Name: real-time bioluminescence imaging of notch signaling dynamics during murine neurogenesis
Uploaded: 2019-12-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis at JoVE.com

We thank Yumiko Iwamoto for supporting the production of the video. We are also grateful to Akihiro Isomura for discussion and supports of image analysis, Hitoshi Miyachi for technical supports for generation of transgenic animals, Yuji Shinjo (Olympus Medical Science), Masatoshi Egawa (Olympus Medical Science), Takuya Ishizu (Olympus Medical Science) and Ouin Kunitaki (Andor Japan) for the technical support and discussions of the bioluminescence imaging system. This work was supported by Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JPMJCR12W2) (R.K.), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (MEXT 24116705 for H.S. and MEXT 16H06480 for R.K.), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (JSPS 18K06254) (H.S.), Takeda Foundation (R.K. and H.S.), and Platform for Dynamic Approaches to Living System from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

All the procedure including animal subjects have been approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University.
1. Bioluminescence reporters
NOTE: The luciferase reporter is suitable for measuring the rapid dynamics of promoter activity by fusing the degradation signal. Moreover, the luciferase fusion reporter enables monitoring of the protein dynamics in the single cell. Both types of reporters ...

<ol>
	<li>Ross, S. E., Greenberg, M. E., Stiles, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+helix-loop-helix+factors+in+cortical+development.">Basic helix-loop-helix factors in cortical development.</a> Neuron. 39, 13-25 (2003).</li><li>Pontious, A., Kowalczyk, T., Englund, C., Hevner, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+intermediate+progenitor+cells+in+cerebral+cortex+development.">Role of intermediate progenitor cells in cerebral cortex development.</a> Developmental Neuroscience. 30, 24-32 (2007).</li><li>Kriegstein, A., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+glial+nature+of+embryonic+and+adult+neural+stem+cells.">The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 32, 149-184 (2009).</li><li>Paridaen, J. T., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenesis+during+development+of+the+vertebrate+central+nervous+system.">Neurogenesis during development of the vertebrate central nervous system.</a> EMBO Reports. 15, 351-364 (2014).</li><li>Taverna, E., G&#246;tz, M., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+biology+of+neurogenesis:+toward+an+understanding+of+the+development+and+evolution+of+the+neocortex.">The cell biology of neurogenesis: toward an understanding of the development and evolution of the neocortex.</a> Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 30, 465-502 (2014).</li><li>Louvi, A., Artavanis-Tsakonas, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+in+vertebrate+neural+development.">Notch signaling in vertebrate neural development.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 7, 93-102 (2006).</li><li>Pierfelice, T., Alberi, L., Gaiano, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+in+the+Vertebrate+Nervous+System:+An+Old+Dog+with+New+Tricks.">Notch in the Vertebrate Nervous System: An Old Dog with New Tricks.</a> Neuron. 69, 840-855 (2011).</li><li>Bray, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signalling:+a+simple+pathway+becomes+complex.">Notch signalling: a simple pathway becomes complex.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 7, 678-689 (2006).</li><li>Bray, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signalling+in+context.">Notch signalling in context.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 17, 722-735 (2016).</li><li>Kopan, R., Ilagan, M. X. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Canonical+Notch+Signaling+Pathway:+Unfolding+the+Activation+Mechanism.">The Canonical Notch Signaling Pathway: Unfolding the Activation Mechanism.</a> Cell. 137, 216-233 (2009).</li><li>Ishibashi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+expression+of+helix-loop-helix+factor+HES-1+prevents+mammalian+neural+differentiation+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Persistent expression of helix-loop-helix factor HES-1 prevents mammalian neural differentiation in the central nervous system.</a> The EMBO Journal. 13, 1799-1805 (1994).</li><li>Ohtsuka, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hes1+and+Hes5+as+notch+effectors+in+mammalian+neuronal+differentiation.">Hes1 and Hes5 as notch effectors in mammalian neuronal differentiation.</a> The EMBO Journal. 18, 2196-2207 (1999).</li><li>Ohtsuka, T., Sakamoto, M., Guillemot, F., Kageyama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+the+Basic+Helix-Loop-Helix+Genes+Hes1+and+Hes5+in+Expansion+of+Neural+Stem+Cells+of+the+Developing+Brain.">Roles of the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Genes Hes1 and Hes5 in Expansion of Neural Stem Cells of the Developing Brain.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276, 30467-30474 (2001).</li><li>Kageyama, R., Ohtsuka, T., Kobayashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Hes+gene+family:+repressors+and+oscillators+that+orchestrate+embryogenesis.">The Hes gene family: repressors and oscillators that orchestrate embryogenesis.</a> Development. 134, 1243-1251 (2007).</li><li>Shimojo, H., Ohtsuka, T., Kageyama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillations+in+Notch+Signaling+Regulate+Maintenance+of+Neural+Progenitors.">Oscillations in Notch Signaling Regulate Maintenance of Neural Progenitors.</a> Neuron. 58, 52-64 (2008).</li><li>Imayoshi, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillatory+control+of+factors+determining+multipotency+and+fate+in+mouse+neural+progenitors.">Oscillatory control of factors determining multipotency and fate in mouse neural progenitors.</a> Science. 342, 1203-1208 (2013).</li><li>Shimojo, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillatory+control+of+Delta-like1+in+cell+interactions+regulates+dynamic+gene+expression+and+tissue+morphogenesis.">Oscillatory control of Delta-like1 in cell interactions regulates dynamic gene expression and tissue morphogenesis.</a> Genes and Development. 30, 102-116 (2016).</li><li>Hirata, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillatory+expression+of+the+bHLH+factor+Hes1+regulated+by+a+negative+feedback+loop.">Oscillatory expression of the bHLH factor Hes1 regulated by a negative feedback loop.</a> Science. 298, 840-843 (2002).</li><li>Kageyama, R., Ohtsuka, T., Shimojo, H., Imayoshi, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Notch+signaling+in+neural+progenitor+cells+and+a+revised+view+of+lateral+inhibition.">Dynamic Notch signaling in neural progenitor cells and a revised view of lateral inhibition.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 11, 1247-1251 (2008).</li><li>Masamizu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+imaging+of+the+somite+segmentation+clock:+revelation+of+unstable+oscillators+in+the+individual+presomitic+mesoderm+cells.">Real-time imaging of the somite segmentation clock: revelation of unstable oscillators in the individual presomitic mesoderm cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103, 1313-1318 (2006).</li><li>Levine, J. H., Lin, Y., Elowitz, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+roles+of+pulsing+in+genetic+circuits.">Functional roles of pulsing in genetic circuits.</a> Science. 342, 1193-1200 (2013).</li><li>Purvis, J. E., Lahav, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encoding+and+decoding+cellular+information+through+signaling+dynamics.">Encoding and decoding cellular information through signaling dynamics.</a> Cell. 152, 945-956 (2013).</li><li>Luker, G. D., Pica, C. M., Song, J., Luker, K. E., Piwnica-Worms, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+26S+proteasome+activity+and+inhibition+in+living+mice.">Imaging 26S proteasome activity and inhibition in living mice.</a> Nature Medicine. 9, 969-973 (2003).</li><li>Yamaguchi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronization+of+Cellular+Clocks+in+the+Suprachiasmatic+Nucleus.">Synchronization of Cellular Clocks in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.</a> Science. 302, 1408-1412 (2003).</li><li>Kiyohara, Y. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BMAL1+C+terminus+regulates+the+circadian+transcription+feedback+loop.">The BMAL1 C terminus regulates the circadian transcription feedback loop.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103, 10074-10079 (2006).</li><li>Behar, M., Hoffmann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+temporal+codes+of+intra-cellular+signals.">Understanding the temporal codes of intra-cellular signals.</a> Current Opinion in Genetics and Development. 20, 684-693 (2010).</li><li>Elowitz, M. B., Levine, A. J., Siggia, E. D., Swain, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stochastic+Gene+Expression+in+a+Single+Cell.">Stochastic Gene Expression in a Single Cell.</a> Science. 297, 1183-1186 (2002).</li><li>Nelson, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oscillations+in+NF-kappaB+signaling+control+the+dynamics+of+gene+expression.">Oscillations in NF-kappaB signaling control the dynamics of gene expression.</a> Science. 306, 704-708 (2004).</li><li>Purvis, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p53+dynamics+control+cell+fate.">p53 dynamics control cell fate.</a> Science. 336, 1440-1444 (2012).</li><li>Hansen, A. S., O'Shea, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promoter+decoding+of+transcription+factor+dynamics+involves+a+trade-off+between+noise+and+control+of+gene+expression.">Promoter decoding of transcription factor dynamics involves a trade-off between noise and control of gene expression.</a> Molecular Systems Biology. 9, 704 (2014).</li><li>Hansen, A. S., O'Shea, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=cis+Determinants+of+Promoter+Threshold+and+Activation+Timescale.">cis Determinants of Promoter Threshold and Activation Timescale.</a> Cell Reports. 12, 1226-1233 (2015).</li><li>Johnson, H. E., Toettcher, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+Dynamics+Control+Cell+Fate+in+the+Early+Drosophila+Embryo.">Signaling Dynamics Control Cell Fate in the Early Drosophila Embryo.</a> Developmental Cell. 48, 361-370 (2019).</li><li>Badr, C. E., Tannous, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+imaging:+Progress+and+applications.">Bioluminescence imaging: Progress and applications.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 29, 624-633 (2011).</li><li>Nakajima, Y., Ohmiya, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+assays:+multicolor+luciferase+assay,+secreted+luciferase+assay+and+imaging+luciferase+assay.">Bioluminescence assays: multicolor luciferase assay, secreted luciferase assay and imaging luciferase assay.</a> Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 5, 835-849 (2010).</li><li>Nakajima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+beetle+luciferase+for+high-resolution+bioluminescence+imaging.">Enhanced beetle luciferase for high-resolution bioluminescence imaging.</a> PLoS One. 5, (2010).</li><li>Stacer, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NanoLuc+reporter+for+dual+luciferase+imaging+in+living+animals.">NanoLuc reporter for dual luciferase imaging in living animals.</a> Molecular Imaging. 12, (2013).</li></ol>

The components of Notch signaling show oscillatory expressions in synchrony during somitogenesis but out of synchrony during neurogenesis, leading to the difficulties in capturing the expression dynamics by static analysis in the latter case. Thus, real-time monitoring is required to reveal the expression dynamics of Notch signaling components, such as Hes1 and Dll1. Because the periods of the expressions of Hes1 and Dll1 oscillations are extremely short, approximately 2-3 h, rapid res...

The mammalian brain is composed of a large number of various types of neurons and glial cells. All cells are generated from neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs), which first proliferate to expand their numbers, then start to differentiate into neurons, and finally give rise to glial cells1,2,3,4,5. Once cells have differentiated into neurons, they cannot proliferate or increase their numbers, and, therefore, the maintenance of NPCs until later stages is important. Notch signaling via cell-cell interactions plays an important role in maintaining NPCs6,7. Notch ligands interact with the membrane protein, Notch, on the surface of neighboring cells and activates the Notch protein. After activation, proteolysis of Notch protein occurs, thereby releasing the intracellular domain of Notch (NICD) from the cell membrane into the nucleus8,9,10. In the nucleus, NICD binds to the promoter regions of Hes1 and Hes5 (Hes1/5) and activates the expression of these genes. Hes1/5 repress the expression of the proneural genes Ascl1 and Neurogenin1/2 (Neurog1/2)11,12,13,14. Because proneural genes induce neuronal differentiation, Hes1/5 play essential roles in maintaining NPCs. Furthermore, as proneural genes can activate the expression of the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (Dll1), Hes1/5 also repress the expression of Dll1. Therefore, the expression of Dll1 leads to neighboring cells being negative for Dll1 via Notch signaling. In this way, cells inhibit adjacent cells from following their same fate, a phenomenon known as the lateral inhibition8. In the developing brain, lateral inhibition plays a role in generating various different cell types.
Real-time imaging at the single cell level reveals dynamic expressions of the components of Notch signaling in NPCs15,16,17. Notch signaling activates the expression of Hes1, but Hes1 protein binds to its own promoter and represses its own expression. Furthermore, Hes1 is an extremely unstable protein, that is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; therefore, the repression of its own promoter is only short lived and then the transcription starts again. In this way, the expression of Hes1 oscillates at both the transcription and translational levels in a 2 h cycle18. The oscillatory expression of Hes1, in turn, induces the oscillatory expression of the downstream target genes, such as Ascl1, Neurog2, and Dll1, via periodic repression15,16,17,19. While proneural genes can induce neuronal differentiation, their oscillatory expression is not sufficient for neuronal differentiation; rather their sustained expression is essential for the neuronal differentiation. The oscillatory expression of proneural genes is important for maintaining NPCs rather than for inducing neuronal differentiation14,15,16. The expression of Dll1 oscillates at both the transcription and translational levels during various morphogenesis, such as neurogenesis and somitogenesis. The dynamic expression of Dll1 is important for the normal morphogenesis and steady expression of Dll1 induces defects in neurogenesis and somitogenesis17. These findings demonstrate the important function that the dynamics of gene expression and protein kinetics have on the regulation of various developmental events (i.e., different expression dynamics produce different outputs in cellular behaviors).
To analyze the dynamics of Notch signaling, the static analysis of tissues and cells are insufficient because they are constantly changing. Real-time imaging of single cells is a powerful tool to reveal the dynamics in gene expression. The dynamic expression of Notch signaling molecules undergo rapid cyclic responses in the period of 2-3 h. This rapid periodic expression presents two difficult problems for the real-time monitoring: (1) the expression of the molecules is suppressed to low levels, and (2) rapid turnover requires fast-response reporters. To overcome these problems, we previously developed a bioluminescence real-time imaging method20. Because the bioluminescence reporter has a higher sensitivity and shorter maturation time than fluorescent reporters, this strategy enables us to monitor the rapid dynamics in living cells. Using real-time visualization, we found that more genes exhibited dynamic expression than we had previously thought. In addition, the number of reports showing expression and protein dynamics in living cells and the significance of these dynamics in various biological events has increased, suggesting a fundamental role of the dynamics in gene expressions21,22.
In this report, we describe a way to visualize the expression of the Notch ligand Dll1 in NPCs in both dissociated cultures and in cortical slice cultures. To monitor the dynamics of Dll1 transcription at single cell levels, we generated dissociated cultures of NPCs derived from the embryonic telencephalon of transgenic mice carrying pDll1-Ub-Fluc reporter, a Dll1 promoter-driven destabilized luciferase reporter. To monitor Dll1 protein dynamics in vivo, we introduced the Dll1-Fluc fusion reporter into NPCs in the cortex and visualized the expression of the reporter in NPCs in cortical slice cultures. Real-time imaging enabled us to capture the various features of gene expression and protein dynamics in living cells at high temporal resolution.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioluminescence Imaging System</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chilled water circulator (chiller)</td>
			<td>Julabo</td>
			<td>Model: F12-ED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cooled CCD camera</td>
			<td>Andor Technology</td>
			<td>Model: iKon-M 934</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator system</td>
			<td>TOKAI HIT</td>
			<td>Model: INU-ONICS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Model: IX81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Model: IX83</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination device</td>
			<td>CoolLED</td>
			<td>Model: pE1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MetaMorph</td>
			<td>MOLECULAR DEVICES</td>
			<td>Model: 40000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mix gas controller</td>
			<td>Tokken</td>
			<td>Model: TK-MIGM OLO2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Model: UPLFLN 40X O</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preparations for Dissection</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Model: SMZ-2B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence stereoscopic microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Model: MZ16FA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>DUMONT</td>
			<td>INOX No.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors, Micro scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring-shaped forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-cm plastic petri dish</td>
			<td>greiner</td>
			<td>664160-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35-mm plastic petri dish</td>
			<td>greiner</td>
			<td>627160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>14249-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>11039-021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents for NPC dissociation culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>12587-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>13256-029</td>
			<td>Stock solution: 1 &#956;g/ml in 0.1% BSA/PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-luciferin</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>01493-85</td>
			<td>Stock solution: 100mM in 0.9% saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>LK003172</td>
			<td>Stock solution: 1000U/ml in EBSS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EBSS</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>LK003188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>IWAKI</td>
			<td>3910-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement (100x)</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetyl-cystein</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-9165-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Papain</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>LK003178</td>
			<td>Stock solution: 7U/ml in EBSS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptmycine</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>09367-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-6281</td>
			<td>40 mg/ml in DW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preparations for in utero electroporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-ml syringe</td>
			<td>TERUMO</td>
			<td>181228T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode</td>
			<td>Neppagene</td>
			<td>7-mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporator</td>
			<td>Neppagene</td>
			<td>CUY21 EDIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauzes</td>
			<td>Kawamoto co.</td>
			<td>7161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro capillary</td>
			<td>Made in-house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>14249-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentbarbital</td>
			<td>Kyoritsuseiyaku</td>
			<td>Somnopentyl</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring-shaped forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors, Micro scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture needle</td>
			<td>Akiyama MEDICAL MFG. CO</td>
			<td>F17-40B2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>Seractal</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preparations for Slice culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-cm plastic petri dish</td>
			<td>greiner</td>
			<td>664160-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35-mm plastic petri dish</td>
			<td>greiner</td>
			<td>627160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture insert</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>PICM01250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>11039-021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>172012-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>DUMONT</td>
			<td>INOX No.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16050-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro surgical knife</td>
			<td>Alcon</td>
			<td>19 Gauge V-Lance</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-gas incubator</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>MCO-5MUV-PJ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2/B27 media</td>
			<td>Made in-house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ref. NPC dissociatioin culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td>14249-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring-shaped forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors, Micro scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon rubber cutting board</td>
			<td>Made in-house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time bioluminescence imaging of notch signaling dynamics during murine neurogenesis

Notch signaling regulates the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells by cell-cell interactions. The components of Notch signaling exhibit dynamic expression. Notch signaling effector Hes1 and the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (Dll1) are expressed in an oscillatory manner in neural stem/progenitor cells. Because the period of the oscillatory expression of these genes is very short (2 h), it is difficult to monitor their cyclic expression. To examine such rapid changes in the gene expression or protein dynamics, fast response reporters are required. Because of its fast maturation kinetics and high sensitivity, the bioluminescence reporter luciferase is suitable to monitor rapid gene expression changes in living cells. We used a destabilized luciferase reporter for monitoring the promoter activity and a luciferase-fused reporter for visualization of protein dynamics at single cell resolution. These bioluminescence reporters show rapid turnover and generate very weak signals; therefore, we have developed a highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging system to detect such faint signals. These methods enable us to monitor various gene expression dynamics in living cells and tissues, which are important information to help understand the actual cellular states.

Expressions of the genes Hes1/7 exhibit 2 h oscillation cycle in various cell lines and during somitogenesis. Furthermore, the period of oscillation is very short and both their mRNAs and proteins are extremely unstable with the half-lives of around 20 min. If using a slow response reporter, we cannot trace such rapid dynamics, and if using a stable reporter, it gradually accumulates while the gene expression oscillates. Thus, the reporter must be rapidly degraded to monitor the rapid turnover of such cyclically...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis at JoVE.com

Real-time Bioluminescence Imaging of Notch Signaling Dynamics during Murine Neurogenesis

Neural stem/progenitor cells exhibit various expression dynamics of Notch signaling components that lead to different outcomes of cellular events. Such dynamic expression can be revealed by real-time monitoring, not by static analysis, using a highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging system that enables visualization of rapid changes in gene expressions.

Notch signaling regulates the maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells by cell-cell interactions. The components of Notch signaling exhibit dynamic ...

Education

Research

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Cell Biology

Molecular Biology

Developmental Biology

Unit 2

Unit 1

Cell Signaling Pathways

Alternative Signaling Routes in Gene Expression

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis ...

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Somatic reprogramming has enabled the conversion of adult cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from diverse genetic backgrounds and disease ...

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

Multi-Photon Time Lapse Imaging to Visualize Development in Real-time: Visualization of Migrating Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

Congenital eye and craniofacial anomalies reflect disruptions in the neural crest, a transient population of migratory stem cells that give rise to ...

Real-time Measurement of Epithelial Barrier Permeability in Human Intestinal Organoids

Advances in 3D culture of intestinal tissues obtained through biopsy or generated from pluripotent stem cells via directed differentiation, have resulted ...

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

In Vivo Imaging of Muscle-tendon Morphogenesis in Drosophila Pupae

Muscles together with tendons and the skeleton enable animals including humans to move their body parts. Muscle morphogenesis is highly conserved from ...

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis

Chromosomes must be reliably and uniformly segregated into daughter cells during mitotic cell division. Fidelity of chromosomal segregation is controlled ...

Neurogenesis Using P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

The P19 cell line derived from a mouse embryo-derived teratocarcinoma has the ability to differentiate into the three germ layers. In the presence of ...