Name: determining bile duct density in the mouse liver
Uploaded: 2019-04-30T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Författarna erkänner stöd från National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01 GM084135 och R01 DK109982), en pilot/genomförbarhets utmärkelse från Texas Medical Center magsjukdom Center under NIH P30 DK56338, och ett Alagille Syndrome Accelerator Award från Den medicinska stiftelsen.

Alla djur var inhysta i en barriär djur anläggning vid Baylor College of Medicine per institutionell djuromsorg och användning kommitténs riktlinjer och enligt godkända djur protokoll.
1. insamling av mus levervävnad
<ol><li>
Beredning av mus för lever skörd
	<ol>
<li>Euthanize musen med isofluran.</li>
		<li>Utför cervikal dislokation av musen för att säkerställa döden.</li>
		<li>Gör ett tvärgående snitt ungefär en tum under bröstkorgen.</li>
		<li>Expone...

<ol>
	<li>Zong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+controls+liver+development+by+regulating+biliary+differentiation.">Notch signaling controls liver development by regulating biliary differentiation.</a> Development. 136 (10), 1727-1739 (2009).</li><li>Clotman, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+liver+cell+fate+decision+by+a+gradient+of+TGF&#946;+signaling+modulated+by+Onecut+transcription+factors.">Control of liver cell fate decision by a gradient of TGF&#946; signaling modulated by Onecut transcription factors.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 19 (16), 1849-1854 (2005).</li><li>Karpen, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+the+etiologies+and+management+of+neonatal+cholestasis.">Update on the etiologies and management of neonatal cholestasis.</a> Clin Perinatol. 29 (1), 159-180 (2002).</li><li>Roskams, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nomenclature+of+the+finer+branches+of+the+biliary+tree:+canals,+ductules,+and+ductular+reactions+in+human+livers.">Nomenclature of the finer branches of the biliary tree: canals, ductules, and ductular reactions in human livers.</a> Hepatology. 39 (6), 1739-1745 (2004).</li><li>Oda, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+the+human+Jagged1+gene+are+responsible+for+Alagille+syndrome.">Mutations in the human Jagged1 gene are responsible for Alagille syndrome.</a> Nature Genetics. 16 (3), 235 (1997).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alagille+syndrome+is+caused+by+mutations+in+human+Jagged1,+which+encodes+a+ligand+for+Notch1.">Alagille syndrome is caused by mutations in human Jagged1, which encodes a ligand for Notch1.</a> Nature Genetics. 16 (3), 243 (1997).</li><li>Xue, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+lethality+and+vascular+defects+in+mice+lacking+the+Notch+ligand+Jagged1.">Embryonic lethality and vascular defects in mice lacking the Notch ligand Jagged1.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (5), 723-730 (1999).</li><li>Thakurdas, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+heterozygosity+in+mice+results+in+a+congenital+cholangiopathy+which+is+reversed+by+concomitant+deletion+of+one+copy+of+Poglut1+(Rumi).">Jagged1 heterozygosity in mice results in a congenital cholangiopathy which is reversed by concomitant deletion of one copy of Poglut1 (Rumi).</a> Hepatology. 63 (2), 550-565 (2016).</li><li>Hadchouel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paucity+of+interlobular+bile+ducts.">Paucity of interlobular bile ducts.</a> Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. 9 (1), 24-30 (1992).</li><li>Emerick, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Features+of+Alagille+syndrome+in+92+patients:+frequency+and+relation+to+prognosis.">Features of Alagille syndrome in 92 patients: frequency and relation to prognosis.</a> Hepatology. 29 (3), 822-829 (1999).</li><li>Poncy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factors+SOX4+and+SOX9+cooperatively+control+development+of+bile+ducts.">Transcription factors SOX4 and SOX9 cooperatively control development of bile ducts.</a> Dev Biol. 404 (2), 136-148 (2015).</li><li>Hofmann, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jagged1+in+the+portal+vein+mesenchyme+regulates+intrahepatic+bile+duct+development:+insights+into+Alagille+syndrome.">Jagged1 in the portal vein mesenchyme regulates intrahepatic bile duct development: insights into Alagille syndrome.</a> Development. 137 (23), 4061-4072 (2010).</li><li>McCright, B., Lozier, J., Gridley, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+Alagille+syndrome:+Notch2+as+a+genetic+modifier+of+Jag1+haploinsufficiency.">A mouse model of Alagille syndrome: Notch2 as a genetic modifier of Jag1 haploinsufficiency.</a> Development. 129 (4), 1075-1082 (2002).</li><li>Andersson, E. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Model+of+Alagille+Syndrome+and+Mechanisms+of+Jagged1+Missense+Mutations.">Mouse Model of Alagille Syndrome and Mechanisms of Jagged1 Missense Mutations.</a> Gastroenterology. 154 (4), 1080-1095 (2018).</li><li>Loomes, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bile+duct+proliferation+in+liver-specific+Jag1+conditional+knockout+mice:+effects+of+gene+dosage.">Bile duct proliferation in liver-specific Jag1 conditional knockout mice: effects of gene dosage.</a> Hepatology. 45 (2), 323-330 (2007).</li><li>Brulet, P., Babinet, C., Kemler, R., Jacob, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+against+trophectoderm-specific+markers+during+mouse+blastocyst+formation.">Monoclonal antibodies against trophectoderm-specific markers during mouse blastocyst formation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77 (7), 4113-4117 (1980).</li><li>Skalli, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+monoclonal+antibody+against+alpha-smooth+muscle+actin:+a+new+probe+for+smooth+muscle+differentiation.">A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: a new probe for smooth muscle differentiation.</a> J Cell Biol. 103 (6 Pt 2), 2787-2796 (1986).</li><li>Kamath, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+longitudinal+study+to+identify+laboratory+predictors+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+Alagille+syndrome.">A longitudinal study to identify laboratory predictors of liver disease outcome in Alagille syndrome.</a> Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 50 (5), 526 (2010).</li><li>Mouzaki, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+life+predictive+markers+of+liver+disease+outcome+in+an+International,+Multicentre+Cohort+of+children+with+Alagille+syndrome.">Early life predictive markers of liver disease outcome in an International, Multicentre Cohort of children with Alagille syndrome.</a> Liver International. 36 (5), 755-760 (2016).</li><li>Shiojiri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+differentiation+of+bile+ducts+in+the+mammalian+liver.">Development and differentiation of bile ducts in the mammalian liver.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 39 (4), 328-335 (1997).</li><li>Crawford, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+intrahepatic+biliary+tree.">Development of the intrahepatic biliary tree.</a> Semin Liver Dis. 22 (3), 213-226 (2002).</li><li>Kaneko, K., Kamimoto, K., Miyajima, A., Itoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+remodeling+of+the+biliary+architecture+underlies+liver+homeostasis.">Adaptive remodeling of the biliary architecture underlies liver homeostasis.</a> Hepatology. 61 (6), 2056-2066 (2015).</li><li>Schaub, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+formation+of+the+biliary+system+by+TGFbeta-mediated+hepatocyte+transdifferentiation.">De novo formation of the biliary system by TGFbeta-mediated hepatocyte transdifferentiation.</a> Nature. 557 (7704), 247-251 (2018).</li><li>Sparks, E. E., Huppert, K. A., Brown, M. A., Washington, M. K., Huppert, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+regulates+formation+of+the+three-dimensional+architecture+of+intrahepatic+bile+ducts+in+mice.">Notch signaling regulates formation of the three-dimensional architecture of intrahepatic bile ducts in mice.</a> Hepatology. 51 (4), 1391-1400 (2010).</li><li>Tanimizu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrahepatic+bile+ducts+are+developed+through+formation+of+homogeneous+continuous+luminal+network+and+its+dynamic+rearrangement+in+mice.">Intrahepatic bile ducts are developed through formation of homogeneous continuous luminal network and its dynamic rearrangement in mice.</a> Hepatology. 64 (1), 175-188 (2016).</li><li>Walter, T. J., Sparks, E. E., Huppert, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3-dimensional+resin+casting+and+imaging+of+mouse+portal+vein+or+intrahepatic+bile+duct+system.">3-dimensional resin casting and imaging of mouse portal vein or intrahepatic bile duct system.</a> J Vis Exp. (68), e4272 (2012).</li><li>Popper, H., Kent, G., Stein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ductular+cell+reaction+in+the+liver+in+hepatic+injury.">Ductular cell reaction in the liver in hepatic injury.</a> J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y. 24 (5), 551-556 (1957).</li><li>Yimlamai, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippo+pathway+activity+influences+liver+cell+fate.">Hippo pathway activity influences liver cell fate.</a> Cell. 157 (6), 1324-1338 (2014).</li></ol>

Analys av BD utveckling och reparation i möss är ett viktigt verktyg i att studera patogenesen och mekanismen för kolestatiska sjukdomar. Dessutom är utvecklingen av nya terapier delvis beroende av att man upprättar en reproducerbar och företrädesvis kvantifierbar fenotyp. Nuvarande fenotypning i musmodeller innebär vanligtvis serum kemi, leverhistologi och immunofärgning för cell-typ specifika markörer. Även om dessa tekniker genererar värdefull information om gallsystemets struktur och funktion, ger de int...

Gallan trädet är en kritisk del av däggdjurs levern, vilket gör passage av galla från hepatocyter i tarmen. Intrahepatiska gallgångarna (BDS) bildas av cholangiocyter, som skiljer från bipotential hepatoblaster genom notch och tgfβ signalering1,2. Korrekt specifikation och engagemang av cholangiocyter och deras sammansättning i mogna BDs är avgörande för utvecklingen av den intrahepatiska biliär trädet. Eftersom levern växer under utveckling eller vid organ förnyelse, gallvägarna måste utvecklas längs levern för att säkerställa korrekt galla dränering. Dessutom, ett antal syndrom och icke-syndromic sjukdomar resultera i brist på intrahepatisk BDs3. Dessutom, ett antal akuta och kroniska leversjukdomar ger upphov till så kallade ductular reaktioner i levern, som definieras som förekomsten av ett stort antal celler som uttrycker gallvägar, men inte nödvändigtvis uppstår från gallvägar eller form patent BDs4. I multisystem Disorder alagille syndrom (ALGs), haploinsufficiens av notch ligand jagged1 (JAG1) resulterar i dålig BD formation och kolestas5,6. Vårt labb visade nyligen att en tidigare genererad Jag1 heterozygot mus linje7 är ett djurmodell av BD brist på i ALGs8. I denna musmodell av ALGS, cholangiocyter är fortfarande närvarande. Men de underlåter att åta sig att införlivas i mogna, patent BDs8. Därför, analys av levern i en modell av BD brist på kräver mer än den uppenbara närvaron eller frånvaron av cholangiocyter. Det är viktigt att noggrant bedöma i vilken utsträckning mogna BDs är närvarande i levern.
I anatomiska patologi, det finns accepterade kvantitativa metoder för att bedöma om BD brist på existerar9. Till exempel, studier på ALGs i mänskliga patienter ofta kvantifiera BD till Portal Vein (PV) förhållandet genom att analysera minst 10 Portal fartyg per leverbiopsi9,10. Analys av formen och den totala närvaron eller frånvaron av patent BDS, kombinerat med serum kemi, kan ge värdefull information om BD utveckling hos möss11,12,13. Men möss kan förlora ett betydande antal BDs med endast en blygsam ökning av serumbilirubin nivå8. En kvantitativ metod som utvärderar antalet BDs-celler per PV kan därför ge ett mer direkt mått på graden av BD-paucitet hos möss. I en nyligen rapport, vi kvantifierat antalet BDs per PV över alla leverlober och rapporterade en signifikant minskning i BD till PV förhållandet i Jag1 +/– djur8. Under loppet av vår analys, vi märkte att trots den betydande variationen i graden av inflammatorisk respons och ductular reaktioner, BD till PV förhållandet visar inte mycket variation8. Dessutom, kvantifiering av BD till PV-kvoten tillät oss att visa att ta bort en kopia av glykosyltransferas genen Poglut1 i Jag1 +/– djur kan avsevärt förbättra sin BD brist på8. I en Jag1 +/+ bakgrund, villkorlig förlust av Poglut1 i vaskulära glatta muskelceller resulterar i en progressiv ökning av BD-nummer, vilket är blygsam (20-30%) på P7 men blir framträdande hos vuxna8. Återigen, denna teknik tillät oss att visa att även vid P7, ökningen av BD densitet hos dessa djur är statistiskt signifikant. Notera, den ökade BD densitet i denna genotyp vid fyra månaders ålder validerades genom harts gjutna analys samt. 8 dessa observationer och andra rapporter som mätt BD densitet i olika ALGs musmodeller14,15 föranledde oss att införliva denna metod i vår övergripande strategi för att analysera biliär defekter i olika Mutant och transgena möss.
Här, vi detalj en enkel teknik som kan användas för att undersöka graden av BD brist på i musmodeller av leversjukdom (figur 1). I denna metod, Co-färgning med cholangiocyte markörer cytokeratin (CK) 8 och CK19 (nedan brett spektrum CK, wsCK) används för att visualisera BDs och oinkorporerade cholangiocyter i musen levern. En antikropp mot alfa-glatta muskler aktin (αsma) läggs till färgning till etikett fartyg. Systematisk analys av förhållandet BD-PV i ett avsnitt som täcker alla leverlober säkerställer att ett stort antal PVs analyseras för varje genotyp. Eftersom vår metod förlitar sig på kvantifiera BDs och PVs i 2D-bilder, är det inte lämpligt för att studera effekterna av en given mutation på 3D-strukturen i gallträdet eller integriteten hos den lilla biliär ledningar. Det ger dock en enkel och objektiv strategi för undersökare att bedöma biliär utveckling i musen.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Isothesia (Isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>11695-6776-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>16-800-552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% PFA</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50mL tube</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HistoChoice</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>H103-4L</td>
			<td>clearing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omnisette Tissue Cassette</td>
			<td>Fisher HealthCare</td>
			<td>15-197-710E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrosette</td>
			<td>Simport</td>
			<td>M512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast X-TRA</td>
			<td>McCormick Scientific</td>
			<td>39503002</td>
			<td>Parrafin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Mold</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>62528-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Microm</td>
			<td>HM 325</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C8H10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-Based Antigen Retrieval</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-3301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Cooker</td>
			<td>Instant Pot</td>
			<td>Lux Mini</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Pap Pen</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyoxyethylene 20 Sorbitan Monolaurate (Tween-20)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X251-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octyl Phenol Ethoxylate (Triton-X-100)</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>X198-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK8</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-I</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB531826</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CK19</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>TROMA-III</td>
			<td>Antibody Registry ID AB2133570</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#945;SMA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2547, Clone 1A4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rat-Alexa488</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A21208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse-Cy5</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>715-175-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22x50 micro cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR Life Sciences</td>
			<td>48393 059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI6000 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimtech Science</td>
			<td>05511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determining bile duct density in the mouse liver

Mus används i stor utsträckning som en modellorganism för att studera biliära sjukdomar. För att utvärdera gallsystemets utveckling och funktion används olika tekniker, inklusive serum kemi, histologisk analys och immunofärgning för specifika markörer. Även om dessa tekniker kan ge viktig information om gallvägarna, de ofta inte uppvisar en fullständig bild av gallgången (BD) utvecklingsdefekter över hela levern. Detta är delvis på grund av den robusta förmågan hos musen levern att dränera galla även hos djur med betydande försämring i biliär utveckling. Här presenterar vi en enkel metod för att beräkna det genomsnittliga antalet BDs som är associerat med varje Portal ven (PV) i sektioner som täcker alla lober av muterade/transgena möss. I denna metod är lever, monterade och sektionerade i ett stereotypiskt sätt för att underlätta jämförelser mellan olika genotyper och experimentella förhållanden. BDs identifieras via ljusmikroskopi av cytokeratin-färgade cholangiocyter, och sedan räknas och divideras med det totala antalet PVs närvarande i levern avsnitt. Som ett exempel visar vi hur denna metod tydligt kan skilja mellan vilda möss och en musmodell av Alagille syndrom. Den metod som presenteras här kan inte ersätta tekniker som visualiserar den tredimensionella strukturen i gallträdet. Emellertid, det erbjuder ett enkelt och direkt sätt att kvantitativt bedöma BD utveckling och graden av ductular reaktions bildning hos möss.

Vi har tidigare dokumenterat biliär defekter i Jag1 +/– djur, en musmodell av ALGs8. För att bestämma BD till PV ratio, sektioned vi P30 mus lever och co-färgade dem för CK8 och CK19 (wsCK) tillsammans med den vaskulära markören αSMA. Vi avbildade sedan alla PVs i varje lever lober. Som framgår i figur 2A, definierade vi PVS som αsma-färgade fartyg som har angränsande wsCK färgning (pilspetsar). De αSMA-färgad...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver at JoVE.com

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Vi presenterar en ganska enkel och känslig metod för noggrann kvantifiering av gallgången densitet i mus levern. Denna metod kan hjälpa till att fastställa effekterna av genetiska och miljömässiga modifierare och effektiviteten av potentiella terapier i musmodeller av gallvägar sjukdomar.

Bestämning av gallgången densitet i mus levern

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

Detta protokoll gör det möjligt för prövaren att kvantifiera gallgången utveckling i musmodeller av leversjukdom. Det möjliggör också för utvärdering av effekterna av genetiska modifierare på gallgången utveckling. Fördelen med denna teknik är att det är en rättfram, känslig och kvantitativ metod för direkt bedömning av gallgångens utveckling.Till att börja med, med huden hålls spänd av tlyck, använd små saxar för att göra en tvärgående snitt ungefär en tum under bröstkorgen på en avlivad mus. Exponera hela ventrala ytan av levern. Använd små saxar för att noggrant skära igenom ligament som förbinder levern till de andra organen i buken.Skär sedan genom den gemensamma gallgången för att lossa levern från tarmen. Håll fast gallblåsan och ta försiktigt bort levern. Omedelbart placera den i en 50 milliliter rör fylld tre fjärdedelar med 4%paraformaldehyd.För att fixa levervävnaden, inkubera den i 4%PFA vid fyra grader Celsius i 48 timmar. Efter en serie etanol tvättar, tvätta levern med clearing agent tre gånger i 30 minuter vardera vid rumstemperatur. Till att börja bädda in, tvätta en vävnadskassett i en vävnadsform tre gånger i 30 minuter i paraffinvax förvärmt till 60 grader Celsius.Fyll sedan vävnadsformen med paraffinvax till tre fjärdedelars höjd och håll den på ett värmeblock vid 60 grader Celsius. Placera levern i formen med den ventrala sidan vänd uppåt. Efter att försiktigt ta bort formen från värmeblocket, placera toppen av kassetten på formen.Toppa med varm flytande paraffin och låt den svalna till rumstemperatur över natten. Efter att ha tagit bort levern blocket från mögel, använd en mikrotom för att börja dela upp genom den ytliga dorsala sidan av levern, vilket gör fem mikrometer sektioner. Kontrollera de ytliga sektionerna under ett dissekeringsmikroskop för att säkerställa att sektionerna inte är sönderskjuvade eller vikta.För att bearbeta diabilder för immunohistokemi, välj en bild per genotyp som ska analyseras och tvätta den i 15 minuter i xylen, 100%etanol, 95%etanol och slutligen, 70%etanol. Efter tvättning av glid i joniserat vatten, sänk ner den i Tris-baserade höga pH-antigen hämtningslösning. Värm den sedan under tryck i en tryckkokare i tre minuter på 10 pounds per kvadrattum.När du har låtit bilden svalna till rumstemperatur använder du en PAP-penna för att skissera avsnitten på bilden. Efter tvättning med PBS Tween, blockera vävnadssektionerna genom att tillsätta 100 mikroliter av blockerande lösning per sektion och inkubera täckt vid fyra grader Celsius i en timme. Applicera 100 mikroliter av den utspädda antikroppslösningen som innehåller alla tre primära antikropparna på varje sektion och inkubera dem i fyra grader Celsius över natten.Efter tvättning av objektglasen, tillsätt 100 mikroliter av den sekundära antikroppslösningen som innehåller både sekundära antikroppar och inkubera under en timme i rumstemperatur. Slutligen gäller monteringsmedium och en täckbild på objektglasen. Använd ett fluorescerande mikroskop för att ta 20x bilder på 1x zoom av varje avsnitt.Se till att varje portal ven över levern är avbildad. Skapa ett kalkylblad med följande kolumner:Djur/Provnummer, Bildnummer, antal portalvener och antal gallvägar. Identifiera och registrera antalet portalvener per bild för varje bild.Identifiera sedan patent gallgångarna i varje bild, genom närvaron av konlangiocyter som omger en definierbar lumen. Dessa strukturer bör vara distinkta och åtskilda av mesenchyme från andra wide-spectrum cytokeratin-positiva celler. En huvudutmaning med denna teknik är att identifiera patent gallvägar.Att bestämma vad som är en patentkanal kräver en analys av kanalens form och cellerna som omger lumen. Räkna varje patent gallgången och placera i samma kolumn som bildnumret och upprepa för varje portal ven bild. Slutligen beräkna summan av alla portal vener och alla gallvägar i levern provet och beräkna gallgången till portal ven förhållandet för levern provet.P30 mus lever var sektionerade och co-färgas för CK8 och CK19 tillsammans med den vaskulära markör, alpha-SMA, att bestämma BD till PV förhållandet. När alla portalen vener i varje lever LOB avbildas, var portal vener definieras som alpha-SMA färgade fartyg som har intilliggande bredspektrum cytokeratin färgning. Alpha-SMA fläcken strukturer utan wide-spectrum cytokeratin var centrala vener som uteslöts från analysen.Patentkanaler har en klart definierbar lumen som omges av bredspektrumcytokeratin-positiva cholangioctyes och är vanligtvis åtskilda från närliggande kanaler eller cholangiocytes av mesenchyme. Wide-spectrum cytokeratin-positiva celler som inte har en definierbar lumen, räknas inte in i det totala antalet gallvägar. Lever avsnitt från en vild-typ djur visar en portal ven i samband med en helt patent trumman tillsammans med flera unincorporated celler.Representativ lever avsnitt från en JAG1 heterozygous djur visar inga patent gallvägar är närvarande runt de tre portal venerna. Alla wide-spectrum cytokeratine-positiva celler här är unincorporated och därför, bör inte räknas. Analys av BD till PV-förhållandet för tre vilda-typ och tre JAG1 heterozygous djur visar hur de två genotyperna lätt kan särskiljas baserat på gallgången räknas.Det är viktigt att bedöma alla portalfartyg för gallvägar. Det är särskilt viktigt för att bestämma gallgången densitet om det finns fenotypiska variationer över levern. Denna teknik användes för att identifiera en genetisk suppressor av gallans fenotyp i en mus modell av Helgason.Därför kan det vara användbart vid bedömning av behandlingsmodaliteter av djurmodeller av gallvägssjukdom.

determining-bile-duct-density-in-the-mouse-liver

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. 
Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.
This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

Stimulering av Notch signalering i mus osteoklastprekursorer

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

Histological Analyses of Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Zebrafish

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality and affects more than 2 million people in the United States. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury is crucial for developing effective treatment for ALD. Zebrafish larvae exhibit hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis after just 24 h of exposure to 2% ethanol, making them useful for the study of acute alcoholic liver injury. This work describes the procedure for acute ethanol treatment in zebrafish larvae and shows that it causes steatosis and swelling of the hepatic blood vessels. A detailed protocol for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&#38;E) staining that is optimized for the histological analysis of the zebrafish larval liver, is also described. H&#38;E staining has several unique advantages over immunofluorescence, as it marks all liver cells and extracellular components simultaneously and can readily detect hepatic injury, such as steatosis and fibrosis. Given the increasing usage of zebrafish in modeling toxin and virus-induced liver injury, as well as inherited liver diseases, this protocol serves as a reference for the histological analyses performed in all these studies.

This protocol describes histological analyses of the livers from zebrafish larvae that have been treated with 2% ethanol for 24 h. Such acute ethanol treatment results in hepatic steatosis and swelling of the hepatic vasculature.

Histologiska analyser av akut alkoholhaltig leverskada i sebrafisk

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) refers to damage to the liver due to acute or chronic alcohol abuse. It is among the leading causes of alcohol-related ...

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We quantitatively assessed follicle survival, measured follicle and oocyte diameters, and examined ultrastructure of the oocytes produced from the system. We observed decreased follicle survival, downregulation of expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth differentiation factor 9, as indicators for the development of granulosa cells and oocytes, respectively, and oocyte ultrastructural abnormalities under the simulated microgravity condition. The simulated microgravity experimental setup needs to be optimized to provide a model for investigation of the mechanisms involved in the oocyte/follicle in vitro development.

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

A highly promising technique to generate tissue constructs without using matrix is to culture cells in a simulated microgravity condition. Using a rotary culture system, we examined ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation in terms of follicle survival, morphology, growth, and oocyte function under the simulated microgravity condition.

In Vitro Tillväxt av mus Preantral folliklar Under simulerade tyngdlöshet

14 day-old mouse ovarian tissue and preantral follicles isolated from same-aged mice were incubated in a simulated microgravity culture system. We ...

Quantifying Branching Density in Rat Mammary Gland Whole-mounts Using the Sholl Analysis Method

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The effects these exposures have on mammary gland development are typically evaluated using either basic dimensional measurements or by scoring morphological characteristics. However, the broad range of methods for interpreting developmental changes could lead to inconsistent translations across laboratories. A common method of assessment is needed so that proper interpretations can be formed from data being compared across studies. The present study describes the application of the Sholl analysis method to quantify mammary gland branching characteristics. The Sholl method was originally developed for use in quantifying neuronal dendritic patterns. By using ImageJ, an open-source image analysis software package, and a plugin developed for this analysis, the mammary gland branching density and the complexity of a mammary gland from a peripubertal female rat were determined. The methods described here will enable the use of the Sholl analysis as an effective tool for quantifying an important characteristic of mammary gland development.

Mammary gland development in the rodent has typically been evaluated using descriptive assessments or by measuring basic physical attributes. Branching density is an indicator of mammary development that is difficult to quantify objectively. This protocol describes a reliable method for the quantitative assessment of mammary gland branching characteristics.

Kvantifiering av förgreningsdensitet i råtta Mammary Gland Whole-mounts med hjälp av Sholl analysmetoden

An increasing number of studies are utilizing the rodent mammary gland as an endpoint for assessing the developmental toxicity of a chemical exposure. The ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Dissektion och Immunofluorescerande färgning av svamp kropp och ljusmätare nervceller i vuxen Drosophila melanogaster hjärnor

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

En ny användning av tredimensionella högfrekvent ultraljud för tidig graviditet karakterisering i musen

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

En familjär hyperkolesterolemi mänskliga levern chimär musmodell med inducerade pluripotenta stamceller-derived hepatocyter

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Visualisera den noden och Notochordal plattan i Gastrulating musembryon som använder Scanning Electron Microscopy och hela Mount immunofluorescens

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have no effective therapeutic options. Tools to study EHBD are very limited. Our purpose was to develop an organ-specific, versatile, adult stem cell-derived, preclinical cholangiocyte model that can be easily generated from wild type and genetically engineered mice. Thus, we report on the novel technique of developing an EHBD organoid (EHBDO) culture system from adult mouse EHBDs. The model is cost-efficient, able to be readily analyzed, and has multiple downstream applications. Specifically, we describe the methodology of mouse EHBD isolation and single cell dissociation, organoid culture initiation, propagation, and long-term maintenance and storage. This manuscript also describes EHBDO processing for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and mRNA abundance quantitation by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This protocol has significant advantages in addition to producing EHBD-specific organoids. The use of a conditioned medium from L-WRN cells significantly reduces the cost of this model. The use of mouse EHBDs provides almost unlimited tissue for culture generation, unlike human tissue. Generated mouse EHBDOs contain a pure population of epithelial cells with markers of endodermal progenitor and differentiated biliary cells. Cultured organoids maintain homogenous morphology through multiple passages and can be recovered after a long-term storage period in liquid nitrogen. The model allows for the study of biliary progenitor cell proliferation, can be manipulated pharmacologically, and may be generated from genetically engineered mice. Future studies are needed to optimize culture conditions in order to increase plating efficiency, evaluate functional cell maturity, and direct cell differentiation. Development of co-culture models and a more biologically neutral extracellular matrix are also desirable.

This protocol describes the production of a mouse extrahepatic bile duct 3-dimensional organoid system. These biliary organoids can be maintained in culture to study cholangiocyte biology. Biliary organoids express markers of both progenitor and biliary cells and are composed of polarized epithelial cells.

Generation av Organoids från mus extrahepatiska gallgångarna

Cholangiopathies, which affect extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs), include biliary atresia, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. They have ...