Name: isolation, transfection, and culture of primary human monocytes
Uploaded: 2019-12-16T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes at JoVE.com

Les auteurs aimeraient remercier le noyau de biorepository clinique/tumoral du VIH d'avoir fourni des échantillons de patients et le noyau de métabolisme d'immunologie cellulaire pour fournir l'analyse de cytométrie de flux. Ce projet a été financé par NIH P20GM121288 et P30GM114732.

Toutes les méthodes décrites ci-dessous ont été approuvées par le Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Institutional Review Board. Tout le sang a été recueilli après avoir obtenu le consentement éclairé.
REMARQUE : L'ensemble de la procédure est effectué dans des conditions stériles dans une installation de biosécurité de niveau 2 (BSL2) afin que la prudence soit utilisée pour manipuler les matériaux biologiques. En particulier, chaque étape est effec...

<ol>
	<li>Slim, J., Saling, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+of+Management+of+Inflammation+in+the+HIV+Population.">A Review of Management of Inflammation in the HIV Population.</a> Biomedical Research International. 2016, 3420638 (2016).</li><li>Herskovitz, J., Gendelman, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+and+the+Macrophage:+From+Cell+Reservoirs+to+Drug+Delivery+to+Viral+Eradication.">HIV and the Macrophage: From Cell Reservoirs to Drug Delivery to Viral Eradication.</a> Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 14 (1), 52-67 (2019).</li><li>Machado Andrade, V., Stevenson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+and+Viral+Factors+Influencing+Interplay+between+the+Macrophage+and+HIV-1.">Host and Viral Factors Influencing Interplay between the Macrophage and HIV-1.</a> Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology. 14 (1), 33-43 (2019).</li><li>Merino, K. M., Allers, C., Didier, E. S., Kuroda, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Monocyte/Macrophages+during+HIV/SIV+Infection+in+Adult+and+Pediatric+Acquired+Immune+Deficiency+Syndrome.">Role of Monocyte/Macrophages during HIV/SIV Infection in Adult and Pediatric Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 8, 1693 (2017).</li><li>Wacleche, V. S., Tremblay, C. L., Routy, J. P., Ancuta, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Biology+of+Monocytes+and+Dendritic+Cells:+Contribution+to+HIV+Pathogenesis.">The Biology of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells: Contribution to HIV Pathogenesis.</a> Viruses. 10 (2), (2018).</li><li>Davis, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+M1/M2+polarization+dynamically+adapts+to+changes+in+cytokine+microenvironments+in+Cryptococcus+neoformans+infection.">Macrophage M1/M2 polarization dynamically adapts to changes in cytokine microenvironments in Cryptococcus neoformans infection.</a> MBio. 4 (3), e00264 (2013).</li><li>Raggi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+Human+Macrophage+M1-M2+Polarization+Balance+by+Hypoxia+and+the+Triggering+Receptor+Expressed+on+Myeloid+Cells-1.">Regulation of Human Macrophage M1-M2 Polarization Balance by Hypoxia and the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 8, 1097 (2017).</li><li>Van Overmeire, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M-CSF+and+GM-CSF+Receptor+Signaling+Differentially+Regulate+Monocyte+Maturation+and+Macrophage+Polarization+in+the+Tumor+Microenvironment.">M-CSF and GM-CSF Receptor Signaling Differentially Regulate Monocyte Maturation and Macrophage Polarization in the Tumor Microenvironment.</a> Cancer Research. 76 (1), 35-42 (2016).</li><li>Vogel, D. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+macrophage+polarization+in+vitro:+maturation+and+activation+methods+compared.">Human macrophage polarization in vitro: maturation and activation methods compared.</a> Immunobiology. 219 (9), 695-703 (2014).</li><li>Almeida, M., Cordero, M., Almeida, J., Orfao, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+subsets+of+peripheral+blood+dendritic+cells+show+distinct+phenotypic+and+functional+abnormalities+in+HIV-1+infection.">Different subsets of peripheral blood dendritic cells show distinct phenotypic and functional abnormalities in HIV-1 infection.</a> AIDS. 19 (3), 261-271 (2005).</li><li>Ciesek, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+TRAIL-dependent+cytotoxicity+of+CD1c-positive+dendritic+cells+in+chronic+hepatitis+C+virus+infection.">Impaired TRAIL-dependent cytotoxicity of CD1c-positive dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.</a> Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 15 (3), 200-211 (2008).</li><li>Granelli-Piperno, A., Golebiowska, A., Trumpfheller, C., Siegal, F. P., Steinman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1-infected+monocyte-derived+dendritic+cells+do+not+undergo+maturation+but+can+elicit+IL-10+production+and+T+cell+regulation.">HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells do not undergo maturation but can elicit IL-10 production and T cell regulation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (20), 7669-7674 (2004).</li><li>Hearps, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+infection+induces+age-related+changes+to+monocytes+and+innate+immune+activation+in+young+men+that+persist+despite+combination+antiretroviral+therapy.">HIV infection induces age-related changes to monocytes and innate immune activation in young men that persist despite combination antiretroviral therapy.</a> AIDS. 26 (7), 843-853 (2012).</li><li>Heggelund, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+toll-like+receptor+2+in+mononuclear+cells+from+HIV-infected+patients+induces+chemokine+responses:+possible+pathogenic+consequences.">Stimulation of toll-like receptor 2 in mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients induces chemokine responses: possible pathogenic consequences.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 138 (1), 116-121 (2004).</li><li>Hernandez, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Up-regulation+of+TLR2+and+TLR4+in+dendritic+cells+in+response+to+HIV+type+1+and+coinfection+with+opportunistic+pathogens.">Up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in dendritic cells in response to HIV type 1 and coinfection with opportunistic pathogens.</a> AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 27 (10), 1099-1109 (2011).</li><li>Hernandez, J. C., Latz, E., Urcuqui-Inchima, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+induces+the+first+signal+to+activate+the+NLRP3+inflammasome+in+monocyte-derived+macrophages.">HIV-1 induces the first signal to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in monocyte-derived macrophages.</a> Intervirology. 57 (1), 36-42 (2014).</li><li>Low, H. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TLR8+regulation+of+LILRA3+in+monocytes+is+abrogated+in+human+immunodeficiency+virus+infection+and+correlates+to+CD4+counts+and+virus+loads.">TLR8 regulation of LILRA3 in monocytes is abrogated in human immunodeficiency virus infection and correlates to CD4 counts and virus loads.</a> Retrovirology. 13, 15 (2016).</li><li>Sachdeva, M., Sharma, A., Arora, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+Impairment+of+Myeloid+Dendritic+Cells+during+Advanced+Stage+of+HIV-1+Infection:+Role+of+Factors+Regulating+Cytokine+Signaling.">Functional Impairment of Myeloid Dendritic Cells during Advanced Stage of HIV-1 Infection: Role of Factors Regulating Cytokine Signaling.</a> PLoS ONE. 10 (10), e0140852 (2015).</li><li>Sachdeva, M., Sharma, A., Arora, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+expression+of+negative+regulators+of+cytokine+signaling+during+chronic+HIV+disease+cause+functionally+exhausted+state+of+dendritic+cells.">Increased expression of negative regulators of cytokine signaling during chronic HIV disease cause functionally exhausted state of dendritic cells.</a> Cytokine. 91, 118-123 (2017).</li><li>Bartel, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs:+genomics,+biogenesis,+mechanism,+and+function.">MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function.</a> Cell. 116 (2), 281-297 (2004).</li><li>Li, H., Jiang, T., Li, M. Q., Zheng, X. L., Zhao, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+Regulation+of+Macrophages+Polarization+by+MicroRNAs.">Transcriptional Regulation of Macrophages Polarization by MicroRNAs.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 9, 1175 (2018).</li><li>Hu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-Wide+Analyses+of+MicroRNA+Profiling+in+Interleukin-27+Treated+Monocyte-Derived+Human+Dendritic+Cells+Using+Deep+Sequencing:+A+Pilot+Study.">Genome-Wide Analyses of MicroRNA Profiling in Interleukin-27 Treated Monocyte-Derived Human Dendritic Cells Using Deep Sequencing: A Pilot Study.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (5), (2017).</li><li>Huang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+miR-126-5p+Enhances+the+Inflammatory+Responses+of+Monocytes+to+Lipopolysaccharide+Stimulation+by+Suppressing+Cylindromatosis+in+Chronic+HIV-1+Infection.">MicroRNA miR-126-5p Enhances the Inflammatory Responses of Monocytes to Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation by Suppressing Cylindromatosis in Chronic HIV-1 Infection.</a> Journal of Virology. 91 (10), (2017).</li><li>Lodge, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+MicroRNAs-221+and+-222+Inhibit+HIV-1+Entry+in+Macrophages+by+Targeting+the+CD4+Viral+Receptor.">Host MicroRNAs-221 and -222 Inhibit HIV-1 Entry in Macrophages by Targeting the CD4 Viral Receptor.</a> Cell Reports. 21 (1), 141-153 (2017).</li><li>Ma, L., Shen, C. J., Cohen, E. A., Xiong, S. D., Wang, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miRNA-1236+inhibits+HIV-1+infection+of+monocytes+by+repressing+translation+of+cellular+factor+VprBP.">miRNA-1236 inhibits HIV-1 infection of monocytes by repressing translation of cellular factor VprBP.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (6), e99535 (2014).</li><li>Riess, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferons+Induce+Expression+of+SAMHD1+in+Monocytes+through+Down-regulation+of+miR-181a+and+miR-30a.">Interferons Induce Expression of SAMHD1 in Monocytes through Down-regulation of miR-181a and miR-30a.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 292 (1), 264-277 (2017).</li><li>Buchacher, T., Ohradanova-Repic, A., Stockinger, H., Fischer, M. B., Weber, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M2+Polarization+of+Human+Macrophages+Favors+Survival+of+the+Intracellular+Pathogen+Chlamydia+pneumoniae.">M2 Polarization of Human Macrophages Favors Survival of the Intracellular Pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae.</a> PLoS ONE. 10 (11), e0143593 (2015).</li><li>Jaguin, M., Houlbert, N., Fardel, O., Lecureur, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarization+profiles+of+human+M-CSF-generated+macrophages+and+comparison+of+M1-markers+in+classically+activated+macrophages+from+GM-CSF+and+M-CSF+origin.">Polarization profiles of human M-CSF-generated macrophages and comparison of M1-markers in classically activated macrophages from GM-CSF and M-CSF origin.</a> Cellular Immunology. 281 (1), 51-61 (2013).</li><li>Lacey, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+GM-CSF-+and+macrophage-CSF-dependent+macrophage+responses+by+in+vitro+models.">Defining GM-CSF- and macrophage-CSF-dependent macrophage responses by in vitro models.</a> Journal of Immunology. 188 (11), 5752-5765 (2012).</li><li>Tarique, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic,+functional,+and+plasticity+features+of+classical+and+alternatively+activated+human+macrophages.">Phenotypic, functional, and plasticity features of classical and alternatively activated human macrophages.</a> American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 53 (5), 676-688 (2015).</li></ol>

Le protocole présenté démontre l'utilisation de cellules primaires de sujets infectés par le VIH comme modèle pour l'étude des monocytes et des macrophages. Les patients atteints de VIHet de coart vivent avec une infection pendant plusieurs années et peuvent également avoir d'autres co-infections liées à un système immunitaire compromis. Pour étudier l'immunomodulation en présence d'une infection chronique par le VIH, des cellules ont été prélevées directement sur des patients. Comme il a ét?...

L'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine 1 (VIH-1) provoque un dysfonctionnement immunitaire grave, qui peut entraîner des infections opportunistes et le syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (sida). Bien que les patients infectés par le VIH qui subissent une multithérapie soient caractérisés par de faibles charges virales et des numérations normales de CD4et de lymphocytes T, le fonctionnement du système immunitaire peut être compromis chez ces personnes, ce qui entraîne une réponse immunitaire dysfonctionnelle qui a été associée à un risque accru de développer un cancer1. Les mécanismes de dysfonctionnement immunitaire chez les patients séropositifs sous la cothérapie demeurent largement inconnus. Par conséquent, caractériser les cellules immunitaires d'origine du patient et étudier leur biologie et leur fonction est un élément essentiel de la recherche actuelle sur le VIH.
Les monocytes et les macrophages sont des régulateurs clés des réponses immunitaires et jouent un rôle fondamental dans l'infection par le VIH2,3,4,5. Hétérogènes et plastiques de nature, les macrophages peuvent être largement classés en activéclassiquement (M1) ou alternativement activés (M2). Bien que cette classification générale soit nécessaire lors de la mise en place de conditions expérimentales, le statut de polarisation des macrophages peut être inversé par une variété de cytokines6,7,8,9. Bien que plusieurs études aient étudié les effets de l'infection par le VIH sur les monocytes et les cellules dendritiques, les détails moléculaires des réponses monocytes-négociées sont en grande partie inconnus6,7,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19. Parmi les facteurs impliqués dans la régulation et la fonction des cellules immunitaires, il a été démontré que les microARN (miARN) courts et non codants qui régulent l'expression des gènes après la transcription, jouent un rôle important dans le contexte des principales voies cellulaires (c.-à-d. la croissance, la différenciation, le développement et l'apoptose)20. Ces molécules ont été décrites comme d'importants régulateurs de facteurs de transcription essentiels pour dicter la polarisation fonctionnelle des macrophages21. Le rôle potentiel des miARN dans les monocytes des personnes infectées par le VIH subissant une multithérapie a été étudié, mais les progrès dans le domaine exigent beaucoup plus de travail22,23,24,25,26. Cet article traite d'une méthode optimisée pour transfect miRNAs et siRNAs dans les monocytes humains primaires des patients et des contrôles HIV-infectés.
Ce protocole repose sur des réactifs et des kits disponibles dans le commerce, car la continuité de la procédure technique permet d'éliminer les variables expérimentales inutiles lorsqu'on travaille avec des échantillons cliniques. Néanmoins, la méthode fournit des conseils importants (c.-à-d., le nombre de cellules plaquées ou une brève incubation avec des médias sans sérum pour favoriser l'adhérence des cellules à la plaque). En outre, les conditions de polarisation utilisées dans ce protocole sont dérivées de l'ouvrage publié27,28,29.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5M EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9260G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer Plastic Blood Collection Tubes with K2EDTA</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>366643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Stain Buffer</td>
			<td>BD Horizon</td>
			<td>563794</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD14 PerCP</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>46-0149-42</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry- conjugated antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD163 BV711</td>
			<td>BD Horizon</td>
			<td>563889</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry- conjugated antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD209 BV421</td>
			<td>BD Horizon</td>
			<td>564127</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry- conjugated antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD80 FITC</td>
			<td>BD Horizon</td>
			<td>557226</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry- conjugated antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD83 APC</td>
			<td>BD Horizon</td>
			<td>551073</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry- conjugated antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Easy 50 EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>18002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Easy Sep Direct Human Monocyte Isolation Kit</td>
			<td>StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td>19669</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EIF4EBP1 mAb</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9644</td>
			<td>Monoclonal antibody for Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EIF4EBP1 siRNA</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-29594</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovin Serum Defined Heat Inactivated</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070.03HI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gallios Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B43618</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH mAb</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-47724</td>
			<td>Monoclonal antibody for Western blot</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HuFcR Binding Inhibitor</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>14-9161-73</td>
			<td>Flow cytometry- blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kaluza Analysis Software</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B16406</td>
			<td>Software to analyze flow cytometry data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O55:B5</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L4524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>miRCURY LNA microRNA Mimic hsa-miR-146a-5p</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>YM00472124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MISSION miRNA Negative Control</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>HMC0002</td>
			<td>Scrambled miRNA conjugated with a near infrared dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunc 35mm Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>150318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>20012027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human GM-CSF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>215-GM-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human IFN-&#947;</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>285-IF-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human IL-4</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>204-IL-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human M-CSF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>216-MC-025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 with L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10040CVMP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scrambled Control siRNA</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-37007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viromer Blue Transfection Reagent Kit</td>
			<td>Lipocalyx</td>
			<td>VB-01LB-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WST-1 Cell Proliferation Reagent</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>5015944001</td>
			<td>Colorimetric assay to assess cell viability</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, transfection, and culture of primary human monocytes

Le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) demeure un problème de santé majeur malgré l'introduction d'un traitement antirétroviral combiné (coART) au milieu des années 1990. Bien que la thérapie antirétrovirale abaisse efficacement la charge virale systémique et rétablisse le nombre normal de cD4et de lymphocytes T, elle ne reconstitue pas un système immunitaire complètement fonctionnel. Un système immunitaire dysfonctionnel chez les personnes infectées par le VIH subissant une multithérapie peut être caractérisé par une activation immunitaire, un vieillissement précoce des cellules immunitaires ou une inflammation persistante. Ces conditions, ainsi que les facteurs comorbides associés à l'infection par le VIH, ajoutent de la complexité à la maladie, qui ne peut pas être facilement reproduite dans les modèles cellulaires et animaux. Pour étudier les événements moléculaires sous-jacents au dysfonctionnement immunitaire dans ces patients, un système à la culture et manipuler les monocytes primaires humains in vitro est présenté ici. Plus précisément, le protocole permet la culture et la transfection des monocytes CD14 primaires obtenus auprès de personnes infectées par le VIH qui subissent une multithérapie ainsi que de contrôles séronégatifs. La méthode implique l'isolement, la culture et la transfection des monocytes et des macrophages dérivés de monocytes. Tandis que des kits et des réactifs disponibles dans le commerce sont employés, le protocole fournit des bouts importants et des conditions optimisées pour l'adhérence réussie et la transfection des monocytes avec des imitations et des inhibiteurs de miRNA aussi bien qu'avec des siRNAs.

À l'aide de la procédure décrite, les monocytes humains primaires provenant de personnes infectées par le VIH et de donneurs en bonne santé ont été isolés. Toutes les données présentées ici ont été obtenues à partir desujets séropositifs et soumis à une multithérapie avec des charges virales faibles (lt;20 copies/mL) ou indétectables et des numérations normales de CD4et de lymphocytes T. Immédiatement après l'isolement, les cellules ont été sou...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Présenté ici est un protocole optimisé pour isoler, cultiver, transfecter, et différencier les monocytes primaires humains des individus infectés par le VIH et des contrôles sains.

Isolement, transfection et culture des monocytes humains primaires

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major health concern despite the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the mid-1990s. ...

L’infection par le VIH provoque un dysfonctionnement immunitaire même chez les personnes qui suivent un traitement antirétroviral sans virus détectable. Cette méthode permet l’étude de la fonction monocyte qui sont les régulateurs clés de la réponse immunitaire. Nous avons optimisé cette technique pour l’isolement, la culture et la transfection des monocytes primaires humains.Nous utilisons cette méthode pour comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires du dysfonctionnement immunitaire chez les personnes infectées par le VIH, mais elle peut être appliquée à toute autre étude immunitaire impliquant des monocytes. Si c’est la première fois que vous travaillez avec du sang humain, n’oubliez pas de suivre les protocoles de biosécurité appropriés et de traiter tous les échantillons comme des matériaux potentiellement infectieux. Après avoir recueilli 40 millilitres de sang entier humain frais dans quatre tubes à vide EDTA de 10 millilitres, utilisez une technique stérile pour transférer tout le sang dans un seul tube conique de propylène de 50 millilitres dans une armoire de biosécurité.Suivant les instructions du fabricant à partir d’un kit d’isolation des monocytes humains sélectionnés, ajoutez deux millilitres de cocktail d’isolation monocyte du kit au tube de sang et vortex les perles magnétiques du kit pendant 30 secondes. Ajouter deux millilitres de perles dans le sang et utiliser une pipette sérologique de 25 millilitres pour mélanger soigneusement les perles avec le sang. Après cinq minutes à température ambiante, diviser le sang également entre quatre tubes de 50 millilitres et ajouter 30 millilitres de PBS stérile complété par un millimolaire EDTA à chaque tube.Mélanger à nouveau avec une pipette sérologique en plastique de 25 millilitres et placer les tubes dans des supports magnétiques. Après 10 minutes, utiliser une pipette pour dessiner le contenu à partir du centre de chaque tube en prenant soin de ne pas aspirer plus d’un millilitre de globules rouges et de distribuer le contenu du tube dans l’un des quatre nouveaux tubes de 50 millilitres. Ajouter 500 microlitres supplémentaires des perles magnétiques vortexées à chaque tube et mélanger délicatement la solution cellulaire.Remettre les tubes dans les supports magnétiques pendant cinq minutes avant de transférer soigneusement le contenu du centre de chaque tube dans l’un des quatre nouveaux tubes de 50 millilitres. Lorsque toutes les suspensions cellulaires ont été transférées, placez chaque nouveau tube de 50 millilitres dans les porte-aimants pendant cinq minutes avant de transférer soigneusement le contenu du tube dans un troisième ensemble de quatre nouveaux tubes de 50 millilitres. Puis recueillir les cellules par centrifugation et résuspendre les quatre granulés cellulaires dans un total de 10 millilitres de PBS stérile pour le comptage.Après comptage, resuspendez les monocytes isolés à une fois 10 aux sixièmes cellules par millilitre de 37 degrés Celsius sans sérum RPMI 1640 moyen complété avec des antibiotiques et plaque un millilitre de cellules résuspendues dans des plaques de 35 millimètres dans une armoire de biosécurité. Ensuite, placez les plaques dans l’incubateur de culture cellulaire pendant 30 à 60 minutes pour permettre aux cellules d’adhérer au fond du puits. Pour commencer pour les macrophages avec un phénotype de type M1, ajouter 100 microlitres de sérum bovin fœtal contenant 25 nanogrammes par millilitre de GM-CSF à chaque plaque.Pour prier les macrophages avec un phénotype de type M2, ajoutez 100 microlitres de bovins fœtaux contenant 50 nanogrammes par millilitre de M-CSF à chaque plaque. Pour la transfection monocyte avec des imitations de microARN, inhibiteurs, ou un petit ARN interférant, suivant le protocole du fabricant pour le kit de transfection, diluer les ARN sélectionnés dans le tampon à une concentration finale de 1,83 micromolaire dans 10 microlitres d’imitation diluée ou inhibiteur par transfection d’une fois 10 au volume des cellules cinquième. Pour préparer le réaccente de transfection, ajouter un microlitre du polymère fourni à un tube de microcentrifugeuse de 1,5 millilitre et ajouter immédiatement 90 microlitres du tampon fourni par kit pour obtenir un total de 91 microlitres de réaccente par transfection.Vortex le régent pendant trois à cinq secondes et pipette 90 microlitres de la solution de transfection dans le tube contenant 10 microlitres d’ARN dilué. Après un mélange doux, incuber la solution pendant 15 minutes à température ambiante avant d’ajouter 100 microlitres de teint transfection à un puits de cellules. Après quatre heures à 37 degrés Celsius, remplacer le milieu par trois millilitres de milieu complet contenant le facteur de croissance approprié.Le sixième jour de la culture, remplacer les supernatants de culture des cultures M1 par trois millilitres de milieu complétés par du sérum bovin fœtal, des antibiotiques, du lipopolysaccharide et de l’interféron gamma et remplacer les supernatants des cultures M2 par un sérum bovin fœtal, des antibiotiques, du M-CSF et de l’interleukine-4. Après 24 heures de culture, lavez chaque assiette de macrophages activés deux fois avec du PBS frais par lavage. Pour les analyses d’ARN et de protéines, lyse les cellules attachées directement dans les plaques pour permettre la collecte du contenu cellulaire libéré pour leur analyse.Pour l’analyse cytométrique d’écoulement, détachez les cellules avec deux millimolar EDTA dans PBS pendant 10 minutes à 37 degrés Celsius avant de racler doucement les cellules du fond de plaque pour permettre leur collecte dans des tubes de microcentrifugeuse de 1,5 millilitre pour leur analyse. Ici, des histogrammes représentatifs de cellules de contrôle activées par M1 et de cellules dérivées du patient avec des niveaux accrus de cellules CD80 et CD83 et M2 activées avec des niveaux accrus de CD163 et CD209 par rapport aux cellules T0 non activées sont montrés. Fait intéressant, le CD80 et le CD83 semblaient être plus fortement exprimés dans les cellules dérivées du contrôle que dans les cellules dérivées du VIH.La transfection des monocytes fraîchement rassemblés avec un microARN étiqueté proche infrarouge brouillé a comme conséquence une plus grande efficacité de plus de 90% de transfection telle que déterminée par la cytométrie d’écoulement et la microscopie confocale. En outre, la transfection ne réduit pas significativement la viabilité des cellules dérivées du patient ou de contrôle, quel que soit le stade de maturation cellulaire ou les conditions de transfection. La transfection entraîne une downregulation efficace du gène cible lors de la transfection avec le petit ARN interférant spécifique au premier jour et au quatrième jour après l’isolement.En outre, les cellules transfectées avec l’imitation de microARN démontrent une augmentation de 48 à 72 fois de l’expression de microARN au-dessus des cellules nontransfectées tandis que tous les contrôles de transfection ne montrent aucun changement appréciable. Le nombre de cellules plaquées est essentiel à la survie. Nous recommandons un million de cellules par plat de 35 millimètres.Le placage dans le milieu sérique-libre améliorera également considérablement l’attachement cellulaire. Les cellules obtenues avec cette méthode peuvent être traitées avec des cytokines ou des facteurs de croissance pour étudier les réponses différentielles chez les patients d’intérêt et de contrôles sains.

isolation-transfection-and-culture-of-primary-human-monocytes

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular matrix proteins. The precise spatiotemporal activation of integrins from a low affinity state to a high affinity state at the cell leading edge is important for T lymphocyte migration 1. Likewise, retraction of the cell trailing edge, or uropod, is a necessary step in maintaining persistent integrin-dependent T lymphocyte motility 2. Many therapeutic approaches to autoimmune or inflammatory diseases target integrins as a means to inhibit the excessive recruitment and migration of leukocytes 3. To study the molecular events that regulate human T lymphocyte migration, we have utilized an in vitro system to analyze cell migration on a two-dimensional substrate that mimics the environment that a T lymphocyte encounters during recruitment from the vasculature. T lymphocytes are first isolated from human donors and are then stimulated and cultured for seven to ten days. During the assay, T lymphocytes are allowed to adhere and migrate on a substrate coated with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for integrin LFA-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Our data show that T lymphocytes exhibit a migratory velocity of ~15 &mu;m/min. T lymphocyte migration can be inhibited by integrin blockade 1 or by inhibitors of the cellular actomyosin machinery that regulates cell migration 2.

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

T lymphocyte migration occurs during homing to lymphoid organs, exit from the vasculature, and entering into peripheral tissues. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to analyze T lymphocyte migration in vitro.

Human T isolement des lymphocytes, de la Culture et de l&#39;analyse des migrations In Vitro</em

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

The development of organotypic epithelial raft cultures has provided researchers with an efficient in vitro system that faithfully recapitulates epithelial differentiation. There are many uses for this system. For instance, the ability to grow three-dimensional organotypic raft cultures of keratinocytes has been an important milestone in the study of human papillomavirus (HPV)1. The life cycle of HPV is tightly linked to the differentiation of squamous epithelium2. Organotypic epithelial raft cultures as demonstrated here reproduce the entire papillomavirus life cycle, including virus production3,4,5. In addition, these raft cultures exhibit dysplastic lesions similar to those observed upon in vivo infection with HPV. Hence this system can also be used to study epithelial cell cancers, as well as the effect of drugs on epithelial cell differentiation in general. Originally developed by Asselineau and Prunieras6 and modified by Kopan et al.7, the organotypic epithelial raft culture system has matured into a general, relatively easy culture model, which involves the growth of cells on collagen plugs maintained at an air-liquid interface (Figure 1A). Over the course of 10-14 days, the cells stratify and differentiate, forming a full thickness epithelium that produces differentiation-specific cytokeratins. Harvested rafts can be examined histologically, as well as by standard molecular and biochemical techniques. In this article, we describe a method for the generation of raft cultures from primary human keratinocytes. The same technique can be used with established epithelial cell lines, and can easily be adapted for use with epithelial tissue from normal or diseased biopsies8. Many viruses target either the cutaneous or mucosal epithelium as part of their replicative life cycle. Over the past several years, the feasibility of using organotypic raft cultures as a method of studying virus-host cell interactions has been shown for several herpesviruses, as well as adenoviruses, parvoviruses, and poxviruses9. Organotypic raft cultures can thus be adapted to examine viral pathogenesis, and are the only means to test novel antiviral agents for those viruses that are not cultivable in permanent cell lines.

An in vitro method to mimic in vivo epithelial differentiation is described. Many viruses target epithelial cells as part of their viral life cycle, and this method provides a means of examining virus:host interactions that more closely resembles that which occurs in vivo. This technique can be used with primary keratinocytes, established cell lines, as well as normal or diseased biopsy tissue.

Génération des cultures organotypiques de Raft kératinocytes humains primaires

The development of organotypic epithelial raft cultures has provided researchers with an efficient in vitro system that faithfully recapitulates ...

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

Isolement des monocytes humains par double centrifugation en gradient et leur différenciation en macrophages en téflon de culture cellulaire Sacs

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

La transfection très efficace des droits de THP-1 par les macrophages nucléofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

Isolement et injection intraveineuse de moelle osseuse de souris dérivées monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Human skin has an important barrier function and contains various immune cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis and protection from pathogens. As the skin is relatively easy to access, it provides an ideal platform to study peripheral immune regulatory mechanisms. Immune resident cells in healthy skin conduct immunosurveillance, but also play an important role in the development of inflammatory skin disorders, such as psoriasis. Despite emerging insights, our understanding of the biology underlying various inflammatory skin diseases is still limited. There is a need for good quality (single) cell populations isolated from biopsied skin samples. So far, isolation procedures have been seriously hampered by a lack of obtaining a sufficient number of viable cells. Isolation and subsequent analysis have also been affected by the loss of immune cell lineage markers, due to the mechanical and chemical stress caused by the current dissociation procedures to obtain single cell suspension. Here, we describe a modified method to isolate T cells from both healthy and involved psoriatic human skin by combining mechanical skin dissociation using an automated tissue dissociator and collagenase treatment. This methodology preserves expression of most immune lineage markers such as CD4, CD8, Foxp3 and CD11c upon the preparation of single cell suspensions. Examples of successful CD4+ T cell isolation and subsequent phenotypic and functional analysis are shown.

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

We describe a protocol to efficiently isolate skin resident T cells from human skin biopsies. This protocol yields sufficient numbers of viable human skin resident lymphocytes for flow cytometric analysis and ex vivo culture.

Lymphocytes Isolation de la peau humaine pour Analyse phénotypique et<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Culture cellulaire

Human skin has an important barrier function and contains various immune cells that contribute to tissue homeostasis and protection from pathogens. As the ...

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research investigating immunological responses against A. fumigatus has been limited by the lack of consistent and reliable assays for measuring the antifungal activity of specific immune cells in vitro. A new method is described to assess the antifungal activity of primary monocytes and neutrophils from human donors against A. fumigatus using FLuorescent Aspergillus REporter (FLARE) conidia. These conidia contain a genetically encoded dsRed reporter, which is constitutively expressed by live FLARE conidia, and are externally labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, which is resistant to degradation within the phagolysosome, thus allowing a distinction between live and dead A. fumigatus conidia. Video microscopy and flow cytometry are subsequently used to visualize the interaction between conidia and innate immune cells, assessing fungicidal activity whilst also providing a wealth of information on phagocyte migration, phagocytosis and the inhibition of fungal growth. This novel technique has already provided exciting new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus. It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.
It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Here, we describe a protocol to assess antifungal activity of primary human immune cells in real-time using fluorescent Aspergillus reporter conidia in conjunction with live-cell video microscopy and flow cytometry. Generated data provide insight into host cell-Aspergillus interactions such as fungicidal activity, phagocytosis, cell migration and inhibition of fungal growth.

Imagerie en direct de l&#39;activité par Human Antifongique primaire neutrophiles et des monocytes en réponse à<em&gt; A. fumigatus</em

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research ...

Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro by activating them in the presence of the polarizing cytokines IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF&#946;. Th17 cells orchestrate immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi, but their aberrant activity has also been associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Th17 cells are identified by the chemokine receptor CCR6 and defined by their master transcription factor, ROR&#947;t, and characteristic effector cytokine, IL-17A. Optimized culture conditions for Th17 cell differentiation facilitate mechanistic studies of human T cell biology in a controlled environment. They also provide a setting for studying the importance of specific genes and gene expression programs through RNA interference or the introduction of microRNA (miRNA) mimics or inhibitors. This protocol provides an easy to use, reproducible, and highly efficient method for transient transfection of differentiating primary human Th17 cells with small RNAs using a next generation electroporation device.

Next generation electroporation is an efficient method for transfecting human Th17 cells with small RNAs to alter gene expression and cell behavior.

Petit ARN primaire dans Transfection Th17 cellules humaines par électroporation Next Generation

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

Isolement et la Culture In Vitro de Macrophages alvéolaires murines et humaines

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Mouse- and Human-derived Primary Gastric Epithelial Monolayer Culture for the Study of Regeneration

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and migration. One critical limitation of such assays, however, is their homogenous assortment of cellular types. Repair is a complex process which demands the interaction of several cell types. Therefore, to study a culture devoid of cellular subtypes, is a concern that must be overcome if we are to understand the repair process. The gastric organoid model may alleviate this issue whereby the heterogeneous collection of cell types closely reflects that of the gastric epithelium or other native tissues in vivo. Demonstrated here is a novel, in vitro scratch-wound assay derived from human or mouse 3-dimensional organoids which can then be transferred to a gastric epithelial monolayer as either intact organoids or as a single cell suspension of dissociated organoids. The goal of the protocol is to establish organoid-derived gastric epithelial monolayers that can be used in a novel scratch-wound assay system to study gastric regeneration.

Here we describe a protocol for establishing and culturing human- and mouse-derived 3-dimensional (3D) gastric organoids, and the method for the transfer of 3D organoids to a 2-dimensional monolayer. The use of the gastric epithelial monolayer as a novel scratch-wound assay for regeneration studies is also described.

Souris - et anthropique de Culture monocouche épithéliales gastriques primaire pour l’étude de la régénération

In vitro studies of gastric wound repair typically involves the use of gastric cancer cell lines in a scratch-wound assay of cellular proliferation and ...