Name: providing meaningful environmental enrichment and measuring saliva cortisol in pigs housed on slatted flooring
Uploaded: 2019-09-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring at JoVE.com

我们感谢 Lahav CRO 在其农场开展研究，并感谢农场团队在整个研究中提供了宝贵的技术帮助。这项研究由以色列农业和农村发展部首席科学家资助。

研究协议得到了希伯来大学机构动物护理和使用委员会（MD-16-14754-2）的道德认可。这项研究于2017年在以色列拉哈夫动物研究所和以色列耶路撒冷希伯来大学进行。
1 . 和哺乳期的环境富集协议
注：在这项研究中，母猪被安置在 / 哺乳笔中，在有限的时间内，从预计放生日期前的 3 - 5 天到放飞后 10 天 ;之后，将禁栏移除，允许母猪和小猪之间的自由移动和?...

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本文详细介绍了如何为猪提供简单实用的环境富集，这些猪在它们生命的不同阶段被安置在板条地板上，以及如何非侵入性地收集唾液样本以测量皮质醇浓度，作为急性应激的生物标志物。稻草作为床上用品被认为是最适合猪的环境富集之一，但在板条地板上可能不切实际。然而，相对便宜的替代品，如黄麻、棉绳、架子中的稻草和可咀嚼设备，可以实际、安全地应用。
这?...

猪肉是全世界消费最多的肉类，每年饲养和屠宰的生猪超过13亿头。近年来，养猪业的动物福利日益成为公众关注的主要问题，来自客户、立法者和其他利益相关者的巨大压力，要求它们进行管理改革，以改善其福祉。这些动物。几项研究表明，为猪提供环境富集与减轻压力、改善生产和福利有关，因为它允许猪表达其自然行为，如生根和探索，以及筑巢前远行3，4，5，6，7。
猪被认为是聪明的动物，具有高度好奇的性质;因此，如果没有一个合适的环境，猪可能会表现出立体行为和直接操纵社会行为对笔伴侣，这可能导致尾巴咬，以及其他伤害和压力8，9。因此，提供有意义的环境丰富是由专业人士建议的，在一些国家，甚至根据法规和立法，如欧盟理事会指令2008/120/EC5强制实施。
提供有意义的环境富集可能具有挑战性;它应满足猪在生活每个阶段的自然行为需求，并考虑到实际和技术的限制。在之前，提供筑巢材料与较短的持续时间以及在整个哺乳期和哺乳期新生小猪的存活率较高有关。此外，在具有环境富集的自由笔中，母体行为得到改善，以及小猪3、10、11、12、13的认知表现和体重增加。发完后，将猪（钳子、生长或完成者）从不同的垃圾或钢笔中分组，可能会有压力，对其它笔友造成攻击性，这可能导致14、15的伤害。因此，当混合不熟悉的猪时，提供有意义的环境丰富可以潜在地减少因挫折和攻击性或重定向生根行为而导致的不良行为的发生。
根据欧洲联盟理事会第2008/120/EC号指令（2001/93/EC设立），要求猪必须永久获得足够数量的材料，以便能够进行适当的调查和操纵活动，如稻草、干草、木材、锯末，蘑菇堆肥，泥炭或这5，6的混合物。然而，在许多农场，使用这些材料可能难以管理，因为它可能导致排水和污水系统的堵塞，特别是在地板板条的农场。不过，根据欧盟理事会的指令，只要允许猪进行适当的调查和操纵活动，农民就可以提供替代浓缩材料。
缺乏环境富集可能导致沮丧和压力3，这可能激活下丘脑垂体肾上腺（HPA）轴。在猪，以及人类和其他动物，压力通常导致从脑垂体分泌腺皮质激素（ACTH）。ACTH 与肾上腺皮质上的受体结合，刺激糖皮质激素皮质醇的肾上腺释放，该皮质醇被认为是压力的主要生物标志物，可在血液、尿液、唾液和头发中测量。唾液皮质醇是急性应激的标记物，因为它反映了其在血液中的生物活性浓度4。它的优点是非侵入性样品收集，不处理动物，通过棉绳提供作为环境富集16，17。头发皮质醇被用作慢性压力的标记，因为皮质醇随着时间的推移在头发中积累，可以提取和测量18，19;然而，它需要动物处理，重复取样的数量受头发生长速率的限制，而且分析更麻烦，因为它需要漫长的提取过程。尽管如此，唾液和头发皮质醇可能为动物福利提供补充信息。
本文的目的是（ 1 ）提供方法学信息，说明如何为猪提供相对简单和实用、有意义的环境富集，这些猪在猪生命的不同阶段被安置在板条地板上（和哺乳，和（2）演示如何非侵入性地收集唾液样本以测量皮质醇浓度，作为急性应激的生物标志物。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bite-Rite</td>
			<td>Ikadan System USA Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Consider ordering additional replaceable silicone sticks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA; Saliva Cortisol Kit</td>
			<td>DRG International Inc. NJ, USA</td>
			<td>Slv2930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HALM 60/80 CM</td>
			<td>W. Domino A/S, DK</td>
			<td>49084/ 85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEGO Swine Oral Fluids Kit</td>
			<td>ITL BioMedical, USA</td>
			<td>A100930</td>
			<td>Including everything needed for the saliva sampling protcol</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

providing meaningful environmental enrichment and measuring saliva cortisol in pigs housed on slatted flooring

由于猪肉是全球消费最多的肉类，养猪业的动物福利日益成为公众关注的主要问题，这带来了来自消费者、立法者和其他利益相关者的巨大压力，要求它们进行管理改革。改善这些动物的福祉。几项研究表明，为猪提供环境丰富，可以表达它们的自然行为，如生根和探索，以及在前筑巢，并且与减轻压力和改善产量有关和福利。然而，在提供环境富集时，应考虑许多因素，例如地板类型、排水和污水系统、猪的生活阶段、材料以及笔内的悬挂方法、高度和位置。本文的目的是（1）提供方法学信息，说明如何为猪提供相对简单和实用的有意义的环境富集，这些猪在猪的寿命的不同阶段被安置在板条地板上，（2）演示如何收集唾液样本以测量皮质醇浓度，作为急性应激的生物标志物。协议包括有关使用黄麻、棉绳、机架中的稻草以及可咀嚼的硅胶棒设备的信息，作为法工和哺乳笔、断奶剂和精加工笔中的环境浓缩。此外，还详细介绍了使用棉绳进行非侵入性唾液样本采集的皮质醇浓度分析。所提供的协议适用于旨在改善和监测动物福利的专业人员，包括研究和工业养猪业。

在目前的研究中，16个垃圾（170头小猪）被随机分成两组处理;在一组，向8个垃圾（议定书第1-3节所述为"富集组"）提供了环境浓缩，而未提供给其他8个垃圾（"未富集类"）。两只垃圾在分在一组约20头猪中。每两周在每支笔中收集和分析唾液样本，以检测皮质醇浓度，如协议第4节所述。
在这项研究中，如果提供得当，母猪、?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring at JoVE.com

Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring

该协议演示如何为在猪生命不同阶段安置在板条地板上的猪提供实用、有意义的环境富集，以及如何以非侵入性方式收集唾液样本，以测量皮质醇浓度，作为急性应激的生物标志物。

提供有意义的环境富集和测量唾液皮质醇在猪安置在板状地板

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a ...

在这段视频中，我们将演示如何为猪提供实用的有意义的环境丰富，这些猪在人生的不同阶段被安置在板条地板上，以及如何收集唾液样本。环境富集可以很容易地植入几乎任何养猪场，并有可能改善动物福利。唾液采样是无创的，可用于皮质醇测量，以评估压力或测量其他生物标志物。在母猪进入远角笔之前，开始此程序将浓缩材料悬挂在远行的笔中。每支长角笔准备两块黄麻和两块100%天然无色棉绳，每根约一米长。将黄麻和棉绳从笔的末端系在笔杆上，让每块的两个自由端悬挂在地板上。黄麻和棉绳结的高度应该低于母猪的肩膀，而自由端正放在地板上的正上方。小猪出生后，挂黄麻和棉绳，以便它们可以到达母猪和它的小猪在一个安全的地方。通常，当两只小猪都能够接触到这些材料时，它们从很小的时候就模仿它们的水坝。碎纸也可以作为额外的环境丰富，为远行的母猪和小猪，通过传播在板条地板上。每支笔准备100%天然无色棉绳，一米长，确保每十头猪至少准备一块。将棉绳系在吊顶上悬挂的链条上或吊上。将绳索放置在笔的活动区域中心，靠近喂食器和饮料器，远离笔壁，允许 360 度进入。将绳索挂在高度，使猪能够用嘴轻松到达。通常，结应该低于猪的肩膀，而绳索的自由端应该就在地板的上方，不碰它。除了棉绳提供可咀嚼的硅胶棒。使用的设备包含四个可咀嚼棒，允许至少四头猪同时与它互动。将可咀嚼装置与天花板上的链条悬挂，以允许摆动运动。将设备定位在笔的活动区域的中心，确保硅胶棒的端在高于地板 10 到 20 厘米的高度。首先，在每支笔中放置一根稻草。将草架挂在所有猪都可到达的高度。通常就在肩部以下，并把它们连接到墙上，为尽可能多的猪最容易进入。确保机架在开始时完全充满吸管。每三天可以加入少量新鲜稻草。或者，在机架空时重新填充机架，通常每 7 到 10 天重新填充一次。作为机架稻草的替代品，可以在篮子中提供。计划唾液采样在一天的同一时间，以避免偏置，因为皮质醇分泌变化沿一天由于生理昼夜节律或由于喂养。在喂养之前，最好在一天的第二次喂食之前进行取样。在一天的同一时间， 在广告里喂食计划。准备每12至15头猪一块无色100%棉绳。把绳子系在笔中央附近，远离笔壁。确保用于吊带的绳索不能被猪咀嚼，并且棉绳的自由端不会接触地板。然后解开绳索的自由端，增加可用的可咀嚼表面。保持绳索悬挂 15 至 30 分钟。从绳索中提取唾液，将绳索的自由部分放入无菌塑料袋中，然后从顶部到底部从袋子外部施加压力，直到袋子底部积聚足够的液体，挤压绳索。在此之后，从袋子上取下绳子。切开袋子的底角，在50毫升无菌塑料管上方，让唾液排入管中。然后密封管子，用永久标记或预先准备的贴纸标记。将唾液样本存放在装有冰袋的绝缘容器中，直到送到实验室。在这项研究中，小猪被随机分成两个治疗组。一个获得环境丰富，一个没有。唾液皮质醇样本每两周成功采集一次，就在当天第二次喂食之前。富集组的猪从一开始就对采集棉绳的唾液表现出浓厚的兴趣。但是，未富集的组唾液量在初始集合中通常较低，但在第二个或第三个集合会话的组之间似乎相似。通常，大于 30 到 40 毫升的体积很容易从每行中提取。与非富猪相比，Elisa测量的皮质醇浓度在富猪中总体明显较低。猪可以在所有生命阶段都对环境丰富，即使是在板条地板上使用黄麻、棉绳、架上的稻草和咬合装置。浓缩的类型和它在笔内的位置对于它的有效性很重要。本视频中演示的棉绳无创收集的唾液可用于皮质醇测量以及其他生物标志物，甚至用于病原体的筛选。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

眼睛跟踪，皮质醇和睡眠与唤醒延迟合并：合并方法来揭开睡眠和皮质醇的交互式影响记忆

Although rises in cortisol can benefit memory consolidation, as can sleep soon after encoding, there is currently a paucity of literature as to how these ...

科研

行为学

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

饲养实验装置（FED）：建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

大鼠动物焦虑症的实验研究: 开放臂壁和闭合臂墙透明度对高加迷宫试验的影响

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

新西兰白兔的配对和配对维护方法 (穴兔家兔) 通过行为 Ethogram、监视和干预

New Zealand White (NZW) laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as well as their ancestors the European Rabbit, are a social species that exhibit ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

小鼠主动和被动驯服的测定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Continuous Noninvasive Measuring of Crayfish Cardiac and Behavioral Activities

小龙虾心脏的连续无创测量与行为活动

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as ...

Noninvasive, In-pen Approach Test for Laboratory-housed Pigs

实验室安置猪的非侵入性、笔内方法测试

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidences have increased in both civilian and military populations, and many researchers are adopting a porcine model for ...