Name: microinjection of dna into eyebuds in xenopus laevis embryos and imaging of gfp expressing optic axonal arbors in intact, living xenopus tadpoles
Uploaded: 2019-09-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles at JoVE.com

我们感谢图罗大学加州骨病医学学院对我们的研究的支持。我们感谢以前在实验室里的学生（吴先生、彭先生、金泰根、林约翰），他们在我们的实验室里帮助实施了这种显微注射技术。我们感谢克里斯蒂娜·霍尔特博士，他的实验室首次开发了Xenopus胚胎的DNA微注射/唇分技术。

此处描述的所有方法均已获得加州图罗大学机构动物护理和使用委员会 （IACUC） 的批准（协议 # TUCA003TE01X）。
1. 获得X. 拉维斯胚胎
<ol><li>通过自然交配的雄性蛙和雌性成年青蛙的天然交配获得X.laevis胚胎，这些青蛙与人类性腺激素（HCG）结合体外受精，从用HCG充养的雌性成年青蛙中卵子受精，或直接订购（表材料）。</li>
	<li>
在室温下用2%半...

<ol>
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I., Mann, F., Boy, S., Perron, M., Harris, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipofection+strategy+for+the+study+of+Xenopus+retinal+development.">Lipofection strategy for the study of Xenopus retinal development.</a> Methods. 28 (4), 411-419 (2002).</li><li>Joesch, M., Meister, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neuronal+circuit+for+colour+vision+based+on+rod-cone+opponency.">A neuronal circuit for colour vision based on rod-cone opponency.</a> Nature. 532 (7598), 236-239 (2016).</li><li>Meyer, M. P., Smith, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+from+in+vivo+imaging+that+synaptogenesis+guides+the+growth+and+branching+of+axonal+arbors+by+two+distinct+mechanisms.">Evidence from in vivo imaging that synaptogenesis guides the growth and branching of axonal arbors by two distinct mechanisms.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (13), 3604-3614 (2006).</li><li>Li, X., Monckton, E. A., Godbout, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ectopic+expression+of+transcription+factor+AP-2&#948;+in+developing+retina:+effect+on+PSA-NCAM+and+axon+routing.">Ectopic expression of transcription factor AP-2&#948; in developing retina: effect on PSA-NCAM and axon routing.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 129 (1), 72-84 (2014).</li><li>Haas, K., Jensen, K., Sin, W. C., Foa, L., Cline, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+electroporation+in+Xenopus+tadpoles+in+vivo-from+single+cells+to+the+entire+brain.">Targeted electroporation in Xenopus tadpoles in vivo-from single cells to the entire brain.</a> Differentiation. 70 (4-5), 148-154 (2002).</li><li>Falk, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+of+cDNA/Morpholinos+to+targeted+areas+of+embryonic+CNS+in+Xenopus.">Electroporation of cDNA/Morpholinos to targeted areas of embryonic CNS in Xenopus.</a> BMC Developmental Biology. 7, 107 (2007).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Early Development of Xenopus laevis: A Laboratory Manual. , (2000).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). , (1956).</li><li>Zahn, N., Levin, M., Adams, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Zahn+drawings:+new+illustrations+of+Xenopus+embryo+and+tadpole+stages+for+studies+of+craniofacial+development.">The Zahn drawings: new illustrations of Xenopus embryo and tadpole stages for studies of craniofacial development.</a> Development. 144 (15), 2708-2713 (2017).</li><li>Piper, M., Dwivedy, A., Leung, L., Bradley, R. S., Holt, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NF-protocadherin+and+TAF1+regulate+retinal+axon+initiation+and+elongation+in+vivo.">NF-protocadherin and TAF1 regulate retinal axon initiation and elongation in vivo.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (1), 100-105 (2008).</li><li>Dwivedy, A., Gertler, F. B., Miller, J., Holt, C. E., Lebrand, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ena/VASP+function+in+retinal+axons+is+required+for+terminal+arborization+but+not+pathway+navigation.">Ena/VASP function in retinal axons is required for terminal arborization but not pathway navigation.</a> Development. 134 (11), 2137-2146 (2007).</li><li>Leung, L. C., Harris, W. A., Holt, C. 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在本文中，我们演示了如何在单或少量光学神经元中表达外源性DNA构造，以及如何在青蛙X的完整、活的带状的带正常和改变的分子信号中成像单个GFP表达的光学轴向轴向。 .拉维斯.我们还解释了如何从体内捕获的图像中重建和量化 GFP 表达光学轴轴的树的形态。为了在少量视神经元中表达外源性DNA质粒，我们用克里斯汀·霍尔特实验室首次开发的技术，将DNA/利普菲反应试剂混合物微注射到?...

在神经系统发育过程中，前突触神经元的斧子通过大脑的不同区域导航，到达目标区域。当斧突子侵入其目标组织时，它们与午睡后目标神经元建立突触连接。在许多类型的神经元中，轴突通过阐述终端分支或轴1的网络来增加它们可以建立突触连接的数量和空间范围。水生蛙Xenopus laevis的胸腔-tec-tect-tecta是一个强大的脊椎动物模型，用于检查终端轴突化和突触连接2、3、4的原理。.单个GFP表达光学轴状轴向与正常和改变的分子信号可以直接观察到在完整，活的Xenopus小动物5，6，7，8。为了单独表达GFP，或与少量视神经中全长或截断基因一起表达基因，我们使用一种技术，将DNA微注射/脂肪插入一天长Xenopus胚胎9的眼蕾中。10.这项技术最初是为研究幼代黄鼠狼的视性斧头路径发现机制而开发的，此后我们和其他人一直应用来确定视斧头背后的细胞自主分子机制在Xenopus的植树5，6，7，8，9，10。
其他模型物种以及X.laevis中已经发展了在少数光学神经元中表达外源基因的替代技术。然而，与在异种胚胎眼蕾中微注射DNA/利普菲试剂相比，这些方法中的每一个都带来了挑战和限制。在小鼠中，转基因可用于表达少数视神经中的基因，但转基因小鼠的生成成本高昂且耗时，转基因小鼠往往存在不良的副作用11。在视神经中表达外源基因的转基因斑马鱼也可以通过将质粒注射到早期裂解阶段胚胎12中产生。然而，这个过程需要克隆一个特定的启动子来表达在斑马鱼幼虫12的视神经的马赛克模式的基因。转基因斑马鱼视神经中外源DNA的表达频率也较低（<30%）与用DNA/脂质体试剂（30~60%）进行微注射的Xenopus小黄鼠相比，12。在ovo电穿孔也被用来表达基因在少量的光学神经元在小鸡13。然而，这个程序未能完全描述建立光学投影的机制，因为光学轴向轴向化不能在完整、活的小鸡胚胎中成像。最后，几个实验室已经利用电穿孔将基因转染成少量的视神经，在Xenopus 14，15。然而，电穿孔需要优化设备和方案（刺激器、电极、波脉冲的空间和时间模式），而用于将DNA/利普菲试剂微注射到Xenopus胚胎眼蕾中。
我们和其他人以前使用微注射/脂肪技术将DNA注入到Xenopus胚胎的眼蕾中，以确定细胞自主信号机制，建立视轴向化5，6，7,8.我们最初用这种方法来剖析在异种小球5、6的视轴向化中，Cadherin和Wnt适配器蛋白β-卡泰宁的功能。在一项研究中，我们表明，β-卡腾宁结合到β-卡腾宁和PDZ分别需要启动和塑造体内的视轴非子树。在第二份报告中，我们演示了β-卡泰宁和葛兰素-3+的β-卡泰宁结合域对腹腔光学轴向6的投影模式进行了反向调节。最近，我们确定了Wnt因子，腺瘤大肠杆菌（APC）的作用，在调节在Xenopus小虫7的视轴状树的形态特征。通过共同表达APC的N-终端和中心域，在单个光神经元中与GFP一起调节β-卡泰宁稳定性和微管组织，我们确定了这些APC交互域在分支编号上的共享和不同作用，长度，和角度在光学轴向轴向在体内7。另一个实验室使用显微注射/利福菲化技术来确定BDNF受体TrkB在Xenopus 8的光学轴状轴状中发出信号的细胞自主作用。该组显示，在体内8的个体光学轴突合中，显性阴性TrkB扰动分枝和突触成熟。总体而言，Xenopus的脂质化技术已经阐明了不同基因在原生环境中视斧子分枝中的具体作用。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3.5&#34; Micropipettes</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific</td>
			<td>3-000-203 - G/X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#956;-manager software (Version )</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>www.micro-manager.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>Scion Corporation</td>
			<td>CFW-1312 M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chorulon (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)</td>
			<td>AtoZ Vet Supply</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>168149-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DOTAP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>11202375001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Forceps #5</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11250-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eclipse E800 epifluoresence microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Objectives: Nikon Plan Apo 20X/0.75, Nikon Plan Fluor 40/0.75</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GNU Image Manipulation Program (Version 2.10.10)</td>
			<td>GIMP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illustrator (2017 Creative Cloud)</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J (Version 1.46r)</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfil</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MF 34G-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator with universal adaptor and support base</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific</td>
			<td>3-000-024-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3-000-025-SB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3-000-024-A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>27104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized z-stage</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific Instrumentation</td>
			<td>MFC-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoject II injector</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific</td>
			<td>3-000-204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Powerpoint (Version 15.31)</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xenopus laevis embryos</td>
			<td>Nasco</td>
			<td>LM00490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microinjection of dna into eyebuds in xenopus laevis embryos and imaging of gfp expressing optic axonal arbors in intact, living xenopus tadpoles

水生蛙类的子群的主要视觉投影是研究调节神经元连通性发展的机制的一个很好的模型系统。在建立视网膜-tecto期间，视斧子从眼睛延伸，穿过大脑的不同区域，到达它们的目标组织，即视道。一旦光学轴突进入技术，他们精心设计终端树干，功能增加突触连接的数量，他们可以与目标内神经元在技术。在这里，我们描述了一种表达DNA编码绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的方法，以及Xenopus胚胎中的视神经（视网膜神经结条细胞）中的增益和功能丧失基因构造。我们解释如何将联合DNA/唇裂试剂显微注入一天老胚胎的眼蕾中，以便外源基因在单个或多个视神经元中表达。通过用GFP标记基因或用GFP质粒共同注入基因，具有改变分子信号的单个光学神经元的终端轴状轴状可以直接在几天后完整、活的Xenopus小虫的大脑中成像，以及它们的形态可以量化。该协议允许确定细胞自主的分子机制，这是在体内发展光学轴向的。

本文中描述的方案在一至十个视轴轴轴的树干中，将表达GFP（单独或与额外的DNA结构）的注射Xenopus胚胎的成功率为30-60%。在图3中，我们展示了从我们最近发表的研究7中，GFP表达控制和突变光学轴状的代表性共聚焦图像。在这项研究中，我们克隆了两个APC（APCNTERM和APC+-cat）的域突变体到pCS2质粒中，并将这些质粒与pCS2-GFP一起标记质粒注射到一...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles at JoVE.com

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

该协议旨在演示如何将DNA/DOTAP混合物微注射到一天长的Xenopus laevis胚胎的眼蕾中，以及如何在中脑中图像和重建单个绿色荧光蛋白（GFP），表达光学轴向轴向。完好无损，活着的Xenopus小动物。

将DNA微注射到异种胚胎的眼蕾中，以及GFP表达光学轴状轴向轴向的成像，活的Xenopus大白鼠

The primary visual projection of tadpoles of the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis serves as an excellent model system for studying mechanisms that regulate the ...

在这段视频中，我们演示了如何表达光学神经元中的外源DNA构造，以及如何在完整、活的Xenopus laevis蛾中成像单个GGFP表达的光轴突。这是一个廉价，简单的过程，为瞬态细胞特异性的转生成，允许确定细胞自主基因功能在单个光轴轴，在活脊椎动物模型系统发展。演示程序将是我自己，索菲亚道，研究助理，和塔米拉埃鲁尔博士，实验室首席研究员。首先，用细钳轻轻夹住拉玻璃微毛细管移液器的尖端。使用 MICROFIL 将玻璃微毛细管移液器与矿物油回填，使微移液器的夹头出现一小滴矿物油。半路上用矿物油填充玻璃微毛细管移液器。在喷油器中，将柱塞弹出一半，然后将拉玻璃微毛细管移液器加载到喷射支架中。然后将柱塞扩展到完全范围内，以确认微型毛细管移液器与喷油器有强烈连接，并且不会随柱塞的延伸而移动。将 DNA/DOTAP 混合物的三微升滴转移到一英寸方的石蜡纸上。在立体解剖显微镜下，将玻璃微毛细管移液器的尖端移入DNA/DOTAP滴。使用注射装置上的填充选项，慢慢将DNA/DOTAP滴入玻璃微毛细管移液器。由于DNA/DOTAP溶液的轻微不透明度，矿物油与DNA/DOTAP溶液之间的边界在玻璃微毛细管移液器中可见。如果需要，请定期停止填充微毛细管移液器，以允许玻璃微毛细管移液器中的压力重新校准。首先，在充满0.1X MMR的10毫升培养皿中，手动脱维泰林化10阶段20至24个Xenopus胚胎，用细钳子。抓住腰部的葡萄碱包，避免伤害胚胎。用实验者左手和右手的钳子，弹出葡萄碱包络的气泡，然后从葡萄碱包中释放胚胎。取出葡萄碱包时，注意不要伤害胚胎。然后使用带切尖的塑料转移移液器，将5至10个脱维特化阶段22至24个胚胎转移到充满1X MMR的10毫升培养皿中。在立体显微镜下，用钳子抓住培养皿中的一个脱皮胚胎，并排列胚胎，使胚胎的前极指向视野中。然后定向胚胎，以便它横向说谎，它的一个左右眼芽朝上。用钳子握住实验者非主导手和实验者占统治地位的手，将玻璃微移液器的尖端从表皮下方的腹或后侧引入眼芽。注射70至210纳米的DNA/DOTAP溶液。然后转动胚胎，在胚胎的对侧进行相同的微注射到另一个眼芽。在每个实验中注射6到10个胚胎的两个眼芽。微注射后，将胚胎存放在培养皿中，用1XMMR储存约30分钟，以利于伤口愈合。30分钟后，用塑料转移移液器将注射的胚胎转移到0.1X MMR溶液中，用0.001%的漂白剂苯基酰胺减少色素沉着。用盖子盖住培养胚胎约五天，直到胚胎在第46至47阶段发育成小蛾。该协议产生成功率30至60%的注射Xenopus胚胎表达GMP在1至10个光学轴轴。GFP 的代表性共体图像显示了在完整的 Xenopus 蛾子中表达控制和突变的光学轴轴的树干。APC、APCNTERM 和 APBbeta-cat 的两个域突变体被克隆到 pCS2 质粒中。重建了GPC控制与PC突变光学轴管的Z系列图像。分支数、总树干长度和平均分支长度的图图确认了控制和 APC 突变体表达轴轴之间的观测差异。分支数与带回归线的均分条长度的附加散射图显示这些参数与表示 APC 域的光学轴轴器之间的反向相关性。微毛细管移液器的尖端必须非常肤浅地插入眼芽，以便每次微注射时，蒙上眼芽的灰色表皮会膨胀。此过程可用于标记和改变光学神经元中的特定遗传功能，同时评估这些光学神经元轴突的生长、靶向和分支。这种DNA微注射和唇部分泌技术使发育神经生物学的研究人员能够研究细胞自主分子机制，这些机制可以调节完整、活的Xenopus laevis蛾的光学轴翁生长。

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Microinjection of DNA into Eyebuds in Xenopus laevis Embryos and Imaging of GFP Expressing Optic Axonal Arbors in Intact, Living Xenopus Tadpoles

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

操作和<em&gt;在体外</em中&gt;成熟<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em&gt;卵母细胞，其次是胞浆内单精子注射，研究胚胎发育

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

科研

发育生物学

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq

染色质监管机构和各国的全基因组快照<em&gt;爪</em&gt;通过胚胎的ChIP-SEQ

The recruitment of chromatin regulators and the assignment of chromatin states to specific genomic loci are pivotal to cell fate decisions and tissue and ...

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

利用共聚焦分析<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em&gt;调查的Wnt和Shh形态发生素梯度的调节剂

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

技术目标显微注射到显影<em&gt;爪</em&gt;肾

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

胚胎血管生成的可视化和定量分析<em&gt;热带非洲爪蟾</em

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The ...

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

诱导生活青蛙和斑马鱼胚胎缺氧

Here, we introduce a novel system for hypoxia induction, which we developed to study the effects of hypoxia in aquatic organisms such as frog and ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

活完好斑马鱼的单细胞 Photoconversion

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis

荧光钙成像及其后续原位杂交，用于异种性前体特征

Spontaneous intracellular calcium activity can be observed in a variety of cell types and is proposed to play critical roles in a variety of physiological ...

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor &#223; Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos

Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor &#223; Family Cleavage Products Secreted Into the Blastocoele of Xenopus laevis Embryos

转变生长因子的分析 - 家族产品分泌到 异种胚胎 的爆炸

The two arms of the Transforming Growth Factor &#223; (Tgf&#223;) superfamily, represented by Tgf&#223;/Nodal or Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) ligands, ...

产生视网膜变性以研究非洲爪蟾的细胞修复策略

Generating Retinal Injury Models in Xenopus Tadpoles

作者聚焦：探索非洲爪蟾的视网膜再生机制 

在 非洲爪蟾 蝌蚪中生成视网膜损伤模型

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases are the leading causes of blindness. Among numerous therapeutic strategies being explored, stimulating self-repair ...