Dette arbejde blev støttet af JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP24750023, JP24350012, MEXT KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP26104534, JP16H00850, JP26102541, JP16H00782 og MEXT-Supported Program for Strategic Research Foundation ved Private Universities, 2015-2019.

1. Opstart af elektriske enheder
<ol><li>Tænd femtosekund Ti: safir laser system i henhold til sin drift manual. Vent 2 timer på, at lasersystemet varmer op.</li>
	<li>Tænd for strømafbryderne på den optiske helikopter, de translationelle scenecontrollere, spektrografen, InGaAs-arraydetektoren og computeren, mens systemet varmer op. Fyld detektorens Dewar med flydende nitrogen.</li>
</ol>2. Optisk justering af spektrometer
<ol><li>Spejljustering (figur 1</stro...

<ol>
	<li>Pol&#237;vka, T., Herek, J. L., Zigmantas, D., &#197;kerlund, H. -. E., Sundstr&#246;m, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Observation+of+the+(Forbidden)+S1+State+in+Carotenoids.">Direct Observation of the (Forbidden) S1 State in Carotenoids.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (9), 4914-4917 (1999).</li><li>Takaya, T., Iwata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relaxation+Mechanism+of+&#946;-Carotene+from+S2+(1Bu+)+State+to+S1+(2Ag-)+State:+Femtosecond+Time-Resolved+Near-IR+Absorption+and+Stimulated+Resonance+Raman+Studies+in+900-1550+nm+Region.">Relaxation Mechanism of &#946;-Carotene from S2 (1Bu+) State to S1 (2Ag-) State: Femtosecond Time-Resolved Near-IR Absorption and Stimulated Resonance Raman Studies in 900-1550 nm Region.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 118 (23), 4071-4078 (2014).</li><li>Takaya, T., Anan, M., Iwata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrational+Relaxation+Dynamics+of+&#946;-Carotene+and+Its+Derivatives+with+Substituents+on+Terminal+Rings+in+Electronically+Excited+States+as+Studied+by+Femtosecond+Time-Resolved+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy+in+the+Near-IR+Region.">Vibrational Relaxation Dynamics of &#946;-Carotene and Its Derivatives with Substituents on Terminal Rings in Electronically Excited States as Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy in the Near-IR Region.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 20 (5), 3320-3327 (2017).</li><li>Guo, J., Ohkita, H., Benten, H., Ito, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-IR+Femtosecond+Transient+Absorption+Spectroscopy+of+Ultrafast+Polaron+and+Triplet+Exciton+Formation+in+Polythiophene+Films+with+Different+Regioregularities.">Near-IR Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy of Ultrafast Polaron and Triplet Exciton Formation in Polythiophene Films with Different Regioregularities.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (46), (2009).</li><li>Hwang, I. -. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carrier+Generation+and+Transport+in+Bulk+Heterojunction+Films+Processed+with+1,8-Octanedithiol+as+a+Processing+Additive.">Carrier Generation and Transport in Bulk Heterojunction Films Processed with 1,8-Octanedithiol as a Processing Additive.</a> Journal of Applied Physics. 104 (3), 033706 (2008).</li><li>Yonezawa, K., Kamioka, H., Yasuda, T., Han, L., Moritomo, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+Carrier+Formation+from+Acceptor+Exciton+in+Low-Gap+Organic+Photovoltaic.">Fast Carrier Formation from Acceptor Exciton in Low-Gap Organic Photovoltaic.</a> Applied Physics Express. 5 (4), 042302 (2012).</li><li>Takaya, T., Enokida, I., Furukawa, Y., Iwata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Observation+of+Structure+and+Dynamics+of+Photogenerated+Charge+Carriers+in+Poly(3-hexylthiophene)+Films+by+Femtosecond+Time-Resolved+Near-IR+Inverse+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Direct Observation of Structure and Dynamics of Photogenerated Charge Carriers in Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Films by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Near-IR Inverse Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Molecules. 24 (3), 431 (2019).</li><li>Clafton, S. N., Huang, D. M., Massey, W. R., Kee, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+Dynamics+of+Excitons+and+Hole-Polarons+in+Composite+P3HT/PCBM+Nanoparticles.">Femtosecond Dynamics of Excitons and Hole-Polarons in Composite P3HT/PCBM Nanoparticles.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 117 (16), 4626-4633 (2013).</li><li>Cook, S., Furube, A., Katoh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+Excited+States+of+Regioregular+Polythiophene+P3HT.">Analysis of the Excited States of Regioregular Polythiophene P3HT.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 1 (2), 294-299 (2008).</li><li>Okino, S., Takaya, T., Iwata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+Time-Resolved+Near-Infrared+Spectroscopy+of+Oligothiophenes+and+Polythiophene:+Energy+Location+and+Effective+Conjugation+Length+of+Their+Low-Lying+Excited+States.">Femtosecond Time-Resolved Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Oligothiophenes and Polythiophene: Energy Location and Effective Conjugation Length of Their Low-Lying Excited States.</a> Chemistry Letters. 44 (8), 1059-1061 (2015).</li><li>Takaya, T., Iwata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Femtosecond+Time-Resolved+Near-IR+Multiplex+Stimulated+Raman+Spectrometer+in+Resonance+with+Transitions+in+the+900-1550+nm+Region.">Development of a Femtosecond Time-Resolved Near-IR Multiplex Stimulated Raman Spectrometer in Resonance with Transitions in the 900-1550 nm Region.</a> Analyst. 141 (14), 4283-4292 (2016).</li><li>Jas, G. S., Wan, C., Johnson, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Picosecond+Time-Resolved+Fourier+Transform+Raman+Spectroscopy+of+9,10-Diphenylanthracene+in+the+Excited+Singlet+State.">Picosecond Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy of 9,10-Diphenylanthracene in the Excited Singlet State.</a> Applied Spectroscopy. 49 (5), 645-649 (1995).</li><li>Jas, G. S., Wan, C., Kuczera, K., Johnson, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Picosecond+Time-Resolved+Fourier-Transform+Raman+Spectroscopy+and+Normal-Mode+Analysis+of+the+Ground+State+and+Singlet+Excited+State+of+Anthracene.">Picosecond Time-Resolved Fourier-Transform Raman Spectroscopy and Normal-Mode Analysis of the Ground State and Singlet Excited State of Anthracene.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry. 100 (29), 11857-11862 (1996).</li><li>Sakamoto, A., Okamoto, H., Tasumi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+Picosecond+Transient+Raman+Spectra+by+Asynchronous+Fourier+Transform+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Observation of Picosecond Transient Raman Spectra by Asynchronous Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Applied Spectroscopy. 52 (1), 76-81 (1998).</li><li>Sakamoto, A., Matsuno, S., Tasumi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+Picosecond+Time-Resolved+Raman+Spectrometers+with+Near-Infrared+Excitation.">Construction of Picosecond Time-Resolved Raman Spectrometers with Near-Infrared Excitation.</a> Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 37 (1-3), 429-435 (2006).</li><li>Sakamoto, A., Matsuno, S., Tasumi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Picosecond+Near-Infrared+Excited+Transient+Raman+Spectra+of+&#946;-Carotene+in+the+Excited+S2+State:+Solvent+Effects+on+the+in-Phase+C=C+Stretching+Band+and+Vibronic+Coupling.">Picosecond Near-Infrared Excited Transient Raman Spectra of &#946;-Carotene in the Excited S2 State: Solvent Effects on the in-Phase C=C Stretching Band and Vibronic Coupling.</a> Journal of Molecular Structure. 976 (1-3), 310-313 (2010).</li><li>Yoshizawa, M., Kurosawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+Time-Resolved+Raman+Spectroscopy+Using+Stimulated+Raman+Scattering.">Femtosecond Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy Using Stimulated Raman Scattering.</a> Physical Review A. 61 (1), 013808 (2000).</li><li>Yoshizawa, M., Kubo, M., Kurosawa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+Photoisomerization+in+DCM+Dye+Observed+by+New+Femtosecond+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Ultrafast Photoisomerization in DCM Dye Observed by New Femtosecond Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Luminescence. 87-89, 739-741 (2000).</li><li>Yoshizawa, M., Aoki, H., Hashimoto, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vibrational+Relaxation+of+the+2Ag&#8211;+Excited+State+in+All-Trans-&#946;-Carotene+Obtained+by+Femtosecond+Time-Resolved+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Vibrational Relaxation of the 2Ag&#8211; Excited State in All-Trans-&#946;-Carotene Obtained by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Physical Review B. 63 (18), 180301 (2001).</li><li>McCamant, D. W., Kukura, P., Mathies, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+Broadband+Stimulated+Raman:+A+New+Approach+for+High-Performance+Vibrational+Spectroscopy.">Femtosecond Broadband Stimulated Raman: A New Approach for High-Performance Vibrational Spectroscopy.</a> Applied Spectroscopy. 57 (11), 1317-1323 (2003).</li><li>McCamant, D. W., Kukura, P., Yoon, S., Mathies, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+Broadband+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy:+Apparatus+and+Methods.">Femtosecond Broadband Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: Apparatus and Methods.</a> Review of Scientific Instruments. 75 (11), 4971-4980 (2004).</li><li>Kukura, P., McCamant, D. W., Mathies, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femtosecond+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 58, 461-488 (2007).</li><li>Laimgruber, S., Schachenmayr, H., Schmidt, B., Zinth, W., Gilch, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Femtosecond+Stimulated+Raman+Spectrograph+for+the+Near+Ultraviolet.">A Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectrograph for the Near Ultraviolet.</a> Applied Physics B. 85 (4), 557-564 (2006).</li><li>Umapathy, S., Lakshmanna, A., Mallick, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+Raman+Loss+Spectroscopy.">Ultrafast Raman Loss Spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 40 (3), 235-237 (2009).</li><li>Mallick, B., Lakshmanna, A., Umapathy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+Raman+Loss+Spectroscopy+(URLS):+Instrumentation+and+Principle.">Ultrafast Raman Loss Spectroscopy (URLS): Instrumentation and Principle.</a> Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 42 (10), 1883-1890 (2011).</li><li>Kloz, M., van Grondelle, R., Kennis, J. T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wavelength-Modulated+Femtosecond+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy-Approach+towards+Automatic+Data+Processing.">Wavelength-Modulated Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy-Approach towards Automatic Data Processing.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 13 (40), 18123-18133 (2011).</li><li>Kloz, M., Wei&#223;enborn, J., Pol&#237;vka, T., Frank, H. A., Kennis, J. T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+Watermarking+in+Femtosecond+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy:+Resolving+the+Nature+of+the+Carotenoid+S*+State.">Spectral Watermarking in Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy: Resolving the Nature of the Carotenoid S* State.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18 (21), 14619-14628 (2016).</li><li>Kuramochi, H., Takeuchi, S., Tahara, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+Structural+Evolution+of+Photoactive+Yellow+Protein+Chromophore+Revealed+by+Ultraviolet+Resonance+Femtosecond+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Ultrafast Structural Evolution of Photoactive Yellow Protein Chromophore Revealed by Ultraviolet Resonance Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 3 (15), 2025-2029 (2012).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+High+Pressure+Induced+Strong+and+Weak+Hydrogen+Bonds+Enhanced+by+Pre-Resonance+Stimulated+Raman+Scattering+in+Liquid+Water.">Dynamic High Pressure Induced Strong and Weak Hydrogen Bonds Enhanced by Pre-Resonance Stimulated Raman Scattering in Liquid Water.</a> Optics Express. 25 (25), 31670-31677 (2017).</li><li>Ashner, M. N., Tisdale, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Repetition-Rate+Femtosecond+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy+with+Fast+Acquisition.">High Repetition-Rate Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy with Fast Acquisition.</a> Optics Express. 26 (14), 18331-18340 (2018).</li><li>Quincy, T. J., Barclay, M. S., Caricato, M., Elles, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+Dynamics+in+Higher-Lying+Electronic+States+with+Resonance-Enhanced+Femtosecond+Stimulated+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Probing Dynamics in Higher-Lying Electronic States with Resonance-Enhanced Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 122 (42), 8308-8319 (2018).</li><li>Taylor, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+Vibrational+Modulation+of+the+Solvated+GFP+Chromophore+into+a+Conical+Intersection.">Delayed Vibrational Modulation of the Solvated GFP Chromophore into a Conical Intersection.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 21 (19), 9728-9739 (2019).</li><li>Cassabaum, A. A., Silva, W. R., Rich, C. C., Frontiera, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orientation+and+Polarization+Dependence+of+Ground-+and+Excited-State+FSRS+in+Crystalline+Betaine-30.">Orientation and Polarization Dependence of Ground- and Excited-State FSRS in Crystalline Betaine-30.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 123 (20), 12563-12572 (2019).</li><li>Hamaguchi, H., Iwata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Raman Spectroscopy (The Spectroscopical Society of Japan, Spectroscopy Series 1). , (2015).</li><li>Hashimoto, H., Koyama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+C=C+Stretching+Raman+Lines+of+&#946;-Carotene+Isomers+in+the+S1+State+as+Detected+by+Pump-Probe+Resonance+Raman+Spectroscopy.">The C=C Stretching Raman Lines of &#946;-Carotene Isomers in the S1 State as Detected by Pump-Probe Resonance Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 154 (4), 321-325 (1989).</li><li>Noguchi, T., Hayashi, H., Tasumi, M., Atkinson, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+Effects+on+the+ag+C=C+Stretching+Mode+in+the+21Ag-+Excited+State+of+&#946;-Carotene+and+Two+Derivatives:+Picosecond+Time-Resolved+Resonance+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Solvent Effects on the ag C=C Stretching Mode in the 21Ag- Excited State of &#946;-Carotene and Two Derivatives: Picosecond Time-Resolved Resonance Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry. 95 (8), 3167-3172 (1991).</li></ol>

Afgørende faktorer i femtosekund tidsløst nær-IR multiplex stimuleret Raman måling For at opnå tidsløst nær-IR stimuleret Raman spektre med et højt signal-til-støj-forhold, bør sondespektret ideelt set have ensartet intensitet i hele bølgelængdeområdet. Produktion af kontinuum med hvidt lys (afsnit 2.5) er derfor en af de mest afgørende dele af tidsløst nær-IR stimuleret Raman eksperimenter. Generelt bliver sondespektret bredt og fladt, efterhånden som intensiteten af hændelsesstrål...

Raman spektroskopi er et kraftfuldt og alsidigt værktøj til at undersøge molekylernes strukturer i en lang række prøver fra simple gasser, væsker og faste stoffer til funktionelle materialer og biologiske systemer. Raman spredning er væsentligt forbedret, når foton energi excitation lys falder sammen med den elektroniske overgang energi af et molekyle. ResonansRaman effekt gør det muligt for os selektivt at observere Raman spektrum af en art i en prøve, der består af mange slags molekyler. Near-IR elektroniske overgange trækker en masse opmærksomhed som en sonde til at undersøge ophidset-state dynamik molekyler med store π-konjugerede strukturer. Energien og levetiden for den laveste ophidsede singlet tilstand er blevet bestemt for flere carotenoider, som har en lang endimensional polyenkæde1,2,3. Dynamikken i neutrale og ladede excitationer er blevet grundigt undersøgt for forskellige fotoledende polymerer i film4,5,6,7, nanopartikler8, ogopløsninger 9,10,11. Detaljerede oplysninger om transienternes strukturer kan fås, hvis der anvendes tidsløst nær-IR Raman-spektroskopi på disse systemer. Kun få undersøgelser, dog, er blevet rapporteret om tidsløst nær-IR Raman spektroskopi12,13,14,15,16, fordi følsomheden af nær-IR Raman spektrometre er ekstremt lav. Den lave følsomhed stammer hovedsageligt fra den lave sandsynlighed for næsten-IR Raman spredning. Sandsynligheden for spontan Raman spredning er proportional med ωiωs3, hvor ωi og ωs er frekvenserne af excitation lys og Raman spredning lys, henholdsvis. Hertil kommer, kommercielt tilgængelige nær-IR detektorer har meget lavere følsomhed end CCD detektorer fungerer i UV og synlige områder.
Femtosekund tidsløst stimuleret Raman spektroskopi er opstået som en ny metode til at observere tidsafhængige ændringer af Raman aktive vibrationelle bånd ud over den tilsyneladende Fourier-transformer grænse for en laserpuls17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 ,29,30,31,32,33. Stimuleret Raman spredning genereres ved bestråling af to laser impulser: Raman pumpe og sonde impulser. Her antages det, at Raman pumpepulsen har en større frekvens end sondepulsen. Når forskellen mellem frekvenserne af Raman-pumpen og sondeimpulserne falder sammen med hyppigheden af en Raman aktiv molekylær vibration, er vibrationen sammenhængende spændt for et stort antal molekyler i det bestrålede volumen. Ikke-lineær polarisering fremkaldt af den sammenhængende molekylære vibration forbedrer det elektriske felt af sondepulsen. Denne teknik er især kraftfuld til nær-IR Raman spektroskopi, fordi stimuleret Raman spredning kan løse problemet med følsomheden af tidsløst nær-IR spontanraman spektrometre. Stimuleret Raman spredning registreres som intensitet ændringer af sonden puls. Selv hvis en nær-IR detektor har en lav følsomhed, stimuleret Raman spredning vil blive opdaget, når sonden intensitet er tilstrækkeligt øget. Sandsynligheden for stimuleret Raman spredning er proportional med ωRPωSRS, hvor ωRP og ωSRS er frekvenserne af Raman pumpepuls og stimuleret Raman spredning, henholdsvis20. Frekvenserne til stimuleret Raman spredning, ωRP og ωSRS, svarer til ωi og ωs for spontan Raman spredning, hhv. Vi har for nylig udviklet en femtosekund tidsløst nær-IR Raman spektrometer ved hjælp af stimuleret Raman spredning til at undersøge strukturer og dynamik kortlivede transienter fotogenereret i π-konjugat systemer2,3,7,10. I denne artikel præsenterer vi de tekniske detaljer i vores femtosekund tidsløst nær-IR multiplex stimuleret Raman spektrometer. Optisk justering, erhvervelse af tidsløst stimuleret Raman spektre, og kalibrering og korrektion af registrerede spektre er beskrevet. Den ophidsede tilstanddynamik i β-caroten i toluenopløsning undersøges som en repræsentativ anvendelse af spektrometeret.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1-Axis Translational Stage</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>TSD-401S</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; for M22, L9, and CM in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20-cm Optical Delay Line</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SGSP26-200</td>
			<td>ODL1 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Axis Translational Stage</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>TSD-405SL</td>
			<td>For L8 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Axis Translational Stage</td>
			<td>Suruga Seiki</td>
			<td>B72-40C</td>
			<td>For FC in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-cm Optical Delay Line</td>
			<td>PMT</td>
			<td>HRS-0050</td>
			<td>ODL2 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Al Concave Mirror</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CM254-050-G01</td>
			<td>Focal length: 50 mm; CM in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Base Plate</td>
			<td>Suruga Seiki</td>
			<td>A21-6</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; for M1-M32, BS1-BS3, L1-L10, I1-I17, P1-P2, HWP1-3, F1-F3, VND1-VND2, OC, BPF, HS, BBO, SP, CM, and FC in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BBO Crystal</td>
			<td>EKSMA Optics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Type 1, &#952; = 23.2 deg; BBO in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BK7 Plano-Concave Lens</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SLB-25.4-50NIR2</td>
			<td>Focal length: 50 mm; IR anti-reflection coating; L6 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BK7 Plano-Convex Lens</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SLB-25.4-150PIR2</td>
			<td>Focal length: 150 mm; IR anti-reflection coating; L2, L3, L5 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BK7 Plano-Convex Lens</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SLB-25.4-100PIR2</td>
			<td>Focal length: 100 mm; IR anti-reflection coating; L4 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BK7 Plano-Convex Lens</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SLB-25.4-200PIR2</td>
			<td>Focal length: 200 mm; IR anti-reflection coating; L7 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broadband Dielectric Mirror</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>TFMS-25.4C05-2/7</td>
			<td>M22-M25, M28, M29 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broadband Dielectric Mirror</td>
			<td>Precision Photonics (Advanced Thin Films)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>M26, M27, M30-M32 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Broadband Half-Wave Plate</td>
			<td>CryLight</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>HWP3 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Color Glass Filter</td>
			<td>HOYA</td>
			<td>IR85</td>
			<td>F1 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Color Glass Filter</td>
			<td>HOYA</td>
			<td>RM100</td>
			<td>F2 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Color Glass Filter</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>BG39</td>
			<td>F3 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Vostro 200 Mini Tower</td>
			<td>OS: Windows XP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane</td>
			<td>Kanto Kagaku</td>
			<td>07547-1B</td>
			<td>HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td>Wavemetrics</td>
			<td>Igor Pro 8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dielectric Beamsplitter</td>
			<td>LAYERTEC</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reflection : Transmission = 2 : 1; BS1 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dielectric Beamsplitter</td>
			<td>LAYERTEC</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Reflection : Transmission = 1 : 1; BS2, BS3 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dielectric Mirror</td>
			<td>Precision Photonics 
			(Advanced Thin Films)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>M1-M8 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix</td>
			<td>TDS3054B</td>
			<td>500 MHz, 5 GS/s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elastomer Tube</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Figure 1E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtosecond Ti:sapphire Oscillator</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>Vitesse 800-2</td>
			<td>Wavelength: 800 nm, pulse duration: 100 fs, average power: 280 mW, repetition rate: 80 MHz; included in Ti:S in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtosecond Ti:sapphire Regenerative Amplifier</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>Legend-Elite-F-HE</td>
			<td>Wavelength: 800 nm, pulse duration: 100 fs, pulse energy: 3.5 mJ, repetition rate: 1 kHz; included in Ti:S in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Film Polarizer</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SPFN-30C-26</td>
			<td>P1 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glan-Taylor Prism</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>GYPB-10-10SN-3/7</td>
			<td>P2 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold Mirror</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>TFG-25C05-10</td>
			<td>M9-M21 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Half-Wave Plate</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>WPQ-7800-2M</td>
			<td>HWP1 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harmonic Separator</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>TOPAS-C HRs 410-540 nm</td>
			<td>HS in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InGaAs Array Detector</td>
			<td>Horiba</td>
			<td>Symphony-IGA-512X1-50-1700-1LS</td>
			<td>512 ch, Liquid nitrogen cooled</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InGaAs PIN Photodiode</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td>G10899-01K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IR Half-Wave Plate</td>
			<td>OptiSource</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>HWP2 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris</td>
			<td>Suruga Seiki</td>
			<td>F74-3N</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; I1-I17 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens Holder</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>LHF-25.4S</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; for L1-L10 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Gear Pump</td>
			<td>Micropump</td>
			<td>184-415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mirror Mount</td>
			<td>Siskiyou</td>
			<td>IM100.C2M6R</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; for M1-M32, BS1-BS3, BBO, CM in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>near-IR phosphor card</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>VRC2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nut</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Figure 1E, M4; purchased from a DIY store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Chopper</td>
			<td>New Focus</td>
			<td>3501</td>
			<td>OC in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Parametric Amplifier</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>OPerA-F</td>
			<td>OPA1 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Parametric Amplifier</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>TOPAS-C</td>
			<td>OPA2 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polarizer Holder</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>PH-30-ARS</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; for P1-P2 and HWP1-3 In Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyfluoroacetate Tube</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Figure 1E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post Holder</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>BRS-12-80</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; for M1-M32, BS1-BS3, L1-L10, I1-I17, P1-P2, HWP1-3, F1-F3, VND1-VND2, OC, BPF, HS, BBO, SP, CM, and FC in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz Flow Cell</td>
			<td>Tosoh Quartz</td>
			<td>T-70-UV-2</td>
			<td>FC in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz Plano-Concave Lens</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SLSQ-25-50N</td>
			<td>Focal length: 50 mm; L8 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz Plano-Convex Lens</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SLSQ-25-100P</td>
			<td>Focal length: 100 mm; L1, L9 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz Plano-Convex Lens</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>SLSQ-25-220P</td>
			<td>Focal length: 220 mm; L10 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sapphire Plate</td>
			<td>Pier Optics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>3 mm thick; SP in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Si PIN Photodiode</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td>S3883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single Spectrograph</td>
			<td>Horiba Jobin Yvon</td>
			<td>iHR320</td>
			<td>Focal length: 32 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Rod</td>
			<td>Suruga Seiki</td>
			<td>A41-100</td>
			<td>Products equivalent to this are used as well; for M1-M32, BS1-BS3, L1-L10, I1-I17, P1-P2, HWP1-3, F1-F3, VND1-VND2, OC, BPF, HS, BBO, SP, CM, and FC in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel Rod</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>J-SP-2</td>
			<td>Figure 1E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Kanto Kagaku</td>
			<td>40180-1B</td>
			<td>HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-Shaped Steel Plate</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Figure 1E; purchased from a DIY store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable Neutral Density Filter (with a holder)</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>NDHN-100</td>
			<td>VND1 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Variable Neutral Density Filter (with a holder)</td>
			<td>OptSigma</td>
			<td>NDHN-U100</td>
			<td>VND2 in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Visual Programming Language</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>LabVIEW 2009</td>
			<td>The control software in this study is programmed in LabVIEW 2009</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Volume-Grating Bandpass Filter</td>
			<td>OptiGrate</td>
			<td>BPF-1190</td>
			<td>BPF in Figure 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Carotene</td>
			<td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td>035-05531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ultrafast time-resolved near-ir stimulated raman measurements of functional &#960;-conjugate systems

Femtosekund tidsløst stimuleret Raman spektroskopi er en lovende metode til at observere den strukturelle dynamik kortlivede transienter med nær infrarøde (nær-IR) overgange, fordi det kan overvinde den lave følsomhed spontane Raman spektrometre i nær-IR-regionen. Her beskriver vi tekniske detaljer om en femtosekund tidsløst nær-IR multiplex stimuleret Raman spektrometer, at vi for nylig har udviklet. Der gives også en beskrivelse af signalgenerering og optimering, måling, dataindsamling og kalibrering og korrektion af registrerede data. Vi præsenterer en anvendelse af vores spektrometer til at analysere den ophidsede-state dynamik β-caroten i toluen løsning. En C = C stretch band af β-caroten i den næstlaveste ophidset singlet (S2)tilstand og den laveste ophidset singlet (S1)tilstand er klart observeret i den registrerede tidsløst stimuleret Raman spektre. Den femtosekund tidsløse nær-IR stimuleret Raman spektrometer gælder for den strukturelle dynamik π-konjugat systemer fra simple molekyler til komplekse materialer.

Femtosekund tidsløst nær-IR stimuleret Raman spektroskopi blev anvendt til β-caroten i toluen opløsning. Koncentrationen af prøven var 1 x 10-4 mol dm-3. Prøven blev fotoophidset af den aktiniske pumpepuls ved 480 nm med en pulsenergi på 1 μJ. Tidsløst stimuleret Raman-spektre af β-caroten i toluen er vist i figur 2A. Den rå spektre indeholdt stærke Raman bands af opløsningsmiddel toluen og en svag Raman bånd af β-caroten i jorden tilstan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional Ãâ‚¬-conjugate Systems at JoVE.com

Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional ÃƒÂÃ¢â€šÂ¬-conjugate Systems

Nærmere oplysninger om signalgenerering og optimering, måling, dataindsamling og datahåndtering for en femtosekund tidsløst nær-IR stimuleret Raman spektrometer er beskrevet. En nær infrarød stimuleret Raman undersøgelse af ophidset-state dynamik β-caroten i toluen er vist som en repræsentativ ansøgning.

Ultrahurtig Tidsløst Nær-IR stimuleret Raman Målinger af funktionelle π-konjugatsystemer

Femtosecond time-resolved stimulated Raman spectroscopy is a promising method of observing the structural dynamics of short-lived transients with near ...

Vores protokol er særligt kraftfuld til at se ind i strukturen og dynamikken i pi-konjugerede molekyler i den indledende fase af kemiske og biokemiske reaktioner. Denne teknik har en lille smule højere følsomhed og gør måletiden kortere end konventionel tidsforstyrvende spontane Raman spektroskopi i nær-infrarød med detektorer til rådighed i dag. Til at begynde med skal du fuldføre den optiske opsætning som vist her.Først skal du justere laserstrålen. Med titanium safir laser tændt og varmet op, placere et visitkort bag iris to til at fungere som en skærm. Juster spejl et, indtil strålen passerer gennem midten af iris.Juster derefter spejl to, indtil laserstrålen passerer gennem midten af iris to. Når justeret, bekræfte, at strålen passerer gennem centrum af både iris en og iris to samtidigt. Når laseren er justeret korrekt, skal du begynde at justere den optiske forsinkelseslinje.Først skal du flytte scenen mod spejl to så langt som det kan gå ved hjælp af retningsknappen på scenen controller. Juster derefter spejl et, indtil strålen passerer gennem midten af iris en. Derefter flytte scenen så langt væk som det kan gå fra spejl to.Juster spejl to, indtil strålen passerer gennem midten af iris en. Nu skal du flytte scenen så tæt som muligt på bjælken input og bekræfte, at strålen stadig passerer gennem midten af iris en. Fjern derefter iris en fra placeringen af spejl tre og sted spejle tre og fire på den optiske forsinkelse linje.Juster spejle tre og fire, indtil strålen passerer gennem midten af iris to. Med filteret for variabel neutral tæthed i hændelsesstrålestien skal du placere et visitkort bag safirpladen som en skærm. Drej filteret for gradvist at øge kraften i den transmitterede stråle, indtil der observeres en gul hvid plet på skærmen.Drej derefter filteret længere i samme retning meget omhyggeligt, indtil en lilla ring omgiver den gule hvide plet på skærmen. Dernæst for at justere Raman pumpestrålen, skal du placere volumensorteringsrefleksbåndets båndfilter i udgangsstrålens bane for den optiske parameterforstærker. Juster båndpassfilteret og spejl 17 ved hjælp af et næsten IR-sensorkort for at observere strålestedet.For at begynde at optimere sondespektret skal du løbe kontinuerlige målinger og maksimere detektortællingerne på displayet. For at opnå dette, gradvist rotere halv bølge plade en. Derefter skal du gradvist øge intensiteten af hændelsespulsen ved at rotere variabel optisk tæthedsfilter et.Gør dette, indtil de maksimale og minimale detektortal når op på henholdsvis 30, 000 og 4.000. Hvis et stort oscillerende mønster begynder at blive observeret, skal du rotere det variable optiske tæthedsfilter i den modsatte retning, indtil mønsteret forsvinder. For at være klar til rumlig overlapning skal den optiske helikopter sættes i Raman-pumpestrålens sti.Placer derefter et næsten infrarødt sensorkort i prøvepositionen. Juster ramanpumpestrålens retning ved at justere spejl 21, indtil ramanpumpens og sondebjælkernes pletter overlapper hinanden helt. For at sætte op til den tidsmæssige overlapning, placere en indium gallium arsenid pin fotodiode på prøven position, hvor Raman pumpe og sonde bjælker rumligt overlapper hinanden.Dernæst tilsluttes signaloutputtet af fotodioden til en 500 megahertz fem giga prøver per sekund digital oscilloskop for at overvåge, når Raman pumpe og sonde impulser ankommer til samme position. Indstil den vandrette skala af oscilloskopet til at være et nanosekund pr. division, og læs spidsbelastningstiden for signalintensiteten for Raman-pumpen og sondeimpulserne, der blokerer den anden puls. Fastgør indløbs- og udløbsrørene i den magnetiske gearpumpe til en flaske, der indeholder 30 milliliter cyclohexan, og begynd at flyve cyclohexan som beskrevet i tekstprotokollen.Kør kontinuerlige målinger, og kontroller, om de stimulerede Raman-bånd af cyclohexan observeres i displayet. Det stærkeste bånd af cyclohexan vises på 55th gennem 58:e pixels, når centrum bølgelængde er sat til 1, 410 nanometer. Når de stimulerede Raman-bånd er registreret, skal du maksimere båndintensiteterne i displayet.Opnå dette ved iterativt justering spejl 21, den roterende fase af den optiske helikopter, og placeringen af optiskforsinkelse linje to. Kør en enkelt måling, og gem spektret som en tekstfil. Fjern derefter toluen fra reservoiret og fastgør indløbs-/udløbsrørene i den magnetiske gearpumpe til en flaske med 25 milliliter af en toluenopløsning med 1X gange 10 til de negative fire modermærker pr. liter beta-caroten.Begynd derefter at flyde prøveløsningen. Dernæst placere den optiske helikopter i aktiniske pumpe stråle sti. Flyt stråledumpet fra den aktiniske pumpestråles vej til Raman-pumpestrålens.Derefter overlapper rumligt den aktiniske pumpe og sondebjælker ved prøvepositionen ved hjælp af et visitkort i stedet for det næsten IR-sensorkort. Kør kontinuerlige målinger, og kontroller, om beta-carotens forbigående absorption er observeret i displayet. Absorptionsbåndet vises med en form, der falder monotont mod længere bølgelængder eller med to makse på omkring nul og 511.Maksimer absorptionsintensiteten ved at justere spejl 32, når det forbigående absorptionsbånd er opdaget. Stop de kontinuerlige målinger, og formindsk derefter positionen af den optiske forsinkelseslinje, indtil den forbigående absorption helt forsvinder. Placer den optiske helikopter i Raman pumpestrålen sti og fjerne strålen dump fra Raman pumpestråle sti.Kør derefter et tids løst eksperiment som beskrevet i tekstprotokollen, der vælger SK-fasen, i rullemenuen. Ind i udgangspositionen for område A for at være mindre med ca. 50 mikron sammenlignet med den position, hvor det forbigående absorptionssignal forsvandt efter måling af tidsopklarede absorptionsspektre. Femtosecond tidsløs næsten IR stimuleret Raman spektroskopi blev anvendt på beta-caroten og toluen opløsning.Spektrene af beta-caroten og toluen er vist her. Den rå spektre indeholdt stærke Raman bands af opløsningsmiddel toluen og en svag Raman band af beta-caroten i jorden tilstand samt Raman bands af fotoexcited beta-caroten. Vist her er de samme spektre, men trækkes ved hjælp af stimuleret Raman spektrum af den samme løsning på en picosecond før fotoexcitation.Spektrene efter subtraktionen viste forvrængede baselines, der er forårsaget af absorption af fotoexcited beta-caroten og/eller andre ikke-lineære optiske processer. Baselines blev flade, efter at de blev korrigeret med polynomiale funktioner. I dette tal, den tid-løst stimuleret Raman spektre af beta-caroten viste to stærke bånd i 1, 400 til 1, 800 omvendt centimeter region.En bred stimuleret Raman band på nul picoseconds blev tildelt i fase C dobbeltbinding C stretch vibrationer af S2 beta-caroten. Dens højdepunkt position blev anslået til at være på 1, 556 inverse centimeter. Den fase C dobbeltbinding C stretch band af S1 beta-caroten optrådte som S2 C dobbeltbinding C stretch band henfaldet.Den øverste position af S1 C dobbeltbinding C stretch band blev upshifted med otte omvendte centimeter fra 0,12 til fem picoseconds. Det er vigtigt at forsøge at justere retningen af Raman pumpestråle igen og igen, indtil pletter af Raman pumpe og sonde bjælker fuldt overlapper hinanden for at finde de stimulerede Raman bands af cyclohexane. Denne procedure kan straks anvendes til andre femtosecond tidsforsøgte eksperimenter for at se nærmere på kemisk reaktionsdynamik.Denne procedure vil gøre det muligt for nye spørgsmål, der skal besvares som forskere udforske kemien i pi-konjugerede molekyler. Mens du udfører denne procedure, så glem ikke at sætte sikkerhedsbriller på for at beskytte dine øjne mod stærkt laserlys. Dette omfatter scatter lys.

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Ultrafast Time-resolved Near-IR Stimulated Raman Measurements of Functional &#960;-conjugate Systems

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

Højtryks-Sapphire Cell til faseligevægte Målinger af CO<sub&gt; 2.</sub&gt; / Organiske / Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. ...

Layer-by-layer Synthesis and Transfer of Freestanding Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanomembranes

Layer-by-lags Syntese og overførsel af Fritstående Konjugerede Mikroporøse Polymer Nanomembranes

CMP as large surface area materials have attracted growing interest recently, due to their high variability in the incorporation of functional groups in ...

Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR

Opløsning Dynamic Nuclear Polarisering Instrumentation for Real-time enzymatisk reaktion Rate Målinger ved NMR

The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR measurements of ...

Preparation of Biopolymer Aerogels Using Green Solvents

Forberedelse biopolymer Aerogeler Brug Grønne Opløsningsmidler

Although the first reports on aerogels made by Kistler1 in the 1930s dealt with aerogels from both inorganic oxides (silica and others) and biopolymers ...

A Novel Technique for Raman Analysis of Highly Radioactive Samples Using Any Standard Micro-Raman Spectrometer

En ny teknik til Raman Analyse af højradioaktive Prøver Brug nogen standard Micro-Raman spektrometer

A novel approach for the Raman measurement of nuclear materials is reported in this paper. It consists of the enclosure of the radioactive sample in a ...

Direct Imaging of Laser-driven Ultrafast Molecular Rotation

Direkte Imaging af Laser-drevet Ultrahurtig Molekylær Rotation

We present a method for visualizing laser-induced, ultrafast molecular rotational wave packet dynamics. We have developed a new 2-dimensional Coulomb ...

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Tidsopløst Photophysical karakterisering af Triplet-høst organiske forbindelser på en ilt-frit miljø ved hjælp af en iCCD kamera

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables ...

Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

Forbedre høj viskositet ekstrudering af Microcrystals for tidsopløst seriel femtosekund krystallografi på X-ray lasere

High-viscosity micro-extrusion injectors have dramatically reduced sample consumption in serial femtosecond crystallographic experiments (SFX) at X-ray ...

Ultrafast Lignin Extraction from Unusual Mediterranean Lignocellulosic Residues

Ultrahurtig Lignin Ekstraktion fra usædvanlige Middelhavet Lignocellulosic Rester

Pretreatment is still the most expensive step in lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. It must be made cost-effective by minimizing chemical requirements ...