árvore biliar. No entanto, oferece uma maneira fácil e direta de avaliar quantitativamente o desenvolvimento de BD e o grau de formação de reação ductular em camundongos.

Nós documentamos previamente defeitos biliares em Jag1 +/- Animals, um modelo do rato de algs8. Para determinar a relação BD com PV, nós seccionamos os fígados do mouse p30 e os cortinos para CK8 e CK19 (wsCK), juntamente com o marcador vascular αSMA. Nós então imaged todos os PVs em cada um dos lóbulos do fígado. Como mostrado na Figura 2a, definimos PVS como vasos manchados de αsma que têm coloração de wsck adj...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Nós apresentamos um método rather simples e sensível para a quantificação exata da densidade do colagogo no fígado do rato. Este método pode ajudar a determinar os efeitos dos modificadores genéticos e ambientais e a eficácia de terapias potenciais em modelos de camundongo de doenças biliares.

Determinando a densidade do ducto biliar no fígado do rato

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

Este protocolo permite ao pesquisador quantificar o desenvolvimento de ductos biliares em modelos de camundongos de doença hepática. Também permite avaliar os efeitos dos modificadores genéticos no desenvolvimento do ducto biliar. A vantagem dessa técnica é que é um método simples, sensível e quantitativo para a avaliação direta do desenvolvimento do ducto biliar.Para começar, com a pele esticada por fórceps, use uma pequena tesoura para fazer uma incisão transversal aproximadamente uma polegada abaixo da caixa torácica de um rato eutanizado. Exponha toda a superfície ventral do fígado. Use uma tesoura pequena para cortar cuidadosamente os ligamentos que ligam o fígado aos outros órgãos do abdômen.Em seguida, corte o ducto biliar comum para separar o fígado do intestino. Segure-se na vesícula biliar e remova cuidadosamente o fígado. Coloque-o imediatamente em um tubo de 50 mililitros preenchido três quartos com 4% de paraformaldeído.Para consertar o tecido hepático, incuba-o em 4% PFA a quatro graus Celsius por 48 horas. Depois de uma série de lavagem de etanol, lave o fígado com agente de compensação três vezes por 30 minutos cada um em temperatura ambiente. Para começar a incorporar, lave uma fita de tecido em um molde de tecido três vezes por 30 minutos em cera de parafina pré-superaquecida a 60 graus Celsius.Em seguida, encha o molde de tecido com cera de parafina a três quartos de altura e mantenha-o em um bloco de aquecimento a 60 graus Celsius. Coloque o fígado no molde com o lado ventral voltado para cima. Depois de remover cuidadosamente o molde do bloco de aquecimento, coloque a parte superior do no molde.Cubra com parafina líquida quente e deixe esfriar à temperatura ambiente durante a noite. Depois de remover o bloco hepático do molde, use um microtome para começar a se separar pelo lado dorsal superficial do fígado, fazendo cinco seções de micrômetros. Verifique as seções superficiais sob um microscópio de dissecção para garantir que as seções não sejam tesouradas ou dobradas.Para processar slides para imunohistoquímica, selecione um slide por genótipo para ser analisado e lave-o por 15 minutos em xileno, 100% etanol, 95% etanol e, finalmente, 70% etanol. Depois de lavar o slide na água ionizada, mergulhe-o na solução de recuperação de antígeno de pH à base de Tris. Em seguida, aqueça-o sob pressão em uma panela de pressão por três minutos a 10 libras por polegada quadrada.Depois de deixar o slide esfriar até a temperatura ambiente, use uma caneta PAP para delinear as seções no slide. Depois de lavar com PBS Tween, bloqueie as seções teciduais adicionando 100 microliters de solução de bloqueio por seção e incubar coberto a quatro graus Celsius por uma hora. Aplique 100 microlitadores da solução de anticorpos diluídos contendo todos os três anticorpos primários em cada seção e incuba-os a quatro graus Celsius durante a noite.Após lavar as lâminas, adicione 100 microliters da solução de anticorpos secundários contendo anticorpos secundários e incubar por uma hora à temperatura ambiente. Por último, aplique meio de montagem e uma mancha de cobertura nos slides. Use um microscópio fluorescente para tirar imagens de 20x a 1x de zoom de cada seção.Certifique-se de que todas as veias do portal através do fígado são imagens. Crie uma planilha com as seguintes colunas:Número de animais/amostra, número da imagem, número de veias do portal e número de dutos biliares. Identifique e regise o número de veias do portal por imagem para cada imagem.Em seguida, identifique os dutos biliares patenteados em cada imagem, pela presença de cholangiocitos em torno de um lúmen definível. Essas estruturas devem ser distintas e separadas por mesenquime de outras células citokeratinas de amplo espectro. Um dos principais desafios dessa técnica é identificar dutos biliares de patente.Determinar o que é um duto de patente requer uma análise da forma do duto e das células ao redor do lúmen. Conte cada ducto bile de patente e coloque na mesma coluna do número da imagem e repita para cada imagem venosa do portal. Finalmente, calcule a soma de todas as veias do portal e todos os dutos biliares na amostra hepática e calcule a relação biliar do ducto ao portal para a amostra hepática.Os fígados de camundongos P30 foram seccionados e co-manchados para CK8 e CK19, juntamente com o marcador vascular, alfa-SMA, para determinar a razão BD para PV. Quando todas as veias do portal em cada lobo hepático são imagens, as veias do portal foram definidas como vasos manchados alfa-SMA que têm manchas de citoquenatina de amplo espectro adjacentes. As estruturas de manchas alfa-SMA sem citoquestina de amplo espectro foram veias centrais que foram excluídas da análise.Os dutos de patente têm um lúmen claramente definível que é cercado por colangioctyes citokeratin-positivo de amplo espectro e geralmente são separados de dutos próximos ou cholangiocitos por mesenchyme. Células de citokeratin-positivas de amplo espectro que não têm um lúmen definível, não são contadas para o número total de dutos biliares. A seção hepática de um animal selvagem mostra uma veia portal associada a um duto totalmente patenteado, juntamente com várias células não incorporadas.A seção hepática representativa de um animal heterozigoso JAG1 não mostra que há dutos biliares patenteados ao redor das três veias do portal. Todas as células citokeratine-positivas de amplo espectro aqui não são incorporadas e, portanto, não devem ser contadas. A análise da relação BD para PV para três animais heterozigosos de tipo selvagem e três JAG1 mostra como os dois genótipos podem ser facilmente distinguidos com base na contagem de dutos biliares.É importante avaliar todos os vasos portais para dutos biliares. É especialmente crítico para determinar a densidade do ducto biliar se houver variabilidade fenotípica em todo o fígado. Esta técnica foi usada para identificar um supressor genético do fenótipo biliar em um modelo de rato de Helgason.Portanto, pode ser útil na avaliação de modalidades de tratamento de modelos animais de doença biliar.

determining-bile-duct-density-in-the-mouse-liver

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. 
Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.
This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

Estimulação da sinalização Notch no mouse osteoclastos Precursores

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality and affects more than 2 million people in the United States. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury is crucial for developing effective treatment for ALD. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis after just 24 h of exposure to 2% ethanol, making them useful for the study of acute alcoholic liver injury. This work describes the procedure for acute ethanol treatment in zebrafish larvae and shows that it causes steatosis and swelling of the hepatic blood vessels. A detailed protocol for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) staining that is optimized for the histological analysis of the zebrafish larval liver, is also described. H&#38;E staining has several unique advantages over immunofluorescence, as it marks all liver cells and extracellular components simultaneously and can readily detect hepatic injury, such as steatosis and fibrosis. Given the increasing usage of zebrafish in modeling toxin and virus-induced liver injury, as well as inherited liver diseases, this protocol serves as a reference for the histological analyses performed in all these studies.

This protocol describes histological analyses of the livers from zebrafish larvae that have been treated with 2% ethanol for 24 h. Such acute ethanol treatment results in hepatic steatosis and swelling of the hepatic vasculature.

Análises histológicas de lesão hepática alcoólica aguda em peixe-zebra

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related ...

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

In Vitro Crescimento do folículo pré-antral do Mouse sob microgravidade simulado

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The effects these exposures have on mammary gland development are typically evaluated using either basic dimensional measurements or by scoring morphological characteristics. However, the broad range of methods for interpreting developmental changes could lead to inconsistent translations across laboratories. A common method of assessment is needed so that proper interpretations can be formed from data being compared across studies. The present study describes the application of the Sholl analysis method to quantify mammary gland branching characteristics. The Sholl method was originally developed for use in quantifying neuronal dendritic patterns. By using ImageJ, an open-source image analysis software package, and a plugin developed for this analysis, the mammary gland branching density and the complexity of a mammary gland from a peripubertal female rat were determined. The methods described here will enable the use of the Sholl analysis as an effective tool for quantifying an important characteristic of mammary gland development.

Mammary gland development in the rodent has typically been evaluated using descriptive assessments or by measuring basic physical attributes. Branching density is an indicator of mammary development that is difficult to quantify objectively. This protocol describes a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of mammary gland branching characteristics.

Quantificando a densidade de ramificação em glândulas mamárias de ratos montadas inteiras usando o método de análise Sholl

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Imagem ao vivo do mouse Fusão do palato secundário

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Dissecção e imunofluorescência coloração de cogumelo corpo e fotoreceptor neurônios em cérebros adultos Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

Um novo uso da ultra-sonografia tridimensional de alta frequência para caracterização de gravidez precoce no Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

Um modelo de Mouse quimérico fígado humano de hipercolesterolemia familiar usando hepatócitos de derivadas de células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Visualizando o nó e placa Notochordal em Gastrulating embriões de rato usando microscopia eletrônica e imunofluorescência de montagem inteira

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have no effective therapeutic options. Tools to study EHBD are very limited. Our purpose was to develop an organ-specific, versatile, adult stem cell-derived, preclinical cholangiocyte model that can be easily generated from wild type and genetically engineered mice. Thus, we report on the novel technique of developing an EHBD organoid (EHBDO) culture system from adult mouse EHBDs. The model is cost-efficient, able to be readily analyzed, and has multiple downstream applications. Specifically, we describe the methodology of mouse EHBD isolation and single cell dissociation, organoid culture initiation, propagation, and long-term maintenance and storage. This manuscript also describes EHBDO processing for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and mRNA abundance quantitation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This protocol has significant advantages in addition to producing EHBD-specific organoids. The use of a conditioned medium from L-WRN cells significantly reduces the cost of this model. The use of mouse EHBDs provides almost unlimited tissue for culture generation, unlike human tissue. Generated mouse EHBDOs contain a pure population of epithelial cells with markers of endodermal progenitor and differentiated biliary cells. Cultured organoids maintain homogenous morphology through multiple passages and can be recovered after a long-term storage period in liquid nitrogen. The model allows for the study of biliary progenitor cell proliferation, can be manipulated pharmacologically, and may be generated from genetically engineered mice. Future studies are needed to optimize culture conditions in order to increase plating efficiency, evaluate functional cell maturity, and direct cell differentiation. Development of co-culture models and a more biologically neutral extracellular matrix are also desirable.

This protocol describes the production of a mouse extrahepatic bile duct 3-dimensional organoid system. These biliary organoids can be maintained in culture to study cholangiocyte biology. Biliary organoids express markers of both progenitor and biliary cells and are composed of polarized epithelial cells.

Geração de Organoids de vias biliares extra-hepáticas Mouse

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have ...