Name: a method for quantifying foliage-dwelling arthropods
Uploaded: 2019-10-20T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods at JoVE.com

作者感谢美国农业部林业局通过USFS协议13-CS-11090800-022为该项目提供资金。我们要感谢J.Suda，W.Holland和其他人的实验室援助，以及R.Richards的实地援助。

1. 在到现场之前构建采样装置
<ol><li>使用螺栓切割机、大型线切割器或电动磨削盘，拆下 30 厘米线番茄笼的底部 1/3，使其长度约为 55 厘米。</li>
	<li>在番茄笼最大端的每一侧切割两个 50 厘米的支架，由铝或类似半刚性材料制成，用作附件杆和支架。在距末端 38 厘米处，使用桌面副杆或大型抓握工具（如通道锁）将支架弯曲至大约 30° 角。将两根连接杆的较长端连接到番茄笼的两侧，用拉链和?...

准确量化节肢动物群落的两个必要要求是相对较高的检测概率和已知或一致的采样区域。当对节肢动物进行取样时，检测概率低于100%可归因于单个节肢动物避免陷阱或一些在加工过程中未被发现的个体。拦截飞行节肢动物的拦截器（马莱塞/窗口陷阱、粘性陷阱等）似乎是在森林树冠29、30、31中列举节肢动物群落最常用的方法?...

陆生节肢动物在我们的生态系统中起着重要的作用。节肢动物除了具有科学意义外，对作物、园艺植物和天然植被既有害又有益，在食物网中具有重要的营养功能。因此，了解影响节肢动物社区发展和丰度的因素对于农民、害虫控制管理人员、植物生物学家、昆虫学家、野生动物生态学家和研究社区动态和养护生物学家至关重要。管理昆虫生物。了解影响节肢动物群落和富足的因素往往需要捕捉个体。捕获技术通常可以分为定性技术，仅检测物种的存在，以估计物种范围、丰富性和多样性，或半定量和定量技术，以便进行指数或估计分类组内个体的丰度和密度。
只允许推断存在物种或群落结构的定性技术具有未知或内在低检测概率，或缺乏对检测概率和采样面积大小的推断。由于这些技术的检测概率较低，因此与检测相关的可变性排除了推断解释变量如何影响节肢动物总体指标的足够精度。用于估计存在的定性技术包括吸液取样1、光陷阱2、出现陷阱3、根部喂养模式4、盐水管5、诱饵6、信息素3、陷阱7， 马莱塞陷阱8，窗口陷阱9，吸水阀10，殴打托盘11，蜘蛛网12，叶矿， fras13，节肢动物胆14，植被和根部损坏15.
或者，半定量和定量技术允许研究人员估计或至少一致地对指定的样本区域进行采样，并估计检测概率或假定检测概率是非定向的，足以不模糊了研究者探测丰度空间或时间变化的能力。半定量和定量技术包括扫描网16、吸力或真空取样17、系统计数可见节肢动物18、粘性陷阱19、各种锅式陷阱20、入口或紧急孔21个，化学击倒22个，粘和注水的颜色陷阱23个，和分支袋和剪24。
最近人为引起的气候变化和扰动机制导致植物群落发生急剧变化，使植物-社区物种组成和节肢动物群落之间的相互作用成为一个活跃的研究领域。了解节肢动物群落如何随植物物种组成而变化，是了解植物群落变化的潜在经济和环境影响的关键组成部分。需要半定量或定量的方法，以足够的精度量化节肢动物丰度，以检测植物物种之间的差异。在本文中，我们描述了一种索引叶栖动物的方法，该方法通过合理的努力，提供了足够的精度来识别常见于5个分类树的个体丰度和生物量、多样性和丰富性的差异。北美东南落叶林25。这种方法为估计丰度提供了足够的精度，从而可以推断由于人类改变的扰动机制而森林植物群落的物种组成如何影响节肢动物的组成，这有可能影响高营养性昆虫鸟类和哺乳动物的丰度和分布。更具体地说，通过使用Crossley等人24首先描述的改良袋装技术，我们估计了表面、叶栖节肢动物的密度，并测试了预测，即我们将检测多样性、丰富性和丰富的节肢动物在叶子的更快生长更多的树木的xeric物种相比，生长较慢的更美的物种。本文的目的是提供该技术的详细说明。
我们对伊利诺斯州南部的肖尼国家森林（SNF）进行了研究。SNF是一个115，738公顷的森林，位于奥扎克斯和肖尼山自然分区的中央硬木区26。森林包括37%的橡木/木柴、25%的混合高地硬木、16%的山毛木/枫树和10%的底层硬木。SNF主要是由第二生长橡树/胡桃在高地的Xeric地区和糖枫，美国山毛虫，和郁金香树（利里奥登龙郁金香）在庇护的美色山谷27，28。
此方法的站点选择将取决于研究的总体目标。例如，我们原始研究的主要目标是通过比较适应树群落和适应树群的叶栖节类动物群落指标，深入了解树群落的变化如何影响高营养生物。因此，我们的主要目标是量化节肢动物群落在位于半目或美体树群落内的个别树木上。我们在 ArcGIS 10.1.1 中选取了 22 个沿橡树/木耳（xeric）以山毛/木耳（木耳）为主的渐变，使用 USFS 支架覆盖图 （allveg2008.shp）。为了防止潜在的混杂效应，我们使用以下标准选择地点：不在河岸地区，约 12 公顷，位于毗连的高地-落叶林生境（即海拔超过 120 米）。所有场地都含有成熟的树木>50岁的丘陵地形，因此包括类似的斜坡和方面。虽然山毛木/木耳场地边界是根据树群的过渡来区分的，但使用SNF覆盖图和ArcGIS 10.1.1人为地确定了橡树/木耳场地边界。所有地点都是未冰川地形内的大型森林区块;它们在树种组成上的差异不是由于景观位置的差异，而是代表过去的土地使用（例如，明确的砍伐或选择性采伐）。我们将每个研究地点的离散多边形形状文件上传到手持式全球定位系统 （GPS） 并验证树种组成，从而对地图进行了地面验证。我们在每个站点随机选择采样点 （n = 5）。在2014年5月23日至6月25日，我们在每个点对三棵树进行采样，时间从0600-1400小时。为了找到样本树，我们从植被点向外搜索到30米半径，直到找到树枝足够低的成熟树（>20 cm d.b.h.）。通常，对代表五个属中的三个（宏基、卡利亚、法古斯、利里奥登德龙和Quercus）的三棵成熟树进行了抽样调查，它们最接近中心点。

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a method for quantifying foliage-dwelling arthropods

陆生节肢动物在我们的环境中扮演着重要的角色。以允许精确指数或密度估计的方式量化节肢动物需要一种具有高检测概率的方法和一个已知的采样区域。虽然大多数描述的方法提供了定性或半定量估计，足以描述物种的存在、丰富性和多样性，但很少提供足够一致的检测概率和已知或一致的采样区域，以提供具有足够精度的索引或估计，以检测环境、空间或时间变量之间的丰度差异。我们描述了如何通过将叶子和树枝末端密封在袋子中，剪切和冷冻袋状材料，以及将先前冻结的材料在水中进行除以，将节肢动物与基底分离并量化来量化。正如我们所演示的，这种方法可以在景观尺度上用足够的精度量化叶栖动物，以测试和描述空间、时间、环境和生态变量如何影响节肢动物的丰富性和丰度。这种方法使我们能够检测在东南落叶森林中常见的5个树系中叶栖动物的密度、丰富性和多样性的差异。

我们从323个构成5棵树组的树木中收集了626个样本。对于每计量的树枝节肢动物生物量的估算，标准误差为5个树群平均值的12%至18%（表1）。这种精度水平足以检测树群之间的变异和生物量与日期25的二次变化。这种技术在估计公会多样性时提供了更精确的方法，如节肢动物公会多样性（H'）的标准误差（表1）所证明的，其?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods at JoVE.com

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

我们描述了如何通过将叶子和树枝末端密封在袋中、剪切和冷冻袋状材料，以及将先前冻结的材料在水中进行除除节肢动物从基底中分离进行定量来量化叶栖动物。

定量叶类节肢动物的方法

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

该协议的主要优点是，它允许研究人员从树叶中捕获飞行和爬行节肢动物。虽然我们在树上使用这种技术，它也可用于灌木和灌木。小心练习快速袋装树枝，不要打扰树叶，这样活跃的节肢动物不会逃脱捕获。要开始此过程，请使用螺栓切割机、大型线切割机或电动研磨盘拆下 30 厘米钢丝番茄笼的底部三分之一，以便其长度约为 55 厘米。然后，从铝管或类似的半刚性材料中切割两个 50 厘米的支架，用作番茄笼最大端两侧的附件杆和支架。在距离终点 38 厘米处使用桌面副或更大的抓握工具（如通道锁）将支撑弯曲到大约 30 度角。将每个附件杆的长端与拉链连接在番茄笼的两端。使用胶带或电胶带支撑此附件，确保胶带缠绕在至少六厘米的笼子和杆上。将每根杆的另一端与拉链连接在可伸长杆的对立面。使用胶带或电胶带支持此附件，确保将胶带包裹多次，并且与杆和杆重叠至少 6 厘米。连接笼子时，确保笼子的开口与伸缩杆的端接触。然后用胶带将笼子直接连接到杆的端。将挂钩和环紧固件条在两个点连接到从先前连接的杆 90 度的保持架开口。首先，将两块挂钩和环紧固件连接到袋子的外开口，以便它们与连接到笼子开口的挂钩和环紧固件对齐。确保挂钩和环紧固件对齐，因此当将袋子插入并连接到包的拉弦时，开口与伸缩杆平行运行。将 49 升厨房垃圾袋插入铁丝番茄笼。将三个鳄鱼夹均匀地分散在袋子底部的两侧，将夹子连接到袋子和铁丝笼上，以便将袋子与笼子保持。将鳄鱼夹定向在袋子开口上，以便将其连接到与杆附件位置对面的伸缩杆平行的拉绳上。将护栏连接到离杆子最近的袋子的拉绳上。在四厘米的部分中切割四块塑料或硬橡胶管，用胶带或电胶带将它们连接到四个位置。首先应放置在离番茄笼最近的杆子端约0.5米的极点延伸部分。其余三个应沿延伸极的底部放置等距，从底部部分开始约 5 厘米。通过塑料管将未连接到袋子的护栏的端端螺纹。在此运行后，两个参数字符串一起通过塑料管插入，以将其保持到位。对于每个样本树，使用随机数生成器选择在最大长度扩展时在扩展杆高度内采样高度。使用随机数生成器选择与树干的距离样本，并识别适合袋中的分支，对树叶的干扰最小。并且是根据生成的数字从中继的正确高度和距离。将采样杆提升至与所需分支平行的高度。快速将袋子滑过树枝，然后快速拉出连接到拉绳上的参数字符串以密封袋子。让另一个人使用延长杆修剪器在袋子开口附近位置夹住树枝。然后小心地将样品袋放在地上，并迅速将样品袋的拉绳系上。将袋装枝条存放在冰柜中，直到准备好进行实验室节肢动物分析。将冷冻袋和树枝竖直握住，在袋子中摇动样品枝，将节肢动物放入袋中。小心地从袋子中取出树枝，并在大收集锅中冲洗，以去除剩余的节肢动物。接下来，将袋子中剩余的材料放入收集锅中，并清除非节肢动物碎屑。将节肢动物分离到所需的分类组。注意到幼虫和成人之间的差异。根据需要量化节肢动物。如果生物量是感兴趣的，要么测量节肢动物的长度，并使用公布的长度质量表来估计生物量。在小型干燥锅中更换节肢动物。在45摄氏度的干燥炉中干燥24小时，并称压在电子天平上。在45摄氏度下在干燥炉中干燥叶子48小时，并在电子天平上称重。或测量样本中所有木质枝条的长度。在一项具有代表性的研究中，从由5个树群组成的323棵个体树中采集了626个样本。对于每米树枝采样的总节肢动物生物量的估计值，标准误差范围从五棵树群均值的12%到18%不等。这种精度水平足以检测树群在生物量二次变化中按日期变化的变化。在估计公会多样性时，此技术可提供更高的精度，节肢动物公会多样性的标准误差范围从五棵树群平均多样性的 3% 到 7% 不等。此级别的精度足以检测五个树组之间的变异。对富值的估计精度也非常精确，标准误差在五树组中平均富数的 3% 到 7% 之间。这种精度级别足以识别树组之间的变异。与日期的二次关联，与树上高度的丰富性减少，以及节肢动物的丰富度与与树干距离之间的正关系。确保快速封闭树枝，而不干扰树叶，以确保活跃的节肢动物不会逃脱捕获。

a-method-for-quantifying-foliage-dwelling-arthropods

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

对水样的自动固相萃取小污染物的免疫学分析的简单方法

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

科研

环境科学

Administering and Detecting Protein Marks on Arthropods for Dispersal Research

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ecological interactions. Arthropods are usually tracked in nature by tagging them with a unique mark and then re-collecting them over time and space to determine their dispersal capabilities. In addition to actual physical tags, such as colored dust or paint, various types of proteins have proven very effective for marking arthropods for ecological research. Proteins can be administered internally and/or externally. The proteins can then be detected on recaptured arthropods with a protein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here we describe protocols for externally and internally tagging arthropods with protein. Two simple experimental examples are demonstrated: (1) an internal protein mark introduced to an insect by providing a protein-enriched diet and (2) an external protein mark topically applied to an insect using a medical nebulizer. We then relate a step-by-step guide of the sandwich and indirect ELISA methods used to detect protein marks on the insects. In this demonstration, various aspects of the acquisition and detection of protein markers on arthropods for mark-release-recapture, mark-capture, and self-mark-capture types of research are discussed, along with the various ways that the immunomarking procedure has been adapted to suit a wide variety of research objectives.

Proteins are often used to mark arthropods for dispersal research. Methods for administering internal and external protein marks on arthropods are demonstrated. Protein mark detection techniques, either through indirect or sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), are also illustrated.

管理和检测蛋白标记的节肢动物的扩散研究

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ...

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a transverse vertical incision on the top of the skull with a hand or electrical saw may damage the otolith if not performed correctly. Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) are one family in particular that have a very large and thick skull. A new laboratory method entering the brain cavity from the ventral side of the fish to expose the otoliths was easier than other otolith extraction methods found in the literature. Methods reviewed in the literature are designed for the field and are more efficient at processing large quantities of fish quickly. However, this new technique was designed to be more suited for a laboratory setting when time is not pressing and successful extraction from each specimen is critical. The success of finding and removing otoliths using this technique is very high and does not compromise the structure in any manner. This alternative technique is applicable to other similar fish species for extracting the otoliths.

The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses.

从鲟鱼去除耳石替代方法

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropod populations in rice. When used in combination with an enclosure, application of this sampling device provides absolute estimates of the populations of arthropods as numbers per standardized sampling area. The sampling efficiency depends critically on the sampling duration. In a mature rice crop, a two-minute sampling in an enclosure of 0.13 m2 yields more than 90% of the arthropod population. The device also allows sampling of arthropods dwelling on the water surface or the soil in rice paddies, but it is not suitable for sampling fast flying insects, such as predatory Odonata or larger hymenopterous parasitoids. The modified blower-vac is simple to construct, and cheaper and easier to handle than traditional suction sampling devices, such as D-vac. The low cost makes the modified blower-vac also accessible to researchers in developing countries.

Assessment of arthropod abundance in crops is critical for investigating population dynamics and species interactions. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropods in rice.

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

对于在野外条件下评估种子萌发，休眠和死亡率可靠的方法

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes onto humans. For this reason, transferable pesticide residue experiments are required for registration and re-registration by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Although such experiments are required, limited specificity is required pertaining to experimental approach. Experimental approaches used to assess pesticide transfer to humans including hand wiping with cotton gloves, modified California roller (moving a roller of known mass over cotton cloth) and soccer ball roll (ball wrapped with sorbent strip) over three treated turfgrass species (creeping bentgrass, hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue maintained at 0.4, 5 and 9 cm, respectively) are presented. The modified California roller is the most extensively utilized approach to date, and is best suited for use at low mowing heights due to its reproducibility and large sampling area. The soccer ball roll is a less aggressive transfer approach; however, it mimics a very common occurrence in the most popular international sport, and has many implications for nondietary pesticide exposure from hand-to-mouth contact. Additionally, this approach may be adjusted for other athletic activities with limited modification. Hand wiping is the best approach to transfer pesticides at higher mowing heights, as roller-based approaches can lay blades over; however, it is more subjective due to more variable sampling pressure. Utility of these methods across turfgrass species is presented, and additional considerations to conduct transferable pesticide residue research in turfgrass systems are discussed.

Transferable pesticide residue experiments in turfgrass systems are integral components of human risk exposure assessments. Experimental approaches to measure transferable residues should be adjusted to the human interaction of interest and turfgrass system dynamics. Three transferable pesticide residue protocols are presented and the suitability across three turfgrass systems is discussed.

协议在草坪系统量化转换农药残留

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

利用酸性离子液体戊聚糖分析黄麻生物量及其转化为糖单体的新方法

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Quantifying Plant Soluble Protein and Digestible Carbohydrate Content, Using Corn (Zea mays) As an Exemplar

Elemental data are commonly used to infer plant quality as a resource to herbivores. However, the ubiquity of carbon in biomolecules, the presence of nitrogen-containing plant defensive compounds, and variation in species-specific correlations between nitrogen and plant protein content all limit the accuracy of these inferences. Additionally, research focused on plant and/or herbivore physiology require a level of accuracy that is not achieved using generalized correlations. The methods presented here offer researchers a clear and rapid protocol for directly measuring plant soluble proteins and digestible carbohydrates, the two plant macronutrients most closely tied to animal physiological performance. The protocols combine well characterized colorimetric assays with optimized plant-specific digestion steps to provide precise and reproducible results. Our analyses of different sweet corn tissues show that these assays have the sensitivity to detect variation in plant soluble protein and digestible carbohydrate content across multiple spatial scales. These include between-plant differences across growing regions and plant species or varieties, as well as within-plant differences in tissue type and even positional differences within the same tissue. Combining soluble protein and digestible carbohydrate content with elemental data also has the potential to provide new opportunities in plant biology to connect plant mineral nutrition with plant physiological processes. These analyses also help generate the soluble protein and digestible carbohydrate data needed to study nutritional ecology, plant-herbivore interactions and food-web dynamics, which will in turn enhance physiology and ecological research.

Quantifying Plant Soluble Protein and Digestible Carbohydrate Content, Using Corn Zea mays As an Exemplar

The protocols described herein provide a clear and approachable methodology for measuring soluble protein and digestible (non-structural) carbohydrate content in plant tissues. The ability to quantify these two plant macronutrients has significant implications for advancing the fields of plant physiology, nutritional ecology, plant-herbivore interactions and food-web ecology.

以玉米 (玉蜀黍) 为例量化植物可溶性蛋白和可消化碳水化合物含量

Elemental data are commonly used to infer plant quality as a resource to herbivores. However, the ubiquity of carbon in biomolecules, the presence of ...

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Quantifying Bivalve Suspension Feeding at Sea

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves (i.e., mussels, oysters, and clams) presents new challenges. Quantitative data on the feeding behavior of suspension-feeding mollusks is necessary to determine important ecosystem interactions of offshore shellfish farms, including their carrying capacity, the competition with the zooplankton community, the availability of trophic resources at different depths, and the deposition to the benthos. The biodeposition method is used to quantify feeding variables in suspension-feeding bivalves in a natural setting and represents a more realistic proxy than laboratory experiments. This method, however, relies upon a stable platform to satisfy the requirements that water flow rates supplied to the shellfish remain constant and the bivalves are undisturbed. A flow-through device and process for using the biodeposition method to quantify the feeding of bivalve mollusks were modified from a land-based format for shipboard use by building a two-dimensional gimbal table around the device. Planimeter data reveal a minimal pitch and yaw of the chambers containing the test shellfish despite boat motion, the flow rates within the chambers remain constant, and operators are able to collect the biodeposits (feces and pseudofeces) with sufficient consistency to obtain accurate measurements of the bivalve clearance, filtration, selection, ingestion, rejection, and absorption at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

A flow-through device for using the biodeposition method to quantify filtration and feeding behavior of bivalve mollusks was modified for shipboard use. A two-dimensional gimbal table built around the device isolates the apparatus from boat motion, thereby allowing the accurate quantification of bivalve filtration variables at offshore shellfish aquaculture sites.

海上双壳贝类悬浮饲料定量装置的设计与应用

As shellfish aquaculture moves from coastal embayments and estuaries to offshore locations, the need to quantify ecosystem interactions of farmed bivalves ...