Name: assay for blood-brain barrier integrity in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2019-09-18T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Los autores agradecen al Dr. F. Bryan Pickett y al Dr. Rodney Dale por el uso de equipos para inyección. Este trabajo fue financiado por fondos de investigación de la Universidad Loyola de Chicago a M.D., D.T., y J.J.

1. Recogida de muestras
<ol><li>Colección embryo
	<ol><li>En cada jaula de recolección de embriones, utilice un mínimo de 50 hembras vírgenes con 20 a 25 machos para las colecciones. Incubar estas moscas en una botella con alimentos de agar harina de maíz(Tabla de Materiales)durante 1 a 2 días antes de comenzar las colecciones23. NOTA: Se pueden utilizar más moscas, pero la proporción de mujeres a hombres debe mantenerse en 2:1.</li>
...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+ensheathment+and+septate+junction+formation+in+the+peripheral+nervous+system+of+Drosophila.">Axonal ensheathment and septate junction formation in the peripheral nervous system of Drosophila.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (12), 3319-3329 (2006).</li><li>Bhat, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon-glia+interactions+and+the+domain+organization+of+myelinated+axons+requires+neurexin+IV/Caspr/Paranodin.">Axon-glia interactions and the domain organization of myelinated axons requires neurexin IV/Caspr/Paranodin.</a> Neuron. 30 (2), 369-383 (2001).</li><li>Faivre-Sarrailh, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+contactin,+a+homolog+of+vertebrate+contactin,+is+required+for+septate+junction+organization+and+paracellular+barrier+function.">Drosophila contactin, a homolog of vertebrate contactin, is required for septate junction organization and paracellular barrier function.</a> Development. 131 (20), 4931-4942 (2004).</li><li>Salzer, J. L., Brophy, P. J., Peles, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+domains+of+myelinated+axons+in+the+peripheral+nervous+system.">Molecular domains of myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system.</a> Glia. 56 (14), 1532-1540 (2008).</li><li>von Hilchen, C. M., Bustos, A. E., Giangrande, A., Technau, G. M., Altenhein, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predetermined+embryonic+glial+cells+form+the+distinct+glial+sheaths+of+the+Drosophila+peripheral+nervous+system.">Predetermined embryonic glial cells form the distinct glial sheaths of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system.</a> Development. 140 (17), 3657-3668 (2013).</li><li>Matzat, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+wrapping+in+the+Drosophila+PNS+is+controlled+by+glia-derived+neuregulin+homolog+Vein.">Axonal wrapping in the Drosophila PNS is controlled by glia-derived neuregulin homolog Vein.</a> Development. 142 (7), 1336-1345 (2015).</li><li>Limmer, S., Weiler, A., Volkenhoff, A., Babatz, F., Klambt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+blood-brain+barrier:+development+and+function+of+a+glial+endothelium.">The Drosophila blood-brain barrier: development and function of a glial endothelium.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8, 365 (2014).</li><li>Ho, T. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expressional+Profiling+of+Carpet+Glia+in+the+Developing+Drosophila+Eye+Reveals+Its+Molecular+Signature+of+Morphology+Regulators.">Expressional Profiling of Carpet Glia in the Developing Drosophila Eye Reveals Its Molecular Signature of Morphology Regulators.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 13, 244 (2019).</li><li>DeSalvo, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+surface+glia+transcriptome:+evolutionary+conserved+blood-brain+barrier+processes.">The Drosophila surface glia transcriptome: evolutionary conserved blood-brain barrier processes.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 8, 346 (2014).</li><li>. BDSC Cornmeal Food Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://bdsc.indiana.edu/information/recipes/bloomfood.html">https://bdsc.indiana.edu/information/recipes/bloomfood.html</a> (2017)</li><li>Le, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+family+of+Drosophila+balancer+chromosomes+with+a+w-+dfd-GMR+yellow+fluorescent+protein+marker.">A new family of Drosophila balancer chromosomes with a w- dfd-GMR yellow fluorescent protein marker.</a> Genetics. 174 (4), 2255-2257 (2006).</li><li>Casso, D., Ramirez-Weber, F. A., Kornberg, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GFP-tagged+balancer+chromosomes+for+Drosophila+melanogaster.">GFP-tagged balancer chromosomes for Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Mechanisms of Development. 88 (2), 229-232 (1999).</li><li>Halfon, M. 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R., Dauwalder, B., Barichello, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+as+a+Model+to+Study+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier.">Drosophila as a Model to Study the Blood-Brain Barrier.</a> Blood-Brain Barrier. , 175-185 (2019).</li><li>Lin, D. M., Goodman, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ectopic+and+increased+expression+of+Fasciclin+II+alters+motoneuron+growth+cone+guidance.">Ectopic and increased expression of Fasciclin II alters motoneuron growth cone guidance.</a> Neuron. 13 (3), 507-523 (1994).</li><li>Sepp, K. J., Schulte, J., Auld, V. 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H., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gene+expression+as+a+means+of+altering+cell+fates+and+generating+dominant+phenotypes.">Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes.</a> Development. 118 (2), 401-415 (1993).</li><li>Devraj, K., Guerit, S., Macas, J., Reiss, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+In+Vivo+Blood-brain+Barrier+Permeability+Assay+in+Mice+Using+Fluorescently+Labeled+Tracers.">An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 132, e57038 (2018).</li><li>Fairchild, M. J., Smendziuk, C. 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Este protocolo proporciona una descripción completa de los pasos necesarios para el ensayo para la integridad de BBB durante las etapas larantes de D. melanogaster de D. melanogaster. Se han descrito enfoques similares en otros lugares para probar la integridad del BBB durante el desarrollo, así como en las etapas adultas5,7,29,30. Sin embargo, las descripciones de los procedimientos...

Durante el desarrollo, la comunicación celular y las interacciones son fundamentales para el establecimiento de la estructura y función de tejidos y órganos. En algunos casos, estas interacciones células-células sellan los órganos del entorno circundante para asegurar el funcionamiento adecuado del órgano. Este es el caso del sistema nervioso, que está aislado por la barrera hematoencefálica (BBB). Disfunción del BBB en seres humanos se ha relacionado con trastornos neurológicos incluyendo epilepsia, y la descomposición de la barrera se ha observado en enfermedades neurodegenerativas incluyendo esclerosis múltiple y esclerosis lateral amiotrófica1. En los mamíferos, el BBB está formado por uniones estrechas entre las células endoteliales2,3. Otros animales, incluyendo la mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster, tienen un BBB compuesto de células gliales. Estas células gliales forman una barrera selectivamente permeable para controlar el movimiento de nutrientes, productos de desecho, toxinas y moléculas grandes dentro y fuera del sistema nervioso4. Esto permite el mantenimiento del gradiente electroquímico necesario para disparar potenciales de acción, permitiendo la movilidad y coordinación4. En D. melanogaster, la glia protege el sistema nervioso de la hemolinfa5rica en potasio.
En el sistema nervioso central (SNC) y el sistema nervioso periférico (PNS) de D. melanogaster, dos capas glias externas, la glia subperineurial y la glia perineurial, así como una red externa de matriz extracelular, la lamela neural, forman la hemolinfa-cerebro y la barrera del nervio hemafifáfico6, conocido como el BBB a lo largo de este artículo. Durante el desarrollo la glia subperineurial se convierte nofoides y se agranda para rodear el sistema nervioso5,6,7,8,9,10,11 . La glia subperineurial forma uniones septato, que proporcionan la principal barrera de difusión entre la hemolinfa y el sistema nervioso5,6,12. Estas uniones son molecularmente similares a las uniones similares a septatos que se encuentran en los paranodos de la glia mielinante en vertebrados, y realizan la misma función que las uniones estrechas en el BBB de los mamíferos13,14, 15 , 16 , 17. La glia perineurial divide, crece y envuelve alrededor de la glia subperineurial para regular la difusión de metabolitos y moléculas grandes6,10,18,19. La formación de BBB se completa en 18,5 h después de la puesta de huevos (AEL) a 25 oC5,8. Estudios anteriores han identificado genes que son reguladores críticos de la formación BBB20,21,22. Para comprender mejor las funciones exactas de estos genes, es importante examinar el efecto de la mutación de estos reguladores potenciales en la integridad de bBB. Si bien estudios anteriores han esbozado enfoques para decir la integridad de BBB en embriones y larvas, aún no se ha descrito un protocolo integral para este ensayo5,7. Este protocolo paso a paso describe los métodos para decir la integridad de BBB durante las etapas embrionarias de D. melanogaster y la tercera etapa larval instar.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 kDa sulforhodamine 101 acid chloride (Texas Red) Dextran</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D1863</td>
			<td>Dextran should be diluted in autoclaved ddH2O to a concentration of 25 mg/mL.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 &#956;L Gel-Loading Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22351656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Ethanol (200 proof)</td>
			<td>Pharmco-Aaper</td>
			<td>11000200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Active Dry Yeast</td>
			<td>Red Star</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1423</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP160-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Compressor</td>
			<td>DeWalt</td>
			<td>D55140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apple Juice</td>
			<td>Mott&#39;s Natural Apple Juice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>Household Bleach</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1-5% Hypochlorite</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>1B100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle Plugs</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td>Samples imaged using 20x objective (UPlanSApo 20x/ 0.75)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton-Tipped Applicator</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>19-062614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-Sided Tape 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Tweezers; Pattern #5; .05 X .01mm Tip</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly Food Bottles</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-355</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly Food Vials</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-515</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foot Pedal</td>
			<td>Treadlite II</td>
			<td>T-91-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Caster</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1704422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Tray</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1704436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Pipette</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14673-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Granulated sugar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purchased from grocery store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halocarbon Oil</td>
			<td>Lab Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>FLY-7000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Source</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>Ace I</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manipulator Stand</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>M10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>KITE-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle Holder</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MPH310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nightsea Filter Sets</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>SFA-LFS-CY</td>
			<td>For visualization of YFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nightsea Full Adapter System w/ Royal Blue Color Light Head</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>SFA-RB</td>
			<td>For visualization of GFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Simply Simmons</td>
			<td>Chisel Blender #6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-683C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pneumatic Pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>PV830</td>
			<td>This is also referred to as a microinjector or pressure regulator. Since the model used in our study is no longer available this is one alternative.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP366-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP363-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Embryo Collection Cages</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>59-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP332-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel Base Plate</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>5052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Used for tissue dissection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope with transmitted light source</td>
			<td>Baytronix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for injection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tegosept (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester)</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>20-258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151-500</td>
			<td>Nonionic surfactant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial Plugs</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assay for blood-brain barrier integrity in drosophila melanogaster

El desarrollo adecuado del sistema nervioso incluye la formación de la barrera hematoencefálica, la barrera de difusión que regula estrechamente el acceso al sistema nervioso y protege el tejido neural de toxinas y patógenos. Los defectos en la formación de esta barrera se han correlacionado con las neuropatías, y la descomposición de esta barrera se ha observado en muchas enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Por lo tanto, es fundamental identificar los genes que regulan la formación y el mantenimiento de la barrera hematoencefálica para identificar posibles dianas terapéuticas. Con el fin de entender las funciones exactas que estos genes juegan en el desarrollo neuronal, es necesario determinar los efectos de la expresión génica alterada en la integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica. Muchas de las moléculas que funcionan en el establecimiento de la barrera hematoencefálica se han encontrado para ser conservadas a través de especies eucariotas, incluyendo la mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster. Las moscas de la fruta han demostrado ser un excelente sistema modelo para examinar los mecanismos moleculares que regulan el desarrollo y la función del sistema nervioso. Este protocolo describe un procedimiento paso a paso para el ensayo de la integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica durante las etapas embrionarias y larvales del desarrollo de D. melanogaster.

Los métodos descritos aquí permiten la visualización de la integridad del BBB en todo el SNC en embriones y larvas de D. melanogaster (Figura 1). Una vez completada la formación de BBB en la embriogénesis tardía, el BBB funciona para excluir moléculas grandes del cerebro y VNC5. Este protocolo aprovecha esta función para probar la formación BBB. Cuando se inyectaron embriones de tipo salvaje (Oregon R) en etapa tardía 17 (20-21 h de edad) con 10 kDa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

La integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica es fundamental para la función del sistema nervioso. En Drosophila melanogaster, la barrera hematoencefálica se forma por células gliales durante la embriogénesis tardía. Este protocolo describe los métodos para el ensayo para la formación y el mantenimiento de barreras hematoencefálicas en embriones D. melanogaster y larvas de tercera estrella.

Ensayo para la integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica en Drosophila melanogaster

Proper nervous system development includes the formation of the blood-brain barrier, the diffusion barrier that tightly regulates access to the nervous ...

Este método puede ayudar a responder preguntas clave con respecto a la regulación genética de la formación y el mantenimiento de la barrera blood - brain durante múltiples etapas de desarrollo de la drosophila. Este método también se puede adaptar para examinar la permeabilidad de otras barreras, como el epitelio intestinal en una variedad de organismos. La principal ventaja de esta técnica es que permite evaluar la función de barrera hematoencefálica en los tejidos vivos.La demostración visual de este método es crítica, ya que las manipulaciones de ejemplo pueden ser difíciles y muchos pasos requieren mucha atención a los detalles. Para la recogida de embriones colocar un mínimo de 50 hembras vírgenes con 20 a 25 machos por botella con alimentos de agar harina de maíz e incubar estas moscas durante uno o dos días antes de comenzar las colecciones. El día antes de la recolección, platos calientes de agar con jugo de manzana a 25 grados centígrados durante la noche.A la mañana siguiente transfiera las moscas anestesiadas de dióxido de carbono a una jaula de recolección y coloque un plato de agar de jugo de manzana precalejado con un pequeño frotis de pasta de levadura en el extremo abierto de la jaula. A continuación, fije el plato a la jaula con la manga roja. Para limpiar embriones más viejos, permita que las moscas pongan huevos en un plato de agar de jugo de manzana durante una hora a 25 grados centígrados.Al final de la incubación, invierta el lado de la malla de la jaula hacia abajo y toque las moscas en el fondo de la jaula. Sustituya el agar jugo de manzana por un nuevo plato de agar de jugo de manzana precalegado con un pequeño frotis de pasta de levadura. Deje que las moscas pongan huevos en el nuevo plato durante otra hora a 25 grados centígrados.Para recoger embriones de la etapa tardía 17 para inyección, sustituya el plato de agar de jugo de manzana por un nuevo plato precalgado por un frotis de pasta de levadura. Y dejar que las moscas pongan huevos en el plato a 25 grados centígrados. Después de una hora, reemplace la placa y la edad de la placa con embriones recogidos durante 19 horas a 25 grados Celsius para que los embriones tendrán de 20 a 21 horas de edad en el momento de la toma de imágenes.Al final de la incubación de 19 horas, retire la placa de recogida de embriones de la incubadora y cubra la superficie de la placa con PbTx. Utilice un pincel para aflojar los embriones de la superficie de la placa en un colador de malla de nylon de 70 micrómetros. Y coloque el colador con embriones en una solución de 50% de lejía en un plato de Petri de 100 milímetros durante cinco minutos con agitación ocasional a temperatura ambiente para descorionarlos.Al final de la incubación, enjuague los embriones tres veces remolinos el colador en PbTx fresco, utilizando un nuevo plato Petri para cada lavado. Lave los embriones a un lado del colador con PbTx y utilice una pipeta de vidrio para transferir los embriones a una losa de gel de 2% agarosa. Retire el exceso de líquido con papel de filtro.Alinee de seis a ocho embriones en la losa con los posteriores a la derecha y los lados dorsales hacia arriba y presione firmemente un trozo de cinta adhesiva de doble cara colocado en una diapositiva en la parte superior de los embriones. A continuación, desiccele los embriones a temperatura ambiente durante unos 25 minutos antes de cubrir los especímenes con aceite de halocarbono. Para la recolección larvaria, establezca una cruz con 5 a 10 moscas hembra vírgenes del genotipo deseado y la mitad de los machos del genotipo deseado en un vial con alimento de agar harina de maíz.Después de cinco a siete días a 25 grados Celsius, dependiendo del genotipo, utilice fórceps para recoger suavemente larvas de tercera estrella errantes del vial y enjuague las larvas con PBS para eliminar cualquier alimento atascado. Transfiera las larvas a un plato de agar de jugo de manzana para su genotipado según sea necesario antes de usar un pincel para secar las larvas en un tejido. A continuación, utilice fórceps para transferir de seis a ocho larvas a un portaobjetos preparado con cinta adhesiva de doble cara.Antes de la inyección, utilice un tirador de micropipetas para tirar de los tubos capilares en una forma de aguja estándar para las inyecciones de D.Melanogaster y ancle las agujas en arcilla en un plato petri. Para la inyección de embriones, utilice una punta de pipeta de carga de gel de 20 microlitros para cargar una aguja preparada con 5 microlitros de 10 kilodatones dextrán conjugados con cloruro ácido sulforhodamine 101 y cargue la aguja en un soporte de aguja. Coloque la aguja en un micromaniprógrafo asegurado a una base de acero y ajuste el aparato de inyección a 50 libras por pulgada cuadrada y de 5 a 10 milisegundos con un rango de 10.Coloque la corredera en la etapa del micromanipulador y cepille el borde de la aguja contra el borde de la cinta de doble cara en un ángulo de 45 grados para crear una punta ligeramente inclinada rota lo suficiente como para permitir el flujo del dextrán de 10 kilodalton a través de la abertura. Bombee el pedal hasta que el tinte esté en la punta de la aguja. Alinee la aguja de modo que sea paralela al embrión y perfore el extremo posterior de la muestra.Bombee el pedal para inyectar dos nanolitros de tinte en la muestra. Tenga en cuenta el tiempo de inyección para fines de incubación y continúe por el portaobjetos para inyectar muestras adicionales. Para la inyección larvaria, haga una abertura en ángulo ligeramente mayor que la que se utiliza para inyectar embriones y angulo la aguja ligeramente hacia abajo hacia la muestra antes de inyectar las larvas con 220 nanolitros similares a los demostrados para las muestras embrionarias.Al final de la incubación por inyección de 10 minutos, utilice un aplicador con punta de algodón para aplicar vaselina en los lados derecho e izquierdo de las muestras en la diapositiva como espaciador. Coloque el resbalón de la cubierta en la parte superior y coloque la diapositiva en la etapa del microscopio confocal. Seleccione el objetivo 20X e imagine las muestras a lo largo de la profundidad de cada embrión.Luego calcule el porcentaje de muestras con una barrera hematoencefálica comprometida de acuerdo con la fórmula. Antes de comenzar el procedimiento de disección, utilice esmalte de uñas para montar dos resbalones de cubierta espaciados aproximadamente 0,5 centímetros de separación en un portaobjetos y coloque una larva inyectada en PBS en el portaobjetos al final de la incubación de 30 minutos. Usando un par de fórceps, agarre la larva a la mitad del cuerpo larvario y use un segundo par de fórceps para separar las mitades anterior y posterior de la larva.A continuación, utilice un par de fórceps para agarrar la región anterior en los ganchos de la boca y utilice el segundo par de fórceps para invertir la pared del cuerpo sobre la punta del primer par de fórceps. El cerebro y el cordón nervioso ventral estarán expuestos. Separe el cerebro y el cordón nervioso ventral de la pared del cuerpo cortando los nervios si es necesario y retire la pared del cuerpo de la diapositiva.Cubra la muestra con 10 microlitros de 80% de glicerol. A continuación, coloque un resguardo de cubierta en la parte superior de la muestra para obtener imágenes e imágenes de las muestras para determinar el porcentaje de muestras con una barrera hematoencefálica comprometida como se ha demostrado. Cuando los embriones de tipo salvaje en la etapa tardía 17 se inyectan con 10 kilodalton dextran conjugados con sulforhodamine 101 acid chloride fluorescent dye, la molécula de dextrán grande se excluye del cordón nervioso ventral, como se esperaba.Los embriones mutantes crudos 1 exhiben una barrera hematoencefálica intacta, similar a la observada en embriones de control de tipo salvaje. Por el contrario, los embriones mutantes crudos homocigoto 1 presentan defectos en la integridad de la barrera hematoencefálica, con la inundación de 10 kilodalton dextrán en el cordón nervioso ventral, lo que indica un fallo en la barrera hematoencefálica que se está formando. En muestras larvales de control de tipo salvaje, 10 kilodalton dextran no penetra en la barrera hematoencefálica y se excluye del cerebro y del cordón nervioso ventral.Al intentar este procedimiento, el envejecimiento adecuado de los embriones es fundamental para garantizar que las muestras se examinen a una edad a la que se espera que la formación de barreras hematoencefálicas sea completa. Después de este procedimiento, los mutantes que exhiben una barrera hematoencefálica comprometida pueden ser estudiados usando genética, inmunohistoquímica y microscopía para entender mejor la función genética a nivel celular. Esta técnica permitirá a los investigadores identificar genes adicionales que son críticos para el establecimiento y mantenimiento de la barrera hematoencefálica.

assay-for-blood-brain-barrier-integrity-in-drosophila-melanogaster

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila melanogaster, inductive microenvironments known as larval Hematopoietic Pockets (HPs) have been identified as anatomical sites for the development and regulation of blood cells (hemocytes), in particular of the self-renewing macrophage lineage.&#160;HPs are segmentally repeated pockets between the epidermis and muscle layers of the larva, which also comprise sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. In the larva, resident (sessile) hemocytes are exposed to anti-apoptotic, adhesive and proliferative cues from these sensory neurons and potentially other components of the HPs, such as the lining muscle and epithelial layers. During normal development, gradual release of resident hemocytes from the HPs fuels the population of circulating hemocytes, which culminates in the release of most of the resident hemocytes at the beginning of metamorphosis. Immune assaults, physical injury or mechanical disturbance trigger the premature release of resident hemocytes into circulation. The switch of larval hemocytes between resident locations and circulation raises the need for a common standard/procedure to selectively isolate and quantify these two populations of blood cells from single Drosophila larvae. Accordingly, this protocol describes an automated method to release and quantify the resident and circulating hemocytes from single larvae. The method facilitates ex vivo approaches, and may be adapted to serve a variety of developmental stages of Drosophila and other invertebrate organisms.

Assaying Blood Cell Populations of the Drosophila melanogaster Larva

Drosophila blood cells, or hemocytes, cycle between resident sites and circulation. In the larva, resident (sessile) hemocytes localize to inductive microenvironments, the Hematopoietic Pockets, while circulating hemocytes move freely in the hemolymph. The goal of this protocol is the standardized isolation and quantification of these two, behaviorally distinct but interchanging, hemocyte populations.

Analizando poblaciones de células sanguíneas de la<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Larva

In vertebrates, hematopoiesis is regulated by inductive microenvironments (niches). Likewise, in the invertebrate model organism&#160;Drosophila ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

Análisis de pez cebra larvas esquelético Integridad del músculo con el colorante azul de Evans

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding microbial interactions with animal hosts, facilitated by approaches to rear large sample sizes of Drosophila under microorganism-free (axenic) conditions, or with defined microbial communities (gnotobiotic). This work outlines a method for collection of Drosophila embryos, hypochlorite dechorionation and sterilization, and transfer to sterile diet. Sterilized embryos are transferred to sterile diet in 50 ml centrifuge tubes, and developing larvae and adults remain free of any exogenous microbes until the vials are opened. Alternatively, flies with a defined microbiota can be reared by inoculating sterile diet and embryos with microbial species of interest. We describe the introduction of 4 bacterial species to establish a representative gnotobiotic microbiota in Drosophila. Finally, we describe approaches for confirming bacterial community composition, including testing if axenic Drosophila remain bacteria-free into adulthood.

Rearing the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster Under Axenic and Gnotobiotic Conditions

A method for rearing Drosophila melanogaster under axenic and gnotobiotic conditions is presented. Fly embryos are dechorionated in sodium hypochlorite, transferred aseptically to sterile diet, and reared in closed containers. Inoculating diet and embryos with bacteria leads to gnotobiotic associations, and bacterial presence is confirmed by plating whole-body Drosophila homogenates.

La cría de la mosca de la fruta<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Bajo axénicos y Condiciones gnotobióticos

The influence of microbes on myriad animal traits and behaviors has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is ...

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response to&#160;growth and reproduction. In insects, the larval prothoracic gland (PG) and the adult female ovary play essential roles in biosynthesizing the principal steroid hormones called ecdysteroids. These ecdysteroidogenic organs are innervated from the nervous system, through&#160;which the timing of biosynthesis is affected by environmental cues. Here we describe a protocol for visualizing ecdysteroidogenic organs and their interactive organs in larvae and adults of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which provides a suitable model system for studying steroid hormone biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism. Skillful dissection allows us to maintain the positions of ecdysteroidogenic organs and their interactive organs including the brain, the ventral nerve cord, and other tissues. Immunostaining with antibodies against ecdysteroidogenic enzymes, along with transgenic fluorescence proteins driven by tissue-specific promoters, are available to label ecdysteroidogenic cells. Moreover, the innervations of the ecdysteroidogenic organs can also be labeled by specific antibodies or a collection of GAL4 drivers in various types of neurons. Therefore, the ecdysteroidogenic organs and their neuronal connections can be&#160;visualized simultaneously&#160;by immunostaining and transgenic techniques. Finally, we describe how to visualize germline stem cells, whose proliferation and maintenance are controlled by ecdysteroids. This method contributes to comprehensive understanding of steroid hormone biosynthesis and its neuronal regulatory mechanism.

Protocols for Visualizing Steroidogenic Organs and Their Interactive Organs with Immunostaining in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for dissection, fixation, and immunostaining of steroidogenic organs in Drosophila larvae and adult females to study steroid hormone biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism. In addition to steroidogenic organs, we visualize the innervation of steroidogenic organs as well as steroidogenic target cells such as germline stem cells.

Protocolos para la visualización androgénica, órganos y sus órganos interactivos con inmunotinción en la mosca de la fruta<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In multicellular organisms, a small group of cells is endowed with a specialized function in their biogenic activity, inducing a systemic response ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Disección y tinción inmunofluorescente de seta del cuerpo y las neuronas fotorreceptoras en cerebros de adultos de Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), which is the tightest tissue barrier in the mammalian body and segregates the seminiferous epithelium into two compartments, a basal and an adluminal. The BTB creates a unique microenvironment for germ cells in meiosis I/II and for the development of postmeiotic spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Here, we describe a reliable assay to monitor BTB integrity of mouse testis in vivo. An intact BTB blocks the diffusion of FITC-conjugated inulin from the basal to the apical compartment of the seminiferous tubules. This technique is suitable for studying gene candidates, viruses, or environmental toxicants that may affect BTB function or integrity, with an easy procedure and a minimal requirement of surgical skills compared to alternative methods.

An In Vivo Method to Study Mouse Blood-Testis Barrier Integrity

Here, we present a protocol to assess the blood-testis barrier integrity by injecting inulin-FITC into testes. This is an efficient in vivo method to study blood-testis barrier integrity that can be compromised by genetic and environmental elements.

Un método In Vivo para el estudio de integridad de barrera Hematotesticular ratón

Spermatogenesis is the development of spermatogonia into mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. This process is supported by ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals may alter the normal balance of endocrine systems and lead to adverse effects, as well as an increasing number of hormonal disorders in the human population or disturbed growth and reduced reproduction in the wildlife species. For some EDCs, there are documented health effects and restrictions on their use. However, for most of them, there is still no scientific evidence in this sense. In order to verify potential endocrine effects of a chemical in the full organism, we need to test it in appropriate model systems, as well as in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report detailed in vivo protocols to study endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on the fecundity/fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly. In the last few years, we used these Drosophila life traits to investigate the effects of exposure to 17-&#945;-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol AF (BPA F). Altogether, these assays covered all Drosophila life stages and made it possible to evaluate endocrine disruption in all hormone-mediated processes. Fecundity/fertility and developmental timing assays were useful to measure the EDC impact on the fly reproductive performance and on developmental stages, respectively. Finally, the lifespan assay involved chronic EDC exposures to adults and measured their survivorship. However, these life traits can also be influenced by several experimental factors that had to be carefully controlled. So, in this work, we suggest a series of procedures we have optimized for the right outcome of these assays. These methods allow scientists to establish endocrine disruption for any EDC or for a mixture of different EDCs in Drosophila, although to identify the endocrine mechanism responsible for the effect, further essays could be needed.

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) represent a serious problem for organisms and for natural environments. Drosophila melanogaster represents an ideal model to study EDC effects in vivo. Here, we present methods to investigate endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on fecundity, fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly.

Métodos para probar la interrupción endocrina en Drosophila melanogaster

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Generation of a Human iPSC-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Chip

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by neurovascular units (NVUs) that shield the central nervous system (CNS) from a range of factors found in the blood that can disrupt delicate brain function. As such, the BBB is a major obstacle to the delivery of therapeutics to the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that the BBB plays a key role in the onset and progression of neurological diseases. Thus, there is a tremendous need for a BBB model that can predict penetration of CNS-targeted drugs as well as elucidate the BBB&#39;s role in health and disease.
We have recently combined organ-on-chip and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies to generate a BBB chip fully personalized to humans. This novel platform displays cellular, molecular, and physiological properties that are suitable for the prediction of drug and molecule transport across the human BBB. Furthermore, using patient-specific BBB chips, we have generated models of neurological disease and demonstrated the potential for personalized predictive medicine applications. Provided here is a detailed protocol demonstrating how to generate iPSC-derived BBB chips, beginning with differentiation of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) and resulting in mixed neural cultures containing neural progenitors, differentiated neurons, and astrocytes. Also described is a procedure for seeding cells into the organ chip and culturing of the BBB chips under controlled laminar flow. Lastly, detailed descriptions of BBB chip analyses are provided, including paracellular permeability assays for assessing drug and molecule permeability as well as immunocytochemical methods for determining the composition of cell types within the chip.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a multicellular neurovascular unit tightly regulating brain homeostasis. By combining human iPSCs and organ-on-chip technologies, we have generated a personalized BBB chip, suitable for disease modeling and CNS drug penetrability predictions. A detailed protocol is described for the generation and operation of the BBB chip.

Generación de un chip de barrera hematoencefálica basada en iPSC humana

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by neurovascular units (NVUs) that shield the central nervous system (CNS) from a range of factors found in the ...

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a well-characterized model organism, has benefited from the use of light and electron microscopy to understand gene function at the level of cells and tissues. The application of imaging platforms that allow for an understanding of gene function at the level of the entire intact organism would further enhance our knowledge of genetic mechanisms. Here a whole animal imaging method is presented that outlines the steps needed to visualize Drosophila at any developmental stage using microcomputed tomography (&#181;-CT). The advantages of &#181;-CT include commercially available instrumentation and minimal hands-on time to produce accurate 3D information at micron-level resolution without the need for tissue dissection or clearing methods. Paired with software that accelerate image analysis and 3D rendering, detailed morphometric analysis of any tissue or organ system can be performed to better understand mechanisms of development, physiology, and anatomy for both descriptive and hypothesis testing studies. By utilizing an imaging workflow that incorporates the use of electron microscopy, light microscopy, and &#181;-CT, a thorough evaluation of gene function can be performed, thus furthering the usefulness of this powerful model organism.

Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography

A protocol is presented that allows for the visualization of intact Drosophila melanogaster at any stage of development using microcomputed tomography.

Imágenes en animales enteros de Drosophila melanogaster mediante tomografía microcomputada

Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a ...

Imágenes de explantes cerebrales vivos de larvas de Drosophila melanogaster en el tercer estadio

Live-Cell Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster Third Instar Larval Brains

Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a differentiating ganglion mother cell (GMC), which will undergo one additional division to give rise to two neurons or glia. Studies in NBs have uncovered the molecular mechanisms underlying cell polarity, spindle orientation, neural stem cell self-renewal, and differentiation. These asymmetric cell divisions are readily observable via live-cell imaging, making larval NBs ideally suited for investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of asymmetric cell division in living tissue. When properly dissected and imaged in nutrient-supplemented medium, NBs in explant brains robustly divide for 12-20 h. Previously described methods are technically difficult and may be challenging to those new to the field. Here, a protocol is described for the preparation, dissection, mounting, and imaging of live third-instar larval brain explants using fat body supplements. Potential problems are also discussed, and examples are provided for how this technique can be used.

Autor destacado: Investigación de la dinámica de la división celular asimétrica: un protocolo para la obtención de imágenes en vivo de explantes cerebrales de larvas de Drosophila 

Here, we discuss a workflow to prepare, dissect, mount, and image live explant brains from Drosophila melanogaster third instar larvae to observe the cellular and subcellular dynamics under physiological conditions.

Imágenes de células vivas de cerebros larvales del tercer estadio de Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a ...