Name: assay for blood-brain barrier integrity in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2019-09-18T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

著者らは、注射用機器の使用に関して、F.ブライアン・ピケット博士とロドニー・デール博士に感謝しています。この研究は、ロヨラ大学シカゴからM.D.、D.T.、およびJ.J.への研究資金によって資金提供されました。

1. サンプルの収集
<ol><li>胚コレクション
	<ol><li>各胚コレクションケージでは、コレクションに20-25オスの最低50人の処女女性を使用します。これらのハエをコーンミール寒天食品(材料の表)でボトルに入れ、コレクション23を始める前に1−2日間インキュベートする。 注:より多くのハエを使用することができますが、女性と男性の比?...

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variant+cell+cycles+regulated+by+Notch+signaling+control+cell+size+and+ensure+a+functional+blood-brain+barrier.">Variant cell cycles regulated by Notch signaling control cell size and ensure a functional blood-brain barrier.</a> Development. 145 (3), dev157115 (2018).</li><li>von Hilchen, C. M., Beckervordersandforth, R. M., Rickert, C., Technau, G. M., Altenhein, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identity,+origin,+and+migration+of+peripheral+glial+cells+in+the+Drosophila+embryo.">Identity, origin, and migration of peripheral glial cells in the Drosophila embryo.</a> Mechanisms of Development. 125 (3-4), 337-352 (2008).</li><li>Beckervordersandforth, R. M., Rickert, C., Altenhein, B., Technau, G. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+ensheathment+and+septate+junction+formation+in+the+peripheral+nervous+system+of+Drosophila.">Axonal ensheathment and septate junction formation in the peripheral nervous system of Drosophila.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (12), 3319-3329 (2006).</li><li>Bhat, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon-glia+interactions+and+the+domain+organization+of+myelinated+axons+requires+neurexin+IV/Caspr/Paranodin.">Axon-glia interactions and the domain organization of myelinated axons requires neurexin IV/Caspr/Paranodin.</a> Neuron. 30 (2), 369-383 (2001).</li><li>Faivre-Sarrailh, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+contactin,+a+homolog+of+vertebrate+contactin,+is+required+for+septate+junction+organization+and+paracellular+barrier+function.">Drosophila contactin, a homolog of vertebrate contactin, is required for septate junction organization and paracellular barrier function.</a> Development. 131 (20), 4931-4942 (2004).</li><li>Salzer, J. L., Brophy, P. J., Peles, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+domains+of+myelinated+axons+in+the+peripheral+nervous+system.">Molecular domains of myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system.</a> Glia. 56 (14), 1532-1540 (2008).</li><li>von Hilchen, C. M., Bustos, A. E., Giangrande, A., Technau, G. M., Altenhein, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predetermined+embryonic+glial+cells+form+the+distinct+glial+sheaths+of+the+Drosophila+peripheral+nervous+system.">Predetermined embryonic glial cells form the distinct glial sheaths of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system.</a> Development. 140 (17), 3657-3668 (2013).</li><li>Matzat, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+wrapping+in+the+Drosophila+PNS+is+controlled+by+glia-derived+neuregulin+homolog+Vein.">Axonal wrapping in the Drosophila PNS is controlled by glia-derived neuregulin homolog Vein.</a> Development. 142 (7), 1336-1345 (2015).</li><li>Limmer, S., Weiler, A., Volkenhoff, A., Babatz, F., Klambt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+blood-brain+barrier:+development+and+function+of+a+glial+endothelium.">The Drosophila blood-brain barrier: development and function of a glial endothelium.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8, 365 (2014).</li><li>Ho, T. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expressional+Profiling+of+Carpet+Glia+in+the+Developing+Drosophila+Eye+Reveals+Its+Molecular+Signature+of+Morphology+Regulators.">Expressional Profiling of Carpet Glia in the Developing Drosophila Eye Reveals Its Molecular Signature of Morphology Regulators.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 13, 244 (2019).</li><li>DeSalvo, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+surface+glia+transcriptome:+evolutionary+conserved+blood-brain+barrier+processes.">The Drosophila surface glia transcriptome: evolutionary conserved blood-brain barrier processes.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8, 346 (2014).</li><li>. BDSC Cornmeal Food Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://bdsc.indiana.edu/information/recipes/bloomfood.html">https://bdsc.indiana.edu/information/recipes/bloomfood.html</a> (2017)</li><li>Le, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+family+of+Drosophila+balancer+chromosomes+with+a+w-+dfd-GMR+yellow+fluorescent+protein+marker.">A new family of Drosophila balancer chromosomes with a w- dfd-GMR yellow fluorescent protein marker.</a> Genetics. 174 (4), 2255-2257 (2006).</li><li>Casso, D., Ramirez-Weber, F. A., Kornberg, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GFP-tagged+balancer+chromosomes+for+Drosophila+melanogaster.">GFP-tagged balancer chromosomes for Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Mechanisms of Development. 88 (2), 229-232 (1999).</li><li>Halfon, M. 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このプロトコルは、D.メラノガスター発達の後期胚および第3の星幼虫期におけるBBB完全性のアッセイに必要なステップの包括的な説明を提供する。同様のアプローチは、開発中のBBBの完全性をアッセイするために他の場所で説明されているだけでなく、成人段階5、7、29、30.しかし、材料や...

発達中、細胞間のコミュニケーションと相互作用は、組織および臓器の構造と機能の確立に重要である。いくつかのケースでは、これらの細胞と細胞の相互作用は、適切な臓器機能を確保するために、周囲の環境から臓器を遮断します。これは、血液脳関門(BBB)によって絶縁される神経系の場合です。ヒトにおけるBBBの機能不全はてんかんを含む神経疾患と関連しており、多発性硬化症および筋萎縮性側索硬化症を含む神経変性疾患においてバリアの破壊が観察されている1。哺乳動物において、BBBは内皮細胞2、3との間の緊密な接合によって形成される。フルーツフライを含む他の動物、ショウジョウバエメラノガスターは、グリア細胞からなるBBBを持っています。これらのグリア細胞は、神経系4に出入りする栄養素、廃棄物、毒素、および大きな分子の移動を制御するための選択的に透過性の障壁を形成する。これにより、アクションポテンシャルを発射するために必要な電気化学勾配の維持が可能になり、モビリティとコーディネーション4が可能になります。D. メラノガスターでは、グリアはカリウムが豊富な血液のような血球体5から神経系を保護する。
D.メラノガスターの中枢神経系(CNS)および末梢神経系(PNS)において、2つの外グリア層、下グリアおよび陰グリア、ならびに細胞外マトリックスの外ネットワーク、神経ラメラ、を形成する。ヘモリンパ脳およびヘモリンパ神経関門6は、この記事全体を通してBBBと呼ばれる。発達中に陰皮グリアはポリプロイドになり、神経系を囲むように拡大する 5,6,7,8,9, 10,11.皮下グリアは、血友リンパと神経系5、6、12との間の主な拡散障壁を提供する分離接合部を形成する。これらの接合部は、脊椎動物の骨髄グリアのパラノードで見つかった閉体状接合部と分子的に類似しており、哺乳類13、14のBBBにおけるタイトジャンクションと同じ機能を果たします。15歳,16歳,17.陰腸グリア分裂、成長、および代謝産物および大分子の拡散を調節するために、皮下グリアの周りに包む6,10,18,19.BBB形成は、25 °C 5、8で卵を産んだ後 (AEL)18.5h で完了します。これまでの研究では、BBB形成20、21、22の重要な調節因子である遺伝子を同定した。これらの遺伝子の正確な役割をよりよく理解するためには、これらの潜在的な調節因子の変異がBBBの完全性に及ぼす影響を調べることが重要である。これまでの研究では、胚および幼虫におけるBBBの完全性をアッセイするアプローチを概説してきたが、このアッセイのための包括的なプロトコルは、まだ5、7を説明していない。このステップバイステッププロトコルは、D.メラノガスター胚および第3のスター幼虫期におけるBBB整合性をアッセイする方法について説明する。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 kDa sulforhodamine 101 acid chloride (Texas Red) Dextran</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D1863</td>
			<td>Dextran should be diluted in autoclaved ddH2O to a concentration of 25 mg/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 &#956;L Gel-Loading Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22351656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol (200 proof)</td>
			<td>Pharmco-Aaper</td>
			<td>11000200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Active Dry Yeast</td>
			<td>Red Star</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1423</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP160-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Compressor</td>
			<td>DeWalt</td>
			<td>D55140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apple Juice</td>
			<td>Mott&#39;s Natural Apple Juice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>Household Bleach</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1-5% Hypochlorite</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1B100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle Plugs</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td>Samples imaged using 20x objective (UPlanSApo 20x/ 0.75)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton-Tipped Applicator</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>19-062614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-Sided Tape 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Tweezers; Pattern #5; .05 X .01mm Tip</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly Food Bottles</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-355</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly Food Vials</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foot Pedal</td>
			<td>Treadlite II</td>
			<td>T-91-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Caster</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1704422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Tray</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1704436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Pipette</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14673-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Granulated sugar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purchased from grocery store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halocarbon Oil</td>
			<td>Lab Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>FLY-7000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Source</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>Ace I</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manipulator Stand</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>M10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>KITE-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Holder</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MPH310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nightsea Filter Sets</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>SFA-LFS-CY</td>
			<td>For visualization of YFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nightsea Full Adapter System w/ Royal Blue Color Light Head</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>SFA-RB</td>
			<td>For visualization of GFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Simply Simmons</td>
			<td>Chisel Blender #6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-683C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pneumatic Pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>PV830</td>
			<td>This is also referred to as a microinjector or pressure regulator. Since the model used in our study is no longer available this is one alternative.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP366-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP363-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Embryo Collection Cages</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>59-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel Base Plate</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>5052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Used for tissue dissection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope with transmitted light source</td>
			<td>Baytronix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for injection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tegosept (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>20-258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151-500</td>
			<td>Nonionic surfactant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial Plugs</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assay for blood-brain barrier integrity in drosophila melanogaster

適切な神経系の発達は、血液脳関門の形成、神経系へのアクセスを厳密に調節し、毒素や病原体から神経組織を保護する拡散障壁を含む。この障壁の形成の欠陥は神経障害と相関しており、この障壁の内訳は多くの神経変性疾患で観察されている。したがって、潜在的な治療標的を同定するためには、血液脳関門の形成と維持を調節する遺伝子を同定することが重要である。これらの遺伝子が神経発達において果たす正確な役割を理解するためには、改変された遺伝子発現が血液脳関門の完全性に及ぼす影響をアッセイする必要がある。血液脳関門の確立に機能する分子の多くは、フルーツフライ、ショウジョウバエメラノガスターを含む真核生物種全体で保存されていることが判明している。フルーツハエは、神経系の発達と機能を調節する分子機構を調べる優れたモデルシステムであることが証明されています。このプロトコルは、D.メラノガスター発達の胚および幼虫期における血液脳関門の完全性をアッセイするための段階的な手順を説明する。

ここで説明する方法は、D.メラノガスター胚および幼虫におけるCNS全体のBBBの完全性の可視化を可能にする(図1)。後期胚発生におけるBBB形成の完了時に、BBBは脳およびVNC5から大きな分子を除外する機能を有する。このプロトコルは、この関数を利用してBBB形成をアッセイする。野生型(オレゴンR)後期17(20−21h齢)胚をスルフォルホダミン101酸塩化?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

血液脳関門の完全性は、神経系の機能のために重要です。ショウジョウバエメラノガスターでは、血液脳関門は後期胚形成時にグリア細胞によって形成される。このプロトコルは、D.メラノガスター胚および第3の恒星幼虫における血液脳関門形成および維持に関するアッセイ方法について説明する。

ショウジョウバエメラノガスターにおける血液脳関門完全性に関するアッセイ

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

この方法は、ショウジョウバエの発症の複数段階における血液脳関門の形成および維持の遺伝的調節に関する重要な質問に答える助けとなる。この方法は、様々な生物における腸上皮のような他の障壁の透過性を調べるようにも適合させることができる。この技術の主な利点は、それが生きている組織における血液脳関門機能の評価を可能にすることです.サンプル操作は難しく、多くのステップでは細部まで細心の注意を払う必要があるため、この方法の視覚的なデモンストレーションは重要です。胚コレクションのためにコーンミール寒天食品とボトルあたり20〜25人の男性を持つ最低50人の処女女性を配置し、コレクションを開始する前に1〜2日間これらのハエをインキュベートします。コレクションの前日には、一晩で摂氏25度の温かいリンゴジュース寒天プレート。翌朝、麻酔をしたハエをコレクションケージに移し、ケージの開いた端に酵母ペーストの小さな塗りつぶしを入れた温めのリンゴジュース寒天プレートを置きます。その後、赤い袖でケージにプレートを固定します。古い胚を取り除くために、ハエがリンゴジュース寒天プレートに卵を25°Cで1時間産ませた。インキュベーションの終わりに、ケージメッシュ側を下に反転し、ケージの底までハエをタップします。リンゴジュース寒天を新しい温め込んだリンゴジュース寒天プレートに、酵母ペーストの小さな塗りつぶしを入れ替えます。ハエが摂氏25度でさらに1時間、新しいプレートに卵を産むことを許可します。注射のために後期17胚を収集するには、リンゴジュース寒天プレートを新しいプリウォームプレートに酵母ペーストのスミアで置き換えます。そして、ハエが摂氏25度でプレートに卵を産むことを許可します。1時間後、プレートを交換し、プレートを摂氏25度で19時間回収し、イメージング時に胚が20〜21時間古くなるように老化させます。19時間のインキュベーションの終わりに、胚採取プレートをインキュベーターから取り出し、PbTxでプレートの表面を覆います。そして、胚を含むストレーナーを500ミリメートルのペトリ皿に5分間入れ、室温で時折攪拌してデコリオネートします。インキュベーションの終わりに、新鮮なPbTxでストレーナーを渦巻いて、洗浄ごとに新しいペトリ皿を使用して胚を3回洗い流します。PbTxでストレーナーの片側に胚を洗い、ガラスピペットを使用して胚を2%アガロースゲルスラブに移します。余分な液体を濾紙で取り除きます。スラブ上の6~8個の胚を右に後部に合わせ、後側を上に向け、胚の上のスライドに貼られた両面テープをしっかりと押します。その後、ハロカーボン油で標本を覆う前に、室温で約25分間胚を乾燥させます。幼虫のコレクションのために、所望の遺伝子型の5〜10の処女女性ハエとコーンミール寒天食品とバイアルで所望の遺伝子型の半分の男性と十字架を設定します。25°Cで5〜7日後、遺伝子型に応じて、鉗子を使用してバイアルから3番目のインスター幼虫を静かに収集し、PBSで幼虫をすすいで詰め込んで詰まった食べ物を取り除きます。塗料ブラシを使用して組織の幼虫を乾燥させる前に、必要に応じてジェノタイピングのためにリンゴジュース寒天プレートに幼虫を移します。その後、鉗子を使用して、両面テープで準備されたスライドに6〜8匹の幼虫を移します。注射の前に、マイクロピペットプーラーを使用して、D.メラノガスター注射用の標準的な針状に毛細管を引っ張り、ペトリ皿の粘土に針を固定します。胚注射の場合、20マイクロリットルのゲルローディングピペットチップを使用して、10キロダルトンデキストランを5マイクロリットルのコンジュゲートしてスルフォルホダミン101酸性塩化物に組み込み、針を針ホルダーにロードします。スチールベースに固定されたマイクロマニピュレータに針を置き、注入装置を1平方インチあたり50ポンド、10の範囲で5〜10ミリ秒に設定します。マイクロマニピュレーターステージにスライドを置き、針の端を45度の角度で両面テープの端にブラシをかけ、開口部を通る10キロダルトンデキストランの流れを可能にするのに十分な角度の先端を作成します。染料が針の先端に入るまでフットペダルをポンピングします。針を胚と平行になるように合わせ、標本の後端を穿刺します。足のペダルをポンプで送り、2ナノリットルの色素を試料に注入します。インキュベーション目的での注射時間に注意し、スライドを下に続けて追加の標本を注入します。幼虫注射の場合、胚を注入するために使用されるよりもわずかに大きな角度の開口部を作り、胚標本に示されたような220ナノリットルで幼虫を注入する前に、針を標本に向かってわずかに下方に傾けます。10分間の注入インキュベーションの終わりに、綿の先端のアプリケーターを使用して、スライド上のサンプルの右側と左側にプロスペーサーとして石油ゼリーを塗布します。カバースリップを上に置き、スライドを共焦点顕微鏡ステージに置きます。20Xの目的を選択し、各胚の深さ全体のサンプルを画像化します。次に、血液脳関門が損なわれたサンプルの割合を式に従って計算します。解剖手順を開始する前に、マニキュアを使用して、スライドの約0.5センチメートル離れた2つのカバースリップを取り付け、30分のインキュベーションの終わりにスライド上のPBSに注入した幼虫を置きます。1組の鉗子を使用して、幼虫の体の途中で幼虫をつかみ、2番目の鉗子を使用して幼虫の前部と後部の半分を分離する。次に、1 組の鉗子を使用して口のフックで前領域を握り、2 番目の鉗子を使用して、最初の鉗子の先端にボディウォールを反転させます。脳と腹側神経コードが露出します.必要に応じて神経を切断することによって脳と腹側神経コードを体壁から分離し、スライドから体壁を取り除きます。80%グリセロールの10マイクロリットルでサンプルをカバーします。次に、サンプルの上にカバースリップを置いてイメージングし、サンプルを画像化して、実証したように、侵害された血液脳関門を有するサンプルの割合を決定します。野生型後期17胚をスルフォルホダミン101酸性塩化物蛍光色素にコンジュゲートして10キロダルトンデキストランを注入すると、大きなデキストラン分子が予想通り腹側神経コードから除外される。ヘテロ接合生1突然変異胚は、野生型対照胚で観察されたのと同様に、無傷の血液脳関門を示す。対照的に、ホモ接合性生1突然変異胚は、血液脳関門の完全性に欠陥を示し、10キロダルトンデキストランが腹側神経コードにあふれ、血液脳関門の障害を形成することを示す。野生型対照幼虫サンプルでは、10キロダルトンデキストランは血液脳関門に浸透せず、脳および腹側神経コードから除外される。この手順を試みる場合、胚の適切な老化は、血液脳関門形成が完了すると予想される年齢でサンプルを検査するために重要である。この手順に従って、遺伝子、免疫体化学、および顕微鏡を用いて、遺伝子の血中脳関門を呈する変異体を研究し、細胞レベルでの遺伝子機能をよりよく理解することができる。この技術は、研究者が血液脳関門の確立と維持に不可欠な追加の遺伝子を同定することを可能にする。

assay-for-blood-brain-barrier-integrity-in-drosophila-melanogaster

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila melanogaster, inductive microenvironments known as larval Hematopoietic Pockets (HPs) have been identified as anatomical sites for the development and regulation of blood cells (hemocytes), in particular of the self-renewing macrophage lineage.&#160;HPs are segmentally repeated pockets between the epidermis and muscle layers of the larva, which also comprise sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. In the larva, resident (sessile) hemocytes are exposed to anti-apoptotic, adhesive and proliferative cues from these sensory neurons and potentially other components of the HPs, such as the lining muscle and epithelial layers. During normal development, gradual release of resident hemocytes from the HPs fuels the population of circulating hemocytes, which culminates in the release of most of the resident hemocytes at the beginning of metamorphosis. Immune assaults, physical injury or mechanical disturbance trigger the premature release of resident hemocytes into circulation. The switch of larval hemocytes between resident locations and circulation raises the need for a common standard/procedure to selectively isolate and quantify these two populations of blood cells from single Drosophila larvae. Accordingly, this protocol describes an automated method to release and quantify the resident and circulating hemocytes from single larvae. The method facilitates ex vivo approaches, and may be adapted to serve a variety of developmental stages of Drosophila and other invertebrate organisms.

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Drosophila blood cells, or hemocytes, cycle between resident sites and circulation. In the larva, resident (sessile) hemocytes localize to inductive microenvironments, the Hematopoietic Pockets, while circulating hemocytes move freely in the hemolymph. The goal of this protocol is the standardized isolation and quantification of these two, behaviorally distinct but interchanging, hemocyte populations.

の血液細胞集団のアッセイ<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila ...

発生生物学

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

エバンスブルー色素でゼブラフィッシュ幼生骨格筋の整合性の分析

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

A method for rearing Drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions is presented. Fly embryos are dechorionated in sodium hypochlorite, transferred aseptically to sterile diet, and reared in closed containers. Inoculating diet and embryos with bacteria leads to gnotobiotic associations, and bacterial presence is confirmed by plating whole-body Drosophila homogenates.

フルーツフライを飼育<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em&gt;無菌およびノトバイオート条件の下で

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response to&#160;growth and reproduction. In insects, the larval prothoracic gland (PG) and the adult female ovary play essential roles in biosynthesizing the principal steroid hormones called ecdysteroids. These ecdysteroidogenic organs are innervated from the nervous system, through&#160;which the timing of biosynthesis is affected by environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol for visualizing ecdysteroidogenic organs and their interactive organs in larvae and adults of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which provides a suitable model system for studying steroid hormone biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism. Skillful dissection allows us to maintain the positions of ecdysteroidogenic organs and their interactive organs including the brain, the ventral nerve cord, and other tissues. Immunostaining with antibodies against ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, along with transgenic fluorescence proteins driven by tissue-specific promoters, are available to label ecdysteroidogenic cells. Moreover, the innervations of the ecdysteroidogenic organs can also be labeled by specific antibodies or a collection of GAL4 drivers in various types of neurons. Therefore, the ecdysteroidogenic organs and their neuronal connections can be&#160;visualized simultaneously&#160;by immunostaining and transgenic techniques. Finally, we describe how to visualize germline stem cells, whose proliferation and maintenance are controlled by ecdysteroids. This method contributes to comprehensive understanding of steroid hormone biosynthesis and its neuronal regulatory mechanism.

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for dissection, fixation, and immunostaining of steroidogenic organs in Drosophila larvae and adult females to study steroid hormone biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism. In addition to steroidogenic organs, we visualize the innervation of steroidogenic organs as well as steroidogenic target cells such as germline stem cells.

フルーツフライで免疫染色でステロイド合成器官とそのインタラクティブ臓器を可視化するためのプロトコル<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

郭清ときのこ体の免疫蛍光染色と大人のショウジョウバエ脳光受容器ニューロン

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

マウス血液精巣関門の整合性を研究するIn Vivo法

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals may alter the normal balance of endocrine systems and lead to adverse effects, as well as an increasing number of hormonal disorders in the human population or disturbed growth and reduced reproduction in the wildlife species. For some EDCs, there are documented health effects and restrictions on their use. However, for most of them, there is still no scientific evidence in this sense. In order to verify potential endocrine effects of a chemical in the full organism, we need to test it in appropriate model systems, as well as in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report detailed in vivo protocols to study endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on the fecundity/fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly. In the last few years, we used these Drosophila life traits to investigate the effects of exposure to 17-&#945;-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol AF (BPA F). Altogether, these assays covered all Drosophila life stages and made it possible to evaluate endocrine disruption in all hormone-mediated processes. Fecundity/fertility and developmental timing assays were useful to measure the EDC impact on the fly reproductive performance and on developmental stages, respectively. Finally, the lifespan assay involved chronic EDC exposures to adults and measured their survivorship. However, these life traits can also be influenced by several experimental factors that had to be carefully controlled. So, in this work, we suggest a series of procedures we have optimized for the right outcome of these assays. These methods allow scientists to establish endocrine disruption for any EDC or for a mixture of different EDCs in Drosophila, although to identify the endocrine mechanism responsible for the effect, further essays could be needed.

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) represent a serious problem for organisms and for natural environments. Drosophila melanogaster represents an ideal model to study EDC effects in vivo. Here, we present methods to investigate endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on fecundity, fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly.

ショウジョウバエメラメラノガスターにおける内分泌破壊を試験する方法

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Generation of a Human iPSC-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Chip

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by neurovascular units (NVUs) that shield the central nervous system (CNS) from a range of factors found in the blood that can disrupt delicate brain function. As such, the BBB is a major obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics to the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that the BBB plays a key role in the onset and progression of neurological diseases. Thus, there is a tremendous need for a BBB model that can predict penetration of CNS-targeted drugs as well as elucidate the BBB&#39;s role in health and disease.
We have recently combined organ-on-chip and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies to generate a BBB chip fully personalized to humans. This novel platform displays cellular, molecular, and physiological properties that are suitable for the prediction of drug and molecule transport across the human BBB. Furthermore, using patient-specific BBB chips, we have generated models of neurological disease and demonstrated the potential for personalized predictive medicine applications. Provided here is a detailed protocol demonstrating how to generate iPSC-derived BBB chips, beginning with differentiation of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) and resulting in mixed neural cultures containing neural progenitors, differentiated neurons, and astrocytes. Also described is a procedure for seeding cells into the organ chip and culturing of the BBB chips under controlled laminar flow. Lastly, detailed descriptions of BBB chip analyses are provided, including paracellular permeability assays for assessing drug and molecule permeability as well as immunocytochemical methods for determining the composition of cell types within the chip.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a multicellular neurovascular unit tightly regulating brain homeostasis. By combining human iPSCs and organ-on-chip technologies, we have generated a personalized BBB chip, suitable for disease modeling and CNS drug penetrability predictions. A detailed protocol is described for the generation and operation of the BBB chip.

ヒトiPSCベースの血液脳バリアチップの生成

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by neurovascular units (NVUs) that shield the central nervous system (CNS) from a range of factors found in the ...

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a well-characterized model organism, has benefited from the use of light and electron microscopy to understand gene function at the level of cells and tissues. The application of imaging platforms that allow for an understanding of gene function at the level of the entire intact organism would further enhance our knowledge of genetic mechanisms. Here a whole animal imaging method is presented that outlines the steps needed to visualize Drosophila at any developmental stage using microcomputed tomography (&#181;-CT). The advantages of &#181;-CT include commercially available instrumentation and minimal hands-on time to produce accurate 3D information at micron-level resolution without the need for tissue dissection or clearing methods. Paired with software that accelerate image analysis and 3D rendering, detailed morphometric analysis of any tissue or organ system can be performed to better understand mechanisms of development, physiology, and anatomy for both descriptive and hypothesis testing studies. By utilizing an imaging workflow that incorporates the use of electron microscopy, light microscopy, and &#181;-CT, a thorough evaluation of gene function can be performed, thus furthering the usefulness of this powerful model organism.

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

A protocol is presented that allows for the visualization of intact Drosophila melanogaster at any stage of development using microcomputed tomography.

微小断層撮影による ショウジョウバエメラノガスター の動物全体イメージング

Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a ...

Drosophila melanogaster Third Instar Larvaeのライブ脳外植片のイメージング

Live-Cell Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster Third Instar Larval Brains

Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a differentiating ganglion mother cell (GMC), which will undergo one additional division to give rise to two neurons or glia. Studies in NBs have uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying cell polarity, spindle orientation, neural stem cell self-renewal, and differentiation. These asymmetric cell divisions are readily observable via live-cell imaging, making larval NBs ideally suited for investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of asymmetric cell division in living tissue. When properly dissected and imaged in nutrient-supplemented medium, NBs in explant brains robustly divide for 12-20 h. Previously described methods are technically difficult and may be challenging to those new to the field. Here, a protocol is described for the preparation, dissection, mounting, and imaging of live third-instar larval brain explants using fat body supplements. Potential problems are also discussed, and examples are provided for how this technique can be used.

著者スポットライト:非対称細胞分裂ダイナミクスの調査:ショウジョウバエ幼虫の脳外植片のライブイメージングのためのプロトコル 

Here, we discuss a workflow to prepare, dissect, mount, and image live explant brains from Drosophila melanogaster third instar larvae to observe the cellular and subcellular dynamics under physiological conditions.

ショウジョウバエメラノガスター第3齢幼虫脳の生細胞イメージング

Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a ...