Name: use of alu element containing minigenes to analyze circular rnas
Uploaded: 2020-03-10T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs at JoVE.com

この作業は、国防総省 DoD 助成金 AZ180075 によってサポートされました。ステファン・スタムはジャクリーン・ヌーナン基金に感謝します。アンナ・パウエルは、ドイツの学術交流プログラムであるDAADの支援を受け、ジャスティン・R・ウェルデンはケンタッキー大学マックス・ステックラー賞を受賞しました。

1. 構造の設計
<ol><li>UCSCゲノムブラウザ24を用いて、円形RNA形成に必要な反復的な要素を同定し、それらを構築物に組み込む。重要なことに、増幅用のプライマーは反復要素の外側にある必要があります。</li>
	<li>円形RNA配列(補足図1は検査配列)を<a href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat?command=start" target="_blank">https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat?command=start</a>に貼り付け、?...

<ol>
	<li>Jeck, W. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circular+RNAs+are+abundant,+conserved,+and+associated+with+ALU+repeats.">Circular RNAs are abundant, conserved, and associated with ALU repeats.</a> RNA. 19 (2), 141-157 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, X. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complementary+sequence-mediated+exon+circularization.">Complementary sequence-mediated exon circularization.</a> Cell. 159 (1), 134-147 (2014).</li><li>Deininger, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alu+elements:+know+the+SINEs.">Alu elements: know the SINEs.</a> Genome Biology. 12 (12), 236 (2011).</li><li>Bazak, L., Levanon, E. Y., Eisenberg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+of+Alu+editability.">Genome-wide analysis of Alu editability.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (11), 6876-6884 (2014).</li><li>Levanon, E. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+identification+of+abundant+A-to-I+editing+sites+in+the+human+transcriptome.">Systematic identification of abundant A-to-I editing sites in the human transcriptome.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (8), 1001-1005 (2004).</li><li>Hansen, T. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+RNA+circles+function+as+efficient+microRNA+sponges.">Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges.</a> Nature. 495 (7441), 384-388 (2013).</li><li>Kelly, S., Greenman, C., Cook, P. R., Papantonis, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exon+Skipping+Is+Correlated+with+Exon+Circularization.">Exon Skipping Is Correlated with Exon Circularization.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 427 (15), 2414-2417 (2015).</li><li>Li, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exon-intron+circular+RNAs+regulate+transcription+in+the+nucleus.">Exon-intron circular RNAs regulate transcription in the nucleus.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 22 (3), 256-264 (2015).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extensive+translation+of+circular+RNAs+driven+by+N(6)-methyladenosine.">Extensive translation of circular RNAs driven by N(6)-methyladenosine.</a> Cell Research. 27 (6), 626-641 (2017).</li><li>Abe, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rolling+Circle+Translation+of+Circular+RNA+in+Living+Human+Cells.">Rolling Circle Translation of Circular RNA in Living Human Cells.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 16435 (2015).</li><li>Salzman, J., Chen, R. E., Olsen, M. N., Wang, P. L., Brown, P. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-type+specific+features+of+circular+RNA+expression.">Cell-type specific features of circular RNA expression.</a> PLOS Genetics. 9 (9), 1003777 (2013).</li><li>Ottesen, E. W., Luo, D., Seo, J., Singh, N. N., Singh, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Survival+Motor+Neuron+genes+generate+a+vast+repertoire+of+circular+RNAs.">Human Survival Motor Neuron genes generate a vast repertoire of circular RNAs.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (6), 2884-2905 (2019).</li><li>Stoss, O., Stoilov, P., Hartmann, A. M., Nayler, O., Stamm, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vivo+minigene+approach+to+analyze+tissue-specific+splicing.">The in vivo minigene approach to analyze tissue-specific splicing.</a> Brain Research Protocols. 4, 383-394 (1999).</li><li>Mardon, H. J., Sebastio, G., Baralle, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+exon+sequences+in+alternative+splicing+of+the+human+fibronectin+gene.">A role for exon sequences in alternative splicing of the human fibronectin gene.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 15, 7725-7733 (1987).</li><li>Gaildrat, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+splicing+reporter+minigene+assay+to+evaluate+the+effect+on+splicing+of+unclassified+genetic+variants.">Use of splicing reporter minigene assay to evaluate the effect on splicing of unclassified genetic variants.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 653, 249-257 (2010).</li><li>Cooper, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+minigene+systems+to+dissect+alternative+splicing+elements.">Use of minigene systems to dissect alternative splicing elements.</a> Methods. 37 (4), 331-340 (2005).</li><li>Baralle, D., Baralle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splicing+in+action:+assessing+disease+causing+sequence+changes.">Splicing in action: assessing disease causing sequence changes.</a> Journal of Medical Genetics. 42 (10), 737-748 (2005).</li><li>Percifield, R., Murphy, D., Stoilov, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medium+throughput+analysis+of+alternative+splicing+by+fluorescently+labeled+RT-PCR.">Medium throughput analysis of alternative splicing by fluorescently labeled RT-PCR.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1126, 299-313 (2014).</li><li>Stoilov, P., Lin, C. H., Damoiseaux, R., Nikolic, J., Black, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-throughput+screening+strategy+identifies+cardiotonic+steroids+as+alternative+splicing+modulators.">A high-throughput screening strategy identifies cardiotonic steroids as alternative splicing modulators.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (32), 11218-11223 (2008).</li><li>Shen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyrvinium+pamoate+changes+alternative+splicing+of+the+serotonin+receptor+2C+by+influencing+its+RNA+structure.">Pyrvinium pamoate changes alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C by influencing its RNA structure.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (6), 3819-3832 (2013).</li><li>Noto, J. J., Schmidt, C. A., Matera, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+and+expressing+circular+RNAs+via+tRNA+splicing.">Engineering and expressing circular RNAs via tRNA splicing.</a> RNA Biology. , 1-7 (2017).</li><li>Schmidt, C. A., Noto, J. J., Filonov, G. S., Matera, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+Expressing+and+Imaging+Abundant,+Stable,+Circular+RNAs+In+Vivo+Using+tRNA+Splicing.">A Method for Expressing and Imaging Abundant, Stable, Circular RNAs In Vivo Using tRNA Splicing.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 572, 215-236 (2016).</li><li>Welden, J. R., van Doorn, J., Nelson, P. T., Stamm, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+MAPT+locus+generates+circular+RNAs.">The human MAPT locus generates circular RNAs.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease. , 2753-2760 (2018).</li><li>Casper, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+UCSC+Genome+Browser+database:+2018+update.">The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2018 update.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 46, 762-769 (2018).</li><li>Grozdanov, P. N., MacDonald, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+plasmid+vectors+expressing+FLAG-tagged+proteins+under+the+regulation+of+human+elongation+factor-1alpha+promoter+using+Gibson+assembly.">Generation of plasmid vectors expressing FLAG-tagged proteins under the regulation of human elongation factor-1alpha promoter using Gibson assembly.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (96), (2015).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+strategy+to+engineer+DNA+polymerases+for+enhanced+processivity+and+improved+performance+in+vitro.">A novel strategy to engineer DNA polymerases for enhanced processivity and improved performance in vitro.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 32 (3), 1197-1207 (2004).</li><li>Gibson, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzymatic+assembly+of+DNA+molecules+up+to+several+hundred+kilobases.">Enzymatic assembly of DNA molecules up to several hundred kilobases.</a> Nature Methods. 6 (5), 343-345 (2009).</li><li>Conn, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RNA+binding+protein+quaking+regulates+formation+of+circRNAs.">The RNA binding protein quaking regulates formation of circRNAs.</a> Cell. 160 (6), 1125-1134 (2015).</li><li>Jeck, W. R., Sharpless, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+and+characterizing+circular+RNAs.">Detecting and characterizing circular RNAs.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 32 (5), 453-461 (2014).</li><li>Pamudurti, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translation+of+CircRNAs.">Translation of CircRNAs.</a> Molecular Cell. 66 (1), 9-21 (2017).</li><li>Kramer, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+control+of+Drosophila+circular+RNA+expression+by+intronic+repeats,+hnRNPs,+and+SR+proteins.">Combinatorial control of Drosophila circular RNA expression by intronic repeats, hnRNPs, and SR proteins.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 29 (20), 2168-2182 (2015).</li><li>Starke, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exon+circularization+requires+canonical+splice+signals.">Exon circularization requires canonical splice signals.</a> Cell Reports. 10 (1), 103-111 (2015).</li><li>Suzuki, H., Tsukahara, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+view+of+pre-mRNA+splicing+from+RNase+R+resistant+RNAs.">A view of pre-mRNA splicing from RNase R resistant RNAs.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 15 (6), 9331-9342 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, X. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+alternative+back-splicing+and+alternative+splicing+landscape+of+circular+RNAs.">Diverse alternative back-splicing and alternative splicing landscape of circular RNAs.</a> Genome Research. 26 (9), 1277-1287 (2016).</li><li>Liang, D., Wilusz, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+intronic+repeat+sequences+facilitate+circular+RNA+production.">Short intronic repeat sequences facilitate circular RNA production.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 28 (20), 2233-2247 (2014).</li><li>Wang, Y., Mandelkow, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+in+physiology+and+pathology.">Tau in physiology and pathology.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 17 (1), 5-21 (2016).</li><li>Fejes-Toth, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-transcriptional+processing+generates+a+diversity+of+5'-modified+long+and+short+RNAs.">Post-transcriptional processing generates a diversity of 5'-modified long and short RNAs.</a> Nature. 457 (7232), 1028-1032 (2009).</li><li>Gao, Q. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+regulation+of+tau+exon+10,+whose+missplicing+causes+frontotemporal+dementia.">Complex regulation of tau exon 10, whose missplicing causes frontotemporal dementia.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 74 (2), 490-500 (2000).</li><li>Hartmann, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+alternative+splicing+of+human+tau+exon+10+by+phosphorylation+of+splicing+factors.">Regulation of alternative splicing of human tau exon 10 by phosphorylation of splicing factors.</a> Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 18 (1), 80-90 (2001).</li><li>Wang, Y., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+backsplicing+produces+translatable+circular+mRNAs.">Efficient backsplicing produces translatable circular mRNAs.</a> RNA. 21 (2), 172-179 (2015).</li><li>Yang, Y., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constructing+GFP-Based+Reporter+to+Study+Back+Splicing+and+Translation+of+Circular+RNA.">Constructing GFP-Based Reporter to Study Back Splicing and Translation of Circular RNA.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1724, 107-118 (2018).</li><li>Zheng, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circular+RNA+profiling+reveals+an+abundant+circHIPK3+that+regulates+cell+growth+by+sponging+multiple+miRNAs.">Circular RNA profiling reveals an abundant circHIPK3 that regulates cell growth by sponging multiple miRNAs.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11215 (2016).</li><li>Jia, W., Xu, B., Wu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circular+RNA+expression+profiles+of+mouse+ovaries+during+postnatal+development+and+the+function+of+circular+RNA+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+in+granulosa+cells.">Circular RNA expression profiles of mouse ovaries during postnatal development and the function of circular RNA epidermal growth factor receptor in granulosa cells.</a> Metabolism. 85, 192-204 (2018).</li><li>Liang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Output+of+Protein-Coding+Genes+Shifts+to+Circular+RNAs+When+the+Pre-mRNA+Processing+Machinery+Is+Limiting.">The Output of Protein-Coding Genes Shifts to Circular RNAs When the Pre-mRNA Processing Machinery Is Limiting.</a> Molecular Cell. 68 (5), 940-954 (2017).</li><li>Legnini, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circ-ZNF609+Is+a+Circular+RNA+that+Can+Be+Translated+and+Functions+in+Myogenesis.">Circ-ZNF609 Is a Circular RNA that Can Be Translated and Functions in Myogenesis.</a> Molecular Cell. 66 (1), 22-37 (2017).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+circRNA+Biogenesis+and+Function+with+NF90/NF110+in+Viral+Infection.">Coordinated circRNA Biogenesis and Function with NF90/NF110 in Viral Infection.</a> Molecular Cell. 67 (2), 214-227 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Biogenesis+of+Nascent+Circular+RNAs.">The Biogenesis of Nascent Circular RNAs.</a> Cell Reports. 15 (3), 611-624 (2016).</li></ol>

一般に、円形RNAは、その機能と形成の研究を複雑にする1の豊富な低い存在です。リニアRNA13と同様に、レポーターミニ遺伝子を使用することで、円形RNAの形成を調節するシスおよびトランス作用因子の同定が可能となる。したがって、このアプローチは、内因性遺伝子を用いてさらに試験することができる仮説を生成する。
最も重要?...

円形のRNA 円形RNA(circRNA)は、ほとんどの生物で発現される共有閉鎖単一鎖RNAである。これらは、ダウンストリームの 5' スプライス サイトをアップストリーム 3' スプライス サイトに結合することによって生成されます。30-40 ntと短い相補的な塩基を示すプレmRNA中の配列は、circRNA形成2のための適切なアライメントにバックスプライス部位を持ち込む。ヒトにおいて、Alu要素1は、ゲノム3の約11%を表し、自己相補性4、5によるmRNA前に広範な二本鎖RNA構造を形成し、circRNA1の形成を促進する。
現在、circRNAの3つの主要な機能が説明されている。いくつかのcircRNAはマイクロRNA(miRNA)を結合し、隔離を通じてmiRNAスポンジ6のように作用する。CircRNAは、転写および転写後の調節に関与しており、線形スプライシング7または転写因子活性の変調との競合を通じて8.最後に、circRNAは短いオープンリーディングフレームを含み、原理研究の証明は、それらが9、10を翻訳できることを示しています。しかし、ほとんどのcircRNAの機能は謎のままです。循環RNAの大部分は、次世代シーケンシング方法11を使用して検出された。標的RT-PCR法を用いた個々の遺伝子の詳細な分析により、多数の円形RNAが未発見のまま12が発見される。
レポーター遺伝子を用い、mRNA前処理を解析 細胞にトランスフェクトされたDNAレポーター構築物由来のmRNAの分析は、円形RNAに適用できる代替プレmRNAスプライシングを研究するための確立された方法です。一般に、代替エキソン、その周囲のイントロン、および構成エキソンは、真核生物発現ベクターに増幅およびクローン化される。多くの場合、イントロンは短くされます。この構成体は真核細胞にトランスフェクトされ、通常RT-PCR13,14によって分析される。このアプローチは、共トランスフェクション実験13、15、16、17、18における規制スプライス部位とトランス作用因子をマッピングするために広く使用されています。また、タンパク質発現ミニ遺伝子の生成により、代替スプライシングを変化させる物質のスクリーニングが可能な19,20.
このメソッドは、円形のRNAに適用されています。現在、少なくとも12個のミニジーン・バックボーンが文献に記載されており、表1に要約されている。tRNAベースの発現系21,22を除き、それらはすべてポリメラーゼIIプロモーターに依存する。ここでは、円形RNAの生成に関与するシスおよびトランス作用因子を決定するヒトレポーターミニ遺伝子を生成する方法について述べる。公開されたレポーター遺伝子23の配列を用いた方法の概要を図1に示す。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>(PEI) Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>24765-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Builder tool</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="https://nebuilder.neb.com/#!/" target="_blank">https://nebuilder.neb.com/#!/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark Reader Transilluminator.</td>
			<td>Clare Chemical Research</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzymatic DNA assembly kit</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E2621S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel and PCR cleanup kit</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A9282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glyco Blue</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AM9516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pcDNA3.1 cloning site</td>
			<td>Polycloning site</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/LSG/manuals/pcdna3_1_man.pdf" target="_blank">https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/LSG/manuals/pcdna3_1_man.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymerase 1</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0491L</td>
			<td>Q5 DNA polymerase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymerase 2</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>1725310</td>
			<td>Long range polymerase (NEB), iproof (BioRad)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymerase 2</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>206402</td>
			<td>Qiagen long range polymerase kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>18080044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12183025</td>
			<td>Ambion by Life Technologies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse R</td>
			<td>Lucigen</td>
			<td>RNR07250</td>
			<td>Epicenter/Lucigen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stable competent cells</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>C3040H</td>
			<td>NEB stable cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard cloning bacteria</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>C2988J</td>
			<td>NEB5-alpha competent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Web tool to design primers</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="https://nebuilder.neb.com/#!/" target="_blank">https://nebuilder.neb.com/#!/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Web-based temperature calculations</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="https://tmcalculator.neb.com/#!/main" target="_blank">https://tmcalculator.neb.com/#!/main</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of alu element containing minigenes to analyze circular rnas

線形mRNAに加えて、多くの真核生物遺伝子は円形RNAを生成する。ほとんどの円形RNAは、5'スプライスサイトをmRNA前mRNA内の上流3'スプライスサイトと結合することによって生成されます。この循環は、スプライス部位を近接するmRNA前の二次構造によって助けとなる可能性が高い。ヒト遺伝子では、Alu元素が豊富であり、mRNA前に反対方向に存在する場合に塩基相補性を示すため、Alu元素はこれらの二次RNA構造を促進すると考えられている。ここでは、円形RNAを形成するレポーター遺伝子を含む大きなAlu要素の生成と解析について述べる。クローニングプロトコルの最適化により、最大20kbの挿入長を持つレポーター遺伝子を生成できます。共同トランスフェクション実験での分析により、調節因子の同定が可能になります。これにより、この方法は、円形RNA形成に関与するRNA配列および細胞成分を同定することができる。

レポーター遺伝子は、円形RNA形成に影響を与える調節因子の決定を可能にする。しかし、これらのレポーター遺伝子は大きく、DNA構築を不安定にすることが多い反復的な要素を含んでいます。大きなサイズのため、エキソンを含むゲノム部分と小さな横向きのイントロニック部品を増幅することによって達成されるイントロンの一部を削除することがしばしば必要です。これらのDNA片は酵素?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs at JoVE.com

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

円形RNAを生成するレポーター遺伝子のクローン化と解析を行います。これらのレポーター遺伝子は、線形スプライシングを解析する構築物よりも大きく、Alu要素を含んでいます。円形RNAを調べるため、細胞にトランスフェクトされ、リニアRNAを除去した後にRT-PCRを用いてRNAを解析します。

円形RNA解析に対する小遺伝子を含むAlu要素の使用

In addition to linear mRNAs, many eukaryotic genes generate circular RNAs. Most circular RNAs are generated by joining a 5&#39; splice site with an ...

このプロトコルは、ユーザーが代替スプライシングを受けることができるゲノム発現システムを生成することを可能にし、この場合、その機能および疾患関連についてテストすることができる円形のRNAを形成するので、重要である。この技術の主な利点は、円形RNA形成および機能における代替スプライシングを研究する際に、他の人がこのプロトコルを分子生物学およびクローニングに使用する道を開くということです。このテクニックを初めて試してみる人に対する私のアドバイスは、PCR条件を最適化することです。勾配を実行するか、異なるアニーリング温度と延長時間でタッチダウン PCR を実行します。通常、6 KB 以上の長いフラグメントは、サイクルごとに 1 KB を拡張し、最適な増幅のために異なるアニーリング温度をテストする必要があります。この方法のデモンストレーションは、ユーザーに、特にプライマーの生成の手順のより困難な側面のより良い視覚的表現を与えるので、重要です。この手順を開始するには、UCSCゲノムブラウザをロードし、円形RNA形成に必要な反復要素を同定し、それらを構築物に組み込みます。重要なことに、増幅用のプライマーは反復要素の外側にある必要があります。円形RNA配列をヒトBLAT探索に貼り付け、適切な生物を選択します。シーケンスを送信し、ブラウザビューに移動し、1.5タイマーまたは適切なズームアウトします。次に、繰り返し要素の上にマウスを移動し、フローティング ウィンドウでサブタイプを識別します。Alu 要素は、ラインの中にあります。誤った画像が得られた場合にブラウザをリセットするには、ウィンドウの下にあるデフォルトのトラックボタンを使用します。まず、USCSゲノムブラウザの一番上の行にあるDNAを見て、ウィンドウに示されているDNA配列をダウンロードします。シーケンスの書式設定オプションで、拡張ケース/カラーオプションを選択します。デフォルトケースを低い値として選択し、NCBI RefSeq のトグルケースを選択します。リピートMaskerで下線と太字と斜体を選択します。[送信] をクリックします。大文字としてエキソン、小文字としてイントロンがあります。エキソン/イントロンの境界線を確認してください。ブラウザが逆補数を表示する場合は、正しいエキソン/イントロンの境界線が表示されるまで戻って、逆の補数ボックスを選択します。次に、正しい向きのファイルをワープロドキュメントにコピーし、エキソンをハイライト表示します。増幅する断片を選択して、イントロンが繰り返しの領域で始まらないようにし、これらの領域のプライマーが特定の配列を増幅しないようにします。まず、Web ツールを使用して、クローニング用のプライマーを設計します。ベクター配列については、挿入部位を最後のヌクレオチドとして追加し、その後にフラグメントを追加する。ベクトルの番号付けは特定の挿入部位から始まらないため、ベクトル内の挿入部位が位置し、下流の部分が上流のシーケンスの前に配置されます。融点が摂氏4度を超え、増幅に働かない場合はプライマーを調整します。本研究では、円形RNAを生成するレポーター遺伝子をクローニングして解析する。最適化 PCR 産物は、1X ゲル グリーンを含む 1%アガロースゲル上で分離されます。個々のバンドは、酵素DNAアセンブリで使用されるPCR産物を表します。これらのバンドは、その後、ゲルから切り取られ、精製されます。精製PCR製品はゲルグリーンで期待されるサイズに合わないため、1%アガロースゲルで分離され、その後エチジウム臭化物で染色され、製品のサイズが正しいことを確認します。まず、酵素DNAアセンブリキットをセットします。ベクトルと挿入物を 1 ~ 2 のモル比で結合します。次に、10マイクロリットルのDNAアセンブリマスターミックスを加えます。50度で60分間サンプルをインキュベートします。インキュベーション中に氷上の有能な細胞を解凍します。細胞は50マイクロリットルの体積でなければなりません。次に、総組立反応で有能な細胞を変換します。冷却された組み立て製品の2マイクロリットルを有能な細胞に加えます。チューブを4~5回軽くフリックして混ぜます。渦を出さないで下ろしてください。氷の上に30分間置きます。42°Cで30秒間加熱衝撃を与えます。その後、2分間氷の上に戻します。この後、950マイクロリットルの室温SOC培地をチューブに加えます。300 RPMで振りながら摂氏37度で60分間インキュベートします。このインキュベーションの間に、適切な抗生物質を含む2つの選択プレートを温める。インキュベーションに続いて、反応管を10,000gで30秒間遠心分離し、細胞をペレット化し、一方の選択プレート上の細胞の25%をプレートアウトし、もう1つの選択プレートに75%をプレートアウトする。これらのプレートを摂氏37度で一晩インキュベートします。トランスフェクションを開始する前に、制限ダイジェストによってDNAを確認してください。ここで、エキソン9〜12を含む代表的なタウミニジーンは、主要な組換えを排除することを示す制限酵素で切断される。トランスフェクションの場合、まず、pH2で1ミリリットル当たり1ミリグラムの濃度で、直線状ポリエチレン塩酸塩を水中に溶解します。水酸化ナトリウムを使用してpHを7個まで持ち込み、0.22マイクロメートルのフィルターで溶液を無菌フィルターにします。使用できる状態になるまで、摂氏4度で溶液を保管してください。その後、細胞を6ウェルプレートのウェルに分割し、10%FBSを含むDMEM培地で一晩成長させます。翌日、報告された遺伝子の1マイクログラムを無菌チューブにアリコートし、150ミリモル塩化ナトリウムを濾過した無菌の200マイクロリットルを加える。渦を混ぜます。次に、この混合物にポリエチレンアミン溶液を、DNAのマイクログラム1グラムにつき3マイクロリットルのポリエチレンイミンの割合で添加する。チューブの底部にサンプルを収集するために簡単に遠心分離機。室温で10分間インキュベートします。その後、HEK293細胞に直接追加します。5%の二酸化炭素で摂氏37度で一晩細胞をインキュベートします。翌日、RNA分離キットを使用して、RT-PCR用のRNAを分離します。ヒト脳組織由来の2つのサンプルからcDNAを、タウエキソン1210を逆に回る円形RNAプライマーで増幅し、タウエキソン1211を前方に回る。タウ円形RNAに対応する予想バンドが見られるが、他の強いバンドはヒトゲノムと一致しなかったアーティファクトである。この実験は同一のPCR条件で繰り返されるが、逆転写は、サークタウエキソン1210逆プライマーでのみ行われた。シーケンシングによって、期待されるバンドのみが増幅され、検証されます。RNAは、リニアRNAを除去するRNase Rで処理されます。円形RNAは処理後に検出可能であるのに対し、リニアRNAはもはや検出可能なシグナルを与えなくなる。RNAはトランスフェクション後24時間に単離され、RT-PCRによって分析されます。直線的なタウmRNAの増幅は、エキソン10の代替スプライシングによる2つのバンドを示す。それらの比率は、スプライシング因子の過剰発現に変化する。円形1210タウRNAの増幅は、特にCdc2様キナーゼCLK2およびSRタンパク質9G8の発現に対するタウ・サークRNA発現の依存性を示す。この手順を試みる際に覚えておくべきことは、ミニジーンを構築する際のプライマーの設計と位置です。プライマーは繰り返し要素に存在してはならないため、増幅される断片に応じて異なる条件下で最適化する必要があります。この手順に従って、実行できる他の方法は、循環RNAの機能をテストすることです。ユーザーは、タンパク質の翻訳または隔離をテストして、ユーザーが興味を持っている特定の円形RNAの機能を同定することができます。この技術は、ユーザーがテストし、その機能を識別し、いくつかの側面で病気に関連する円形のRNAを発現することができるミニジーンシステムでゲノム断片を利用する方法を開いた。この技術の意味合いは、タウオパシー、タウ病に関連する神経変性疾患などの特定の疾患の潜在的な治療法および診断に及ぶ。MAPTとして知られる微小管関連タンパク質タウは、疾患病理に寄与していると考えられる円形RNAを生成し、この方法は、これらの円形RNAを完全に研究し、その機能と疾患との関連を特定することを可能にすることを発見しました。この方法は、円形RNAの理解、その機能、および特定の疾患におけるそれらが果たす役割についての洞察を提供することができる。この方法は、その機能に関する洞察を提供することができる種間の円形RNAを発現する他のミニ遺伝子のクローニングに適用することができる。PCR産物の増幅は、ゲノムDNAから増幅された長い断片と、断片内に複数の反復要素を有する場合に最も困難であることが証明されています。

use-of-alu-element-containing-minigenes-to-analyze-circular-rnas

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs

Combining Wet and Dry Lab Techniques to Guide the Crystallization of Large Coiled-coil Containing Proteins

Obtaining crystals for structure determination can be a difficult and time consuming proposition for any protein. Coiled-coil proteins and domains are found throughout nature, however, because of their physical properties and tendency to aggregate, they are traditionally viewed as being especially difficult to crystallize. Here, we utilize a variety of quick and simple techniques designed to identify a series of possible domain boundaries for a given coiled-coil protein, and then quickly characterize the behavior of these proteins in solution. With the addition of a strongly fluorescent tag (mRuby2), protein characterization is simple and straightforward. The target protein can be readily visualized under normal lighting and can be quantified with the use of an appropriate imager. The goal is to quickly identify candidates that can be removed from the crystallization pipeline because they are unlikely to succeed, affording more time for the best candidates and fewer funds expended on proteins that do not produce crystals. This process can be iterated to incorporate information gained from initial screening efforts, can be adapted for high-throughput expression and purification procedures, and is augmented by robotic screening for crystallization.

We describe a framework incorporating straightforward biochemical and computational analysis to guide the characterization and crystallization of large coiled-coil domains. This framework can be adapted for globular proteins or extended to incorporate a variety of high-throughput techniques.

大コイルドコイル含有タンパク質の結晶化を導くためにウェットとドライラボテクニックを組み合わせます

Obtaining crystals for structure determination can be a difficult and time consuming proposition for any protein. Coiled-coil proteins and domains are ...

生化学

Method to Visualize and Analyze Membrane Interacting Proteins by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Monotopic proteins exert their function when attached to a membrane surface, and such interactions depend on the specific lipid composition and on the availability of enough area to perform the function. Nanodiscs are used to provide a membrane surface of controlled size and lipid content. In the absence of bound extrinsic proteins, sodium phosphotungstate-stained nanodiscs appear as stacks of coins when viewed from the side by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This protocol is therefore designed to intentionally promote stacking; consequently, the prevention of stacking can be interpreted as the binding of the membrane-binding protein to the nanodisc. In a further step, the TEM images of the protein-nanodisc complexes can be processed with standard single-particle methods to yield low-resolution structures as a basis for higher resolution cryoEM work. Furthermore, the nanodiscs provide samples suitable for either TEM or non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. To illustrate the method, Ca2+-induced binding of 5-lipoxygenase on nanodiscs is presented.

Many proteins perform their function when attached to membrane surfaces. The binding of extrinsic proteins on nanodisc membranes can be indirectly imaged by transmission electron microscopy. We show that the characteristic stacking (rouleau) of nanodiscs induced by the negative stain sodium phosphotungstate is prevented by the binding of extrinsic protein.

透過型電子顕微鏡により膜相互作用タンパク質を視覚化し、分析するための方法

Monotopic proteins exert their function when attached to a membrane surface, and such interactions depend on the specific lipid composition and on the ...

Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an essential part of the translational machinery in any organism. tRNAs bind and transfer amino acids to the translating ribosome. The relative levels of different tRNAs, and the ratio of aminoacylated tRNA to total tRNA, known as the charging level, are important factors in determining the accuracy and speed of translation. Therefore, the abundance and charging levels of tRNAs are important variables to measure when studying protein synthesis, for example under various stress conditions. Here, we describe a method for harvesting tRNA and directly measuring both the relative abundance and the absolute charging level of specific tRNA species in Escherichia coli. The tRNA is harvested in such a way that the labile bond between the tRNA and its amino acid is preserved. The RNA is then subjected to gel electrophoresis and Northern blotting, which results in separation of the charged and uncharged tRNAs. The levels of specific tRNAs in different samples can be compared due to the addition of spike-in cells for normalization. Prior to RNA purification, we add 5% of E. coli cells that overproduce the rare tRNAselC to each sample. The amount of the tRNA species of interest in a sample is then normalized to the amount of tRNAselC in the same sample. Addition of spike-in cells prior to RNA purification has the advantage over addition of purified spike-in RNAs that it also accounts for any differences in cell lysis efficiency between samples.

Quantification of the Abundance and Charging Levels of Transfer RNAs in Escherichia coli

Here we present a method for directly measuring transfer RNA charging levels from purified Escherichia coli RNA as well as a way to compare relative levels of transfer RNA, or any other short RNA, across different samples based on the addition of spike-in cells expressing a reference gene.

豊かさと充電転送エシェリヒア属大腸菌の Rna のレベルの定量化

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an essential part of the translational machinery in any organism. tRNAs bind and transfer amino acids to the translating ribosome. ...

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

It has been reported that mitochondria can contain up to 12 enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A majority of these sites include flavin-dependent respiratory complexes and dehydrogenases that produce a mixture of superoxide (O2&#9679;-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Accurate quantification of the ROS-producing potential of individual sites in isolated mitochondria can be challenging due to the presence of antioxidant defense systems&#160;and side reactions that also form O2&#9679;-/H2O2. Use&#160;of nonspecific inhibitors that can disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics can also compromise measurements by altering&#160;ROS release from other sites of production. Here, we present an easy method for the simultaneous measurement of H2O2 release and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) production by purified flavin-linked dehydrogenases. For our purposes here, we have used purified pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and &#945;-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) of porcine heart origin as examples. This method allows for an accurate measure of native H2O2 release rates by individual sites of production by eliminating other potential sources of ROS and antioxidant systems. In addition, this method allows for a direct comparison of the relationship between H2O2 release and enzyme activity and the screening of the effectiveness and selectivity of inhibitors for ROS production. Overall, this approach can allow for the in-depth assessment of native rates of ROS release for individual enzymes prior to conducting more sophisticated experiments with isolated mitochondria or permeabilized muscle fiber.

Mitochondria contain several flavin-dependent enzymes that can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Monitoring ROS release from individual sites in mitochondria is challenging due to unwanted side reactions. We present an easy, inexpensive method for direct assessment of native rates for ROS release using purified flavoenzymes and microplate fluorometry.

活性酸素・過酸化水素とフラビン含有ミトコンドリア脱水素酵素による NADH 生産の同時測定

It has been reported that mitochondria can contain up to 12 enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A majority of these sites include ...

Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. The ability to readily detect the formation of these fibers under various experimental conditions is essential for understanding their potential function. Many methods have been used to detect the fibers, but not without some drawbacks. For example, electron microscopy (EM), or staining with Congo Red or Thioflavin T often requires purification of the fibers. On the other hand, semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis (SDD-AGE) allows detection of the SDS-resistant amyloid-like fibers in the cell extracts without purification. In addition, it allows the comparison of the size difference of the fibers. More importantly, it can be used to identify specific proteins within the fibers by Western blotting. It is less time consuming and more easily accessible to a wider number of labs. SDD-AGE results often show variable degree of heterogeneity. It raises the question whether part of the heterogeneity results from the dissociation of the protein complex during the electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. For this reason, we have employed a second dimension of SDD-AGE to determine if the size heterogeneity seen in SDD-AGE is truly a result of fiber heterogeneity in vivo and not a result of either degradation or dissociation of some of the proteins during electrophoresis. This method allows fast, qualitative confirmation that the amyloid or amyloid-like fibers are not partially dissociating during the SDD-AGE process.

Here we use two-dimensional semi-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the presence of amyloid-like fibers of heterogeneous size and exclude the possibility that the size heterogeneity is due to dissociation of the amyloid fibers during the gel running process.

アミロイドやアミロイドのような繊維のサイズの不均一性を確認するため 2 次元半変化洗剤 Agarose のゲル電気泳動の使用

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. ...

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

With increasing interest in RNA biology and the use of RNA molecules in sophisticated biotechnological applications, the methods to produce large amounts of recombinant RNAs are limited. Here, we describe a protocol to produce large amounts of recombinant RNA in Escherichia coli based on co-expression of a chimeric molecule that contains the RNA of interest in a viroid scaffold and a plant tRNA ligase. Viroids are relatively small, non-coding, highly base-paired circular RNAs that are infectious to higher plants. The host plant tRNA ligase is an enzyme recruited by viroids that belong to the family Avsunviroidae, such as Eggplant latent viroid (ELVd), to mediate RNA circularization during viroid replication. Although ELVd does not replicate in E. coli, an ELVd precursor is efficiently transcribed by the E. coli RNA polymerase and processed by the embedded hammerhead ribozymes in bacterial cells, and the resulting monomers are circularized by the co-expressed tRNA ligase reaching a remarkable concentration. The insertion of an RNA of interest into the ELVd scaffold enables the production of tens of milligrams of the recombinant RNA per liter of bacterial culture in regular laboratory conditions. A main fraction of the RNA product is circular, a feature that facilitates the purification of the recombinant RNA to virtual homogeneity. In this protocol, a complementary DNA (cDNA) corresponding to the RNA of interest is inserted in a particular position of the ELVd cDNA in an expression plasmid that is used, along the plasmid to co-express eggplant tRNA ligase, to transform E. coli. Co-expression of both molecules under the control of strong constitutive promoters leads to production of large amounts of the recombinant RNA. The recombinant RNA can be extracted from the bacterial cells and separated from the bulk of bacterial RNAs taking advantage of its circularity.

Large-scale Production of Recombinant RNAs on a Circular Scaffold Using a Viroid-derived System in Escherichia coli

Here, we present a protocol to produce large amounts of recombinant RNA in Escherichia coli by co-expressing a chimeric RNA that contains the RNA of interest in a viroid scaffold and a plant tRNA ligase. The main product is a circular molecule that facilitates purification to homogeneity.

エシェリヒア属大腸菌のウイロイド派生システムを使用して円形の足場に組換え Rna の大量生産

With increasing interest in RNA biology and the use of RNA molecules in sophisticated biotechnological applications, the methods to produce large amounts ...

Expression, Purification, Crystallization, and Enzyme Assays of Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Domain-Containing Proteins

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) domain-containing proteins (FAHD) are identified members of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes. Enzymes of this superfamily generally display multi-functionality, involving mainly hydrolase and decarboxylase mechanisms. This article presents a series of consecutive methods for the expression and purification of FAHD proteins, mainly FAHD protein 1 (FAHD1) orthologues among species (human, mouse, nematodes, plants, etc.). Covered methods are protein expression in E. coli, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, preparative and analytical gel filtration, crystallization, X-ray diffraction, and photometric assays. Concentrated protein of high levels of purity (&#62;98%) may be employed for crystallization or antibody production. Proteins of similar or lower quality may be employed in enzyme assays or used as antigens in detection systems (Western-Blot, ELISA). In the discussion of this work, the identified enzymatic mechanisms of FAHD1 are outlined to describe its hydrolase and decarboxylase bi-functionality in more detail.

Expression and purification of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain-containing proteins is described with examples (expression in E. coli, FPLC). Purified proteins are used for crystallization and antibody production and employed for enzyme assays. Selected photometric assays are presented to display the multi-functionality of FAHD1 as oxaloacetate decarboxylase and acylpyruvate hydrolase.

フマリアルセトーアセテートヒドロラーゼドメイン含有タンパク質の発現、精製、結晶化、酵素アッセイ

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) domain-containing proteins (FAHD) are identified members of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes. Enzymes of this ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane trafficking, signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling. Classic tools for measuring such interactions include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). While powerful tools, these approaches have setbacks. ITC requires large amounts of purified protein as well as lipids, which can be costly and difficult to produce. Furthermore, ITC as well as SPR are very time consuming, which could add significantly to the cost of performing these experiments. One way to bypass these restrictions is to use the relatively new technique of microscale thermophoresis (MST). MST is fast and cost effective using small amounts of sample to obtain a saturation curve for a given binding event. There currently are two types of MST systems available. One type of MST requires labeling with a fluorophore in the blue or red spectrum. The second system relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in the UV range. Both systems detect the movement of molecules in response to localized induction of heat from an infrared laser. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Label-free MST can use untagged native proteins; however, many analytes, including pharmaceuticals, fluoresce in the UV range, which can interfere with determination of accurate KD values. In comparison, labeled MST allows for a greater diversity of measurable pairwise interactions utilizing fluorescently labeled probes attached to ligands with measurable absorbances in the visible range as opposed to UV, limiting the potential for interfering signals from analytes.

Microscale thermophoresis obtains binding constants quickly at low material cost. Either labeled or label free microscale thermophoresis is commercially available; however, label free thermophoresis is not capable of the diversity of interaction measurements that can be performed using fluorescent labels. We provide a protocol for labeled thermophoresis measurements.

タンパク質-脂質相互作用を測定するためのマイクロスケール熱泳動の使用

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane ...

Ready-To-Use qPCR for Detection of DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi or Other Pathogenic Organisms

Real-time PCR (qPCR) is a remarkably sensitive and precise technique&#160;that allows for amplifying&#160;minute amounts of nucleic acid targets from a multitude of samples. It has been extensively used in many research areas and achieved industrial application in fields such as human diagnostics and trait selection in crops of genetically modified organisms (GMO) crops. However, qPCR is not an error-proof technique. Mixing all reagents into a single master mix subsequently distributed onto 96 wells of a regular qPCR plate might lead to operator mistakes such as incorrect mixing of reagents or inaccurate dispensing into the wells. Here, a technique called gelification is presented, whereby most of the water present in the master mix is substituted by reagents that form a sol-gel mixture when submitted to a vacuum. As a result, qPCR reagents are effectively preserved for a few weeks at room temperature or a few months at 2-8 oC. Details of preparing each solution are shown here along with the expected aspect of a gelified reaction designed to detect&#160;T. cruzi satellite DNA (satDNA). A similar procedure can be applied to detect other organisms. Starting a gelified qPCR run is as simple as removing the plate from the refrigerator, adding the samples to their respective wells, and starting the run, thus decreasing the setup time of a full-plate reaction to the time it takes to load the samples. Additionally, gelified PCR reactions can be produced and controlled for quality in batches, saving time and avoiding common operator mistakes while running routine PCR reactions.

Ready-To-Use qPCR for Detection of DNA from Trypanosoma cruzi or Other Pathogenic Organisms

The present work describes the steps for producing ready-to-use qPCR for T. cruzi DNA detection that can be pre-loaded on the reaction vessel and stored in the refrigerator for several months.

トリパノソーマ・クルジまたは他の病原性生物由来のDNAを検出するためのすぐに使用できるqPCR

Real-time PCR (qPCR) is a remarkably sensitive and precise technique&#160;that allows for amplifying&#160;minute amounts of nucleic acid targets from a ...

Formulation and Characterization of Bioactive Agent Containing Nanodisks

The term nanodisk refers to a discrete type of nanoparticle comprised of a bilayer forming lipid, a scaffold protein, and an integrated bioactive agent. Nanodisks are organized as a disk-shaped lipid bilayer whose perimeter is circumscribed by the scaffold protein, usually a member of the exchangeable apolipoprotein family. Numerous hydrophobic bioactive agents have been efficiently solubilized in nanodisks by their integration into the hydrophobic milieu of the particle&#39;s lipid bilayer, yielding a largely homogenous population of particles in the range of 10-20 nm in diameter. The formulation of nanodisks requires a precise ratio of individual components, an appropriate sequential addition of each component, followed by bath sonication of the formulation mixture. The amphipathic scaffold protein spontaneously contacts and reorganizes the dispersed bilayer forming lipid/bioactive agent mixture to form a discrete, homogeneous population of nanodisk&#160;particles. During this process, the reaction mixture transitions from an opaque, turbid appearance to a clarified sample that, when fully optimized, yields no precipitate upon centrifugation. Characterization studies involve the determination of bioactive agent solubilization efficiency, electron microscopy, gel filtration chromatography, ultraviolet visible (UV/Vis) absorbance spectroscopy, and/or fluorescence spectroscopy. This is normally followed by an investigation of biological activity using cultured cells or mice. In the case of nanodisks harboring an antibiotic (i.e., the macrolide polyene antibiotic amphotericin B), their ability to inhibit the growth of yeast or fungi as a function of concentration or time can be measured. The relative ease of formulation, versatility with respect to component parts, nanoscale particle size, inherent stability, and aqueous solubility permits myriad in vitro and in vivo applications of nanodisk technology. In the present article, we describe a general methodology to formulate and characterize nanodisks containing amphotericin&#160;B as the hydrophobic bioactive agent.

Here, we describe the production and characterization of bioactive agents containing nanodisks. Amphotericin B nanodisks are taken as an example to describe the protocol in a stepwise manner.

ナノディスクを含む生理活性物質の製剤化とキャラクタリゼーション

The term nanodisk refers to a discrete type of nanoparticle comprised of a bilayer forming lipid, a scaffold protein, and an integrated bioactive agent. ...