Name: collection of frozen rodent brain regions for downstream analyses
Uploaded: 2020-04-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato supportato da NIH, DA043982 e DA046196.

Gli animali utilizzati in questo studio sono stati trattati in modo etico e umano come stabilito dalle linee guida Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) dell'Indiana University e National Institutes of Health (NIH).
NOTA: Tutti gli utensili e le superfici devono essere lavati con un solvente appropriato per rimuovere le nucleasi18 prima di iniziare qualsiasi lavoro.
1. Memorizzazione del cervello
<ol><li>Rimuovere rapidamente ...

<ol>
	<li>. Allen Mouse Brain Atlas Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://mouse.brain">https://mouse.brain</a> (2008)</li><li>Kuleshova, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetics+-+New+Potentials+for+Electrophysiology.">Optogenetics - New Potentials for Electrophysiology.</a> Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 49 (2), 169-177 (2019).</li><li>Scanziani, M., H&#228;usser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiology+in+the+age+of+light.">Electrophysiology in the age of light.</a> Nature. 461, 930 (2009).</li><li>Shimono, M., Beggs, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+Clusters,+Hubs,+and+Communities+in+the+Cortical+Microconnectome.">Functional Clusters, Hubs, and Communities in the Cortical Microconnectome.</a> Cerebral cortex. 25 (10), 3743-3757 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., Gerstein, M., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-Seq:+a+revolutionary+tool+for+transcriptomics.">RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 10 (1), 57-63 (2009).</li><li>Kebschull, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+mapping+of+single+neuron+projections+by+sequencing+of+barcoded+RNA.">High-throughput mapping of single neuron projections by sequencing of barcoded RNA.</a> bioRxiv. , 054312 (2016).</li><li>Mitulovi&#263;, G., Mechtler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HPLC+techniques+for+proteomics+analysis&#8212;a+short+overview+of+latest+developments.">HPLC techniques for proteomics analysis&#8212;a short overview of latest developments.</a> Briefings in Functional Genomics. 5 (4), 249-260 (2006).</li><li>Bettscheider, M., Murgatroyd, C., Spengler, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+DNA+and+RNA+isolation+from+brain+punches+for+epigenetics.">Simultaneous DNA and RNA isolation from brain punches for epigenetics.</a> BMC Research Notes. 4, 314 (2011).</li><li>Chiu, K., Lau, W. M., Lau, H. T., So, K. F., Chang, R. C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-dissection+of+Rat+Brain+for+RNA+or+Protein+Extraction+from+Specific+Brain+Region.">Micro-dissection of Rat Brain for RNA or Protein Extraction from Specific Brain Region.</a> JoVE. (7), e269 (2007).</li><li>Aring, L., S, S., Marcus, K., May, C., Murran, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Capture Microdissection. Methods in Molecular Biology. 1723, 2457 (2018).</li><li>Bj&#246;rk, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutathione-S-transferase+expression+in+the+brain:+possible+role+in+ethanol+preference+and+longevity.">Glutathione-S-transferase expression in the brain: possible role in ethanol preference and longevity.</a> The FASEB Journal. 20 (11), 1826-1835 (2006).</li><li>Jeong, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Network+Dysregulation+in+the+Trigeminal+Ganglia+and+Nucleus+Accumbens+of+a+Model+of+Chronic+Migraine-Associated+Hyperalgesia.">Gene Network Dysregulation in the Trigeminal Ganglia and Nucleus Accumbens of a Model of Chronic Migraine-Associated Hyperalgesia.</a> Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 12 (63), (2018).</li><li>Spijker, S., Li, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+Rodent+Brain+Regions.">Dissection of Rodent Brain Regions.</a> Neuroproteomics, Neuromethods. 57, 13-26 (2011).</li><li>Palkovits, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolated+removal+of+hypothalamic+or+other+brain+nuclei+of+the+rat.">Isolated removal of hypothalamic or other brain nuclei of the rat.</a> Brain Research. 59, 449-450 (1973).</li><li>Palkovits, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 103, 368-376 (1983).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, K. B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 2 edn. , (2001).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Watson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 4 edn. , (1998).</li><li>RNaseZap. Ambion Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/LSG/">https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/LSG/</a> (2008)</li><li>. RNA Integrity Number (RIN)- Standardization of RNA Quality Control Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/">https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/</a> (2016)</li><li>Scheyer, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cannabinoid+Exposure+via+Lactation+in+Rats+Disrupts+Perinatal+Programming+of+the+Gamma-Aminobutyric+Acid+Trajectory+and+Select+Early-Life+Behaviors.">Cannabinoid Exposure via Lactation in Rats Disrupts Perinatal Programming of the Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Trajectory and Select Early-Life Behaviors.</a> Biological Psychiatry. , (2019).</li><li>Choi, D. W., Rothman, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+glutamate+neurotoxicity+in+hypoxic-ischemic+neuronal+death.">The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 13 (1), 171-182 (1990).</li><li>Guhaniyogi, J., Brewer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+mRNA+stability+in+mammalian+cells.">Regulation of mRNA stability in mammalian cells.</a> Gene. 265 (1-2), 11-23 (2001).</li><li>Sampaio-Silva, F., Magalh&#227;es, T., Carvalho, F., Dinis-Oliveira, R. J., Silvestre, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+of+RNA+degradation+for+estimation+of+post+mortem+[corrected]+interval.">Profiling of RNA degradation for estimation of post mortem [corrected] interval.</a> PloS One. 8 (2), 56507 (2013).</li><li>Yamagata, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signs+of+biological+activities+of+28,000-year-old+mammoth+nuclei+in+mouse+oocytes+visualized+by+live-cell+imaging.">Signs of biological activities of 28,000-year-old mammoth nuclei in mouse oocytes visualized by live-cell imaging.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 4050 (2019).</li><li>Allen Brain Atlas: Developing Mouse Brain. Allen Institute Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://developingmouse.brain-map.org/static/atlas">https://developingmouse.brain-map.org/static/atlas</a> (2008)</li></ol>

Questo lavoro descrive una tecnica per isolare piccole regioni specifiche del cervello limitando la degradazione dell'acido nucleico e delle proteine. Il danno ai tessuti cerebrali avviene rapidamente una volta che un organismo muore. Ciò è in parte dovuto a un rapido accumulo di glutammato extracellulare e alla conseguente eccitotossicità che si verifica21. L'RNA messaggero è particolarmente vulnerabile alla degradazione22,23. La ripa...

Questo lavoro illustra la dissezione delle regioni cerebrali congelate per l'estrazione di acido nucleico o proteina di alta qualità utilizzando un riferimento, come l'Atlante del cervello del mouse Allen1, come guida. In questa tecnica, i cervelli sono congelati da flash e vengono conservati a -80 gradi centigradi per la sezionamento e la dissezione successivi, pur essendo mantenuti in condizioni congelate. Questo processo permette al ricercatore di raccogliere un gran numero di cervelli in una sessione e successivamente sezionarli per una raccolta accurata di più regioni del cervello.
La raccolta accurata di regioni di interesse cerebrali (ROI) è spesso necessaria quando si risponde a domande relative all'espressione genica e proteica. Mentre farmacologia, elettrofisiologia e optogenetica possono essere utilizzate su roditori selvatici o geneticamente modificati per aiutare a chiarire i cambiamenti molecolari alla base dei comportamenti osservati2,3,4, la misurazione dei cambiamenti indotti nei trascrittomi e nei proteomi è spesso utilizzata per sostenere questi risultati. Tecniche come la narrazione quantitativa inversa della polimerasi di trascrizione inversa (RT-qPCR), il gonfiore occidentale, RNAseq5, MAPSeq6 e HPLC7 sono robuste e relativamente basse in termini di costi, consentendo a molti laboratori di studiare cambiamenti molecolari indotti all'interno di piccole regioni cerebrali2,4,5,6.
Ci sono diversi modi per estrarre e purificare l'acido nucleico o la proteina dalle regioni cerebrali8,9,10,11,12. Molti laboratori raccolgono le regioni del cervello raffreddando e tagliando i cervelli sul ghiaccio al momento del raccolto9,13. Anche se questo approccio può portare ad acido nucleico e proteine di alta qualità, è un po 'limitato nel tempo in quanto la degradazione all'interno del microambiente del tessuto può avvenire a queste temperature. Ciò può essere particolarmente vero quando si tenta di sezionare un gran numero di animali o ROI in una sola seduta. Mantenere i campioni congelati aiuta a mantenere molecole bersaglio labili, fornendo al ricercatore il tempo per confrontare attentamente i punti di riferimento su entrambi i lati di ogni sezione nello sforzo di raccogliere campioni relativamente puri. La cattura laser è un altro modo per raccogliere tessuti per l'analisi dell'RNA o delle proteine dalle aree cerebrali10. Questa procedura è superiore alla dissezione meccanica in quanto i ROI molto piccoli e di forma irregolare possono essere identificati e isolati. Tuttavia, la cattura laser è limitata dall'uso di costose attrezzature e reagenti, richiede molto tempo e può anche essere più suscettibile alla degradazione del campione.
La dissezione di micropunch sui tessuti congelati non è nuova. I primi documenti di Miklos Palkovits e altri descrivono le tecniche di base nel dettaglio14,15. Questa presentazione segue in gran parte il lavoro originale, con alcuni miglioramenti per facilitare l'efficienza e ridurre i costi delle attrezzature necessarie. Per esempio, le sezioni cerebrali sono fatte in un blocco cerebrale congelato piuttosto che su un criostato. Questo produce sezioni più spesse che riduce il numero di sezioni necessarie per raccogliere campioni di ROI. Questo metodo seziona anche i campioni su una piastra di vetro congelato che si trova sul ghiaccio secco all'interno di una scatola isolata. Questo produce una fase di subcongelamento sul banco su cui lavorare. Le sezioni sezionate in questo modo sono facilmente manipolabili, consentendo al ricercatore di confrontare entrambi i lati di ogni sezione con un riferimento al fine di limitare la contaminazione da regioni al di fuori del ROI desiderato.
I vantaggi di questo protocollo sono che 1) il cervello è mantenuto in una condizione congelata durante tutto il processo, che aiuta a preservare le proteine e l'acido nucleico e dà al ricercatore il tempo di raccogliere con attenzione i ROI, e 2) i reagenti necessari sono poco costosi e si trovano nella maggior parte dei laboratori di biologia molecolare. In questo processo, interi cervelli sono sezionato a 0,5–1,0 mm in una matrice cerebrale e collocati su una piastra di vetro congelato che viene continuamente raffreddata con ghiaccio secco. Punti di riferimento trovati nell'Atlante del cervello di Allen1 o in altri atlanti cerebrali16,17 vengono utilizzati per identificare le regioni di interesse, che vengono poi sezionati utilizzando un pugno a freddo o bisturi. Poiché il tessuto non viene mai scongelato, le regioni raccolte in questo modo forniscono RNA e proteine di alta qualità per le analisi a valle.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mm Mouse coronal brain matrice</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>BS-SS 505C</td>
			<td>Cutting block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mm Rat coronal brain matrice</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>BS-SS 705C</td>
			<td>Cutting block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 mm Biopsy Punch with plunger</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>69031-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>229443</td>
			<td>For storing frozen ROIs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mm Biopsy Punch with plunger</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>69031-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.0 mm Biopsy Punch with plunger</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>69031-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-12% NuPage gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>NPO323BOX</td>
			<td>protein gradient gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioanalyzer System</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>2100</td>
			<td>RNA analysis system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dounce tissue grinder</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td> 
			D8938</td>
			<td>Glass tissue homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry Ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber-Lite</td>
			<td>Dolan-Jenner Industries Inc.</td>
			<td>Model 180</td>
			<td>Cool lamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass plates</td>
			<td>LabRepCo</td>
			<td>11074010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HALT</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>78440</td>
			<td>protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low profile blades</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek USA Inc.</td>
			<td>4689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anti-actin antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>JLA20</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>2000C</td>
			<td>Used in initial RNA purity analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No. 15 surgical blade</td>
			<td>Surgical Design Inc</td>
			<td>17467673</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Odyssey Blocking buffer</td>
			<td>LiCor Biosciences</td>
			<td>927-40000</td>
			<td>Western blocking reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omni Tissue Master 125</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10046-866</td>
			<td>Tissue homogenizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rabbit anti-KCC2 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>94725S</td>
			<td>Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA Plus Micro Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>73034</td>
			<td>Used to extract RNA from small tissue samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNaseZap</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Excelta Corp.</td>
			<td>16050103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard razor blades</td>
			<td>American Line</td>
			<td>66-0362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td>Used to extract RNA from tissue</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

collection of frozen rodent brain regions for downstream analyses

Man mano che la nostra comprensione della neurobiologia è progredita, le analisi molecolari vengono spesso eseguite su piccole aree cerebrali come la corteccia prefrontale mediale (mPFC) o il nucleo accumbens. La sfida di questo lavoro consiste nel sezionare l'area corretta preservando il microambiente da esaminare. In questo articolo viene descritto un metodo semplice e a basso costo utilizzando risorse prontamente disponibili nella maggior parte dei laboratori. Questo metodo mantiene l'acido nucleico e le proteine mantenendo il tessuto congelato durante tutto il processo. I cervelli sono tagliati in sezioni da 0,5 a 1,0 mm utilizzando una matrice cerebrale e disposti su una piastra di vetro congelato. I punti di riferimento all'interno di ogni sezione vengono confrontati con un riferimento, ad esempio l'atlante del cervello del mouse di Allen, e le regioni vengono sezionate usando un punzone a base di bisturi freddo o di biopsia. Il tessuto viene poi immagazzinato a -80 gradi centigradi fino all'uso. Attraverso questo processo ratto e topo mPFC, nucleo accumbens, ippocampo ventrale e altre regioni sono stati analizzati con successo utilizzando qRT-PCR e assaggi occidentali. Questo metodo è limitato alle regioni cerebrali che possono essere identificate da punti di riferimento chiari.

Per convalidare questo metodo, la corteccia prefrontale mediale è stata raccolta da topi maschi di tipo selvatico CD1 adulti e l'RNA e la proteina sono stati estratti e caratterizzati. L'RNA è stato analizzato dall'elettroforesi capillare. L'RNA degradato mostra una perdita nell'intensità delle bande ribosomale 28S e 18S e mostra anche i prodotti di degradazione come uno striscio tra 25 e 200 nucleotidi (Figura 5A, campione 1). L'RNA di alta qualità mostra bande ribosomiche distinte con ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses at JoVE.com

Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses

Questa procedura descrive la raccolta di regioni cerebrali congelate discrete per ottenere proteine e RNA di alta qualità utilizzando strumenti economici e comunemente disponibili.

Raccolta di regioni cerebrali del roditore congelato per analisi a valle

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex ...

Questa procedura descrive la raccolta di regioni cerebrali congelate discrete per ottenere proteine e RNA di alta qualità utilizzando strumenti economici e comunemente disponibili. Poiché le regioni cerebrali sono tenute congelate dal raccolto attraverso la dissezione, le molecole bersaglio vengono preservate e il ricercatore ha il tempo di sezionare e immagazzinare attentamente le regioni di interesse. Identificare le regioni di interesse può essere inizialmente impegnativo.L'uso di punti di riferimento cerebrali comuni man mano che emergono e si allontanano attraverso le sezioni in relazione alle regioni desiderate renderà chiara l'identificazione. Dopo aver rimosso il cervello dai topi adulti eutanasiati di tipo selvatico CD-1, flash congelare il tessuto per 60 secondi in azoto liquido o isopentane. Pre-raffreddare con ghiaccio secco e conservarlo a meno 80 gradi Celsius.24 ore prima di sezionare il tessuto, posizionare una matrice cerebrale pulita su una pila di confezioni congelatrici scongelate. E incastro i lati della matrice tra due confezioni congelatrici assicurandosi di lasciare circa mezzo centimetro tra il fondo delle fessure del rasoio e la parte superiore delle confezioni. Impostare una lastra di vetro congelata per la dissezione riempiendo una scatola isolata con ghiaccio fino a circa cinque centimetri dall'alto.Quindi posizionare uno strato di ghiaccio secco di 2,5 centimetri sopra. E coprirlo con fogli di plastica nera. Posizionare una lastra di vetro sopra la plastica.E ghiaccio secco intorno ai bordi del piatto. Rimuovere la matrice cerebrale congelata dal congelatore e inserire il cervello, lato corteccia verso l'alto, nella matrice. Lasciare che il tessuto equilibra alla temperatura nella scatola per 10 minuti.Tenere aperto il coperchio durante questo periodo. Utilizzare le forcep fredde per regolare la posizione del cervello nella matrice in modo che il seno sagittale e il seno trasversale si allineano con le scanalature perpendicolari del blocco. Una volta che il cervello è in posizione, posizionare una lama di rasoio refrigerata vicino al suo centro e premerla di circa un millimetro nel tessuto.Quindi, posizionare una lama refrigerata ad ogni estremità del cervello e premere fino in fondo nella matrice. Quindi iniziare ad aggiungere lame refrigerate all'estremità rostrale, posizionandole nelle fessure una alla volta e premendole delicatamente di un millimetro nel tessuto. Continuare ad aggiungere lame a intervalli di un millimetro, lavorando verso l'estremità caudale.Quando tutte le lame sono in posizione, premere verso il basso sopra con le dita, il palmo o un oggetto smussato e scuoterle lentamente da un lato all'altro per spostarle attraverso il tessuto. Una volta che le lame hanno raggiunto il fondo delle fessure, afferrare ogni lato del gruppo di lame e liberarle dalla matrice dondolando avanti e indietro. Dopo aver liberato il gruppo di lame, posizionarle sul lato rostrale sulla piastra di vetro e mettere il ghiaccio secco accanto o sopra la pila per congelare ulteriormente i campioni per una separazione più semplice.Quindi posizionare la pila con bordi affilati verso il basso e separare le lame spostando la pila tra il pollice e le dita. Allineare la sezione sulle piastre di vetro da rostrale a caudale e separare il tessuto dalle lame flettendole tra le dita o separandole con una seconda lama refrigerata. A volte, il tessuto può attaccarsi a entrambi i lati di una lama e si deve fare attenzione a mantenere l'orientamento rostrale a caudale.Prima di iniziare la dissezione, apri l'Allen Mouse Brain Atlas o un altro riferimento e trova i punti di riferimento necessari per identificare le regioni di interesse. Utilizzare forcep o lame refrigerate per capovolgere la sezione. E assicurati che la regione di interesse sia coerente in tutta la sezione.Tagliare nella sezione con un bisturi pulito o un pugno, spingendo il metallo delicatamente ma saldamente nel tessuto. Dondolandolo avanti e indietro per fare il taglio. Dopo aver raccolto la regione di interesse, posizionarla in tubi pre-refrigerati pre-refrigerati da 1,5 millimetri e conservarli a meno 80 gradi Celsius.Per elaborare il tessuto, aggiungere tampone RIPA freddo per l'estrazione proteica o un guanidinio contenente solvente per l'estrazione dell'RNA e omogeneizzarlo immediatamente con un down di vetro o un omogeneizzatore meccanico. Per convalidare questo metodo, la corteccia prefrontale mediale è stata raccolta da topi maschi adulti di tipo selvatico CD-1 e sono stati caratterizzati RNA e proteine. Se analizzato con elettroforesi capillare, l'RNA degradato mostra una perdita nell'intensità delle bande ribosomiche 28S e 18S, così come uno striscio tra 25 e 200 nucleotidi.Mentre l'RNA di alta qualità mostra bande ribosomiali distinte poco o nessun segnale nella regione a basso peso molecolare. L'RNA ottenuto utilizzando il metodo di dissezione congelata è stato confrontato con l'RNA preparato da tessuto appena raccolto. Entrambi i metodi producono RNA con alti numeri di integrità e forti bande ribosomiali.Per confermare che questo metodo può essere utilizzato per preservare il microambiente del tessuto sezionato per un'analisi successiva, l'RNA è stato estratto dalla corteccia prefrontale mediale sezionata che era stata immagazzinata per diverse settimane. Tutti i campioni hanno prodotto RNA di alta qualità con bande ribosomiali distinte e numeri di integrità dell'RNA superiori agli otto. Per confermare l'integrità proteica dei campioni sezionati congelati, la proteina è stata raccolta, trasferita alla nitrocellulosa e alla sonda con anticorpo contro l'alto peso molecolare bersaglio KCC2 e l'actina proteica a basso peso molecolare.In tutti i casi le bande erano affilate e distinte senza prodotti di degradazione percepibili. È importante mantenere i tessuti congelati durante tutto il processo in quanto ciò preserva il microambiente delle sezioni e mantiene la morfologia della sezione per il confronto con le immagini dell'atlante cerebrale. Le regioni di interesse raccolte in questo modo possono essere conservate per diversi mesi a -80 gradi Celsius e possono essere utilizzate in molte applicazioni downstream, tra cui RT-qPCR, RNA-Seq, analisi western blot e HPLC.Questo metodo è stato utilizzato per esplorare i cambiamenti molecolari all'interno dei sistemi limbici dei roditori perinatale esposti al THC e ad altri cannabinoidi per capire meglio come questi farmaci possono influenzare lo sviluppo cerebrale.

collection-of-frozen-rodent-brain-regions-for-downstream-analyses

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.

We have developed a method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording in the rodent brain, providing a platform for the investigation of the relationship between neural activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal.

FMRI simultanea ed Elettrofisiologia nel cervello roditori

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

DiOLISTIC Labeling of Neurons from Rodent and Non-human Primate Brain Slices

DiOLISTIC staining uses the gene gun to introduce fluorescent dyes, such as DiI, into neurons of brain slices (Gan et al., 2009; O'Brien and Lummis, 2007; Gan et al., 2000). Here we provide a detailed description of each step required together with exemplary images of good and bad outcomes that will help when setting up the technique. In our experience, a few steps proved critical for the successful application of DiOLISTICS. These considerations include the quality of the DiI-coated bullets, the extent of fixative exposure, and the concentration of detergent used in the incubation solutions. Tips and solutions for common problems are provided. This is a versatile labeling technique that can be applied to multiple animal species at a wide range of ages. Unlike other fluorescent labeling techniques that are limited to preparations from young animals or restricted to mice because they rely on the expression of a fluorescent transgene, DiOLISTIC labeling can be applied to animals of all ages, species and genotypes and it can be used in combination with immunostaining to identify a specific subpopulation of cells. Here we demonstrate the use of DiOLISTICS to label neurons in brain slices from adult mice and adult non-human primates with the purpose of quantifying dendrite branching and dendritic spine morphology.

We demonstrate the use of the gene gun to introduce fluorescent dyes, such as DiI, into neurons in brain slices from rodents and non-human primates of different ages. In this particular case, we use adult mice (3-6 months old) and adult cynomologus monkeys (9-15 years old). This technique, originally described by the laboratory of Dr. Lichtman (Gan et al., 2000), is well suited for the study of dendritic branching and dendritic spine morphology and can be combined with traditional immunostaining, if detergents are kept at a low concentration.

Etichettatura DiOLISTIC di neuroni da roditori e non-umano Fette cervello dei primati

DiOLISTIC staining uses the gene gun to introduce fluorescent dyes, such as DiI, into neurons of brain slices (Gan et al., 2009; O'Brien and Lummis, 2007; ...

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of the breadth of molecular regulation. Newer approaches such as high-resolution RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)1 provides new and expansive information about tissue- or state-specific expression such as relative transcript levels, alternative splicing, and micro RNAs2-4. Prospects for employing the RNA-Seq method in comparative whole transcriptome profiling5 within discrete tissues or between phenotypically distinct groups of individuals affords new avenues for elucidating molecular mechanisms involved in both normal and abnormal physiological states. Recently, whole transcriptome profiling has been performed on human brain tissue, identifying gene expression differences associated with disease progression6. However, the use of next-generation sequencing has yet to be more widely integrated into mammalian studies.
Gene expression studies in mouse models have reported distinct profiles within various brain nuclei using laser capture microscopy (LCM) for sample excision7,8. While LCM affords sample collection with single-cell and discrete brain region precision, the relatively low total RNA yields from the LCM approach can be prohibitive to RNA-Seq and other profiling approaches in mouse brain tissues and may require sub-optimal sample amplification steps. Here, a protocol is presented for microdissection and total RNA extraction from discrete mouse brain regions. Set-diameter tissue corers are used to isolate 13 tissues from 750-&mu;m serial coronal sections of an individual mouse brain. Tissue micropunch samples are immediately frozen and archived. Total RNA is obtained from the samples using magnetic bead-enabled total RNA isolation technology. Resulting RNA samples have adequate yield and quality for use in downstream expression profiling. This microdissection strategy provides a viable option to existing sample collection strategies for obtaining total RNA from discrete brain regions, opening possibilities for new gene expression discoveries.

Non-Laser Capture Microscopy Approach for the Microdissection of Discrete Mouse Brain Regions for Total RNA Isolation and Downstream Next-Generation Sequencing and Gene Expression Profiling  |

RNA expression profiling of discrete mouse brain regions requires a precise and repeatable tissue collection strategy. A protocol that uses both coronal brain sectioning and tissue corer-assisted microdissection is described here. The yield and quality of total RNA obtained from the resulting samples confirms the utility of the outlined method.

Non Laser Capture Microscopy approccio per la Microdissezione delle Regioni discreti cervello di topo per la totale isolamento di RNA e valle Next-Generation Sequencing e profili di espressione genica

As technological platforms, approaches such as next-generation sequencing, microarray, and qRT-PCR have great promise for expanding our understanding of ...

Morphometric Analyses of Retinal Sections

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) in rat models with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)&#x2013;induced excitotoxicity1, retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury2 and glaucoma3. Reduction of INL and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses were reversed with citicoline treatment in rats' eyes subjected to kainic acid-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity4. Alteration of RGC density and soma sizes were observed with different drug treatments in eyes with elevated intraocular pressure3,5,6. Therefore, having objective methods of analyzing the retinal morphometries may be of great significance in evaluating retinal pathologies and the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies.
The retinal structure is multi-layers and several different kinds of neurons exist in the retina. The morphometric parameters of retina such as cell number, cell size and thickness of different layers are more complex than the cell culture system. Early on, these parameters can be detected using other commercial imaging software. The values are normally of relative value, and changing to the precise value may need further accurate calculation. Also, the tracing of the cell size and morphology may not be accurate and sensitive enough for statistic analysis, especially in the chronic glaucoma model. The measurements used in this protocol provided a more precise and easy way. And the absolute length of the line and size of the cell can be reported directly and easy to be copied to other files. For example, we traced the margin of the inner and outer most nuclei in the INL and formed a line then using the software to draw a 90 degree angle to measure the thickness. While without the help of the software, the line maybe oblique and the changing of retinal thickness may not be repeatable among individual observers. In addition, the number and density of RGCs can also be quantified. This protocol successfully decreases the variability in quantitating features of the retina, increases the sensitivity in detecting minimal changes.
 	This video will demonstrate three types of morphometric analyses of the retinal sections. They include measuring the INL thickness, quantifying the number of RGCs and measuring the sizes of RGCs in absolute value. These three analyses are carried out with Stereo Investigator (MBF Bioscience &mdash; MicroBrightField, Inc.). The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

This video demonstrates three types of morphometric analyses of the retina, which include measuring the inner nuclear layer thickness, quantifying the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and measuring the sizes of RGCs. The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

Le analisi morfometriche delle sezioni della retina

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the ...

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the adult brain. However, the mechanisms these normally quiescent cells employ to ensure proper functioning of neural networks, as well as their role in recovery from injury and mitigation of neurodegenerative processes are little understood. These cells reside in regions referred to as &#34;niches&#34; that provide a sustaining environment involving modulatory signals from both the vascular and immune systems. The isolation, maintenance, and differentiation of CNS SCs under defined culture conditions which exclude unknown factors, makes them accessible to treatment by pharmacological or genetic means, thus providing insight into their in vivo behavior. Here we offer detailed information on the methods for generating cultures of CNS SCs from distinct regions of the adult brain and approaches to assess their differentiation potential into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro. This technique yields a homogeneous cell population as a monolayer culture that can be visualized to study individual SCs and their progeny. Furthermore, it can be applied across different animal model systems and clinical samples, being used previously to predict regenerative responses in the damaged adult nervous system.

Neural stem cells harvested from the adult brain are increasing utilized in applications ranging from the basic research of nervous system development to exploring potential clinical applications in regenerative medicine. This makes rigorous control in the isolation and culturing conditions used to grow these cells critical to sound experimental outcomes.

Crescere cellule staminali neurali da Regioni convenzionali e non convenzionali del cervello adulto Roditore

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution has been a long sought tool for neuroscientists in the systems-level search for the neural circuitry governing complex behavioral states. Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool that is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience and represents one of the first systematic approaches to enable causal testing regarding the relation between neural signaling events and behavior. By combining optical and genetic approaches, neural signaling can be bi-directionally controlled through expression of light-sensitive ion channels (opsins) in mammalian cells. The current protocol describes delivery of specific wavelengths of light to opsin-expressing cells in deep brain structures of awake, freely-moving rodents for neural circuit modulation. Theoretical principles of light transmission as an experimental consideration are discussed in the context of performing in vivo optogenetic stimulation. The protocol details the design and construction of both simple and complex laser configurations and describes tethering strategies to permit simultaneous stimulation of multiple animals for high-throughput behavioral testing.

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.

In vivo optogenetic stimolazione del sistema nervoso centrale Roditore

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory discrimination learning in mice is described. In this learning paradigm, mice are trained in a shuttle box Go/NoGo-task to discriminate between rising and falling frequency-modulated tones in order to avoid a mild electric foot-shock. The protocol involves the enrichment of synaptosomes from four brain areas, namely the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, at different stages of training. Synaptic protein expression patterns obtained from trained mice are compared to na&#239;ve controls using a proteomic approach. To achieve sufficient analytical depth, samples are fractionated in three different ways prior to mass spectrometry, namely 1D SDS-PAGE/in-gel digestion, in-solution digestion and phospho-peptide enrichment. 
High-resolution proteomic analysis on a mass spectrometer and label-free quantification are used to examine synaptic protein profiles in phospho-peptide-depleted and phospho-peptide-enriched fractions of synaptosomal protein samples. A commercial software package is utilized to reveal proteins and phospho-peptides with significantly regulated relative synaptic abundance levels (trained/na&#239;ve controls). Common and differential regulation modes for the synaptic proteome in the investigated brain regions of mice after training were observed. Subsequently, meta-analyses utilizing several databases are employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways.

The identification of molecules and pathways controlling synaptic plasticity and memory is still a major challenge in neuroscience. Here, a workflow is described addressing the relative quantification of synaptic proteins supposedly involved in the molecular reorganization of synapses during learning and memory consolidation in an auditory learning paradigm.

Alta risoluzione Quantitative Synaptic Proteome profiling di cervello di topo Regioni Dopo uditiva discriminazione Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory ...

Personalized Needles for Microinjections in the Rodent Brain

Microinjections have been used for a long time for the delivery of drugs or toxins within specific brain areas and, more recently, they have been used to deliver gene or cell therapy products. Unfortunately, current microinjection techniques use steel or glass needles that are suboptimal for multiple reasons: in particular, steel needles may cause tissue damage, and glass needles may bend when lowered deeply into the brain, missing the target region. In this article, we describe a protocol to prepare and use quartz needles that combine a number of useful features. These needles do not produce detectable tissue damage and, being very rigid, ensure reliable delivery in the desired brain region even when using deep coordinates. Moreover, it is possible to personalize the design of the needle by making multiple holes of the desired diameter. Multiple holes facilitate the injection of large amounts of solution within a larger area, whereas large holes facilitate the injection of cells. In addition, these quartz needles can be cleaned and re-used, such that the procedure becomes cost-effective.

We describe here a protocol for microinjection in the rodent brain that uses quartz needles. These needles do not produce detectable tissue damage and ensure reliable delivery even in deep regions. Moreover, they can be adapted to research needs by personalized designs and can be re-used.

Personalizzato aghi per microiniezioni nel cervello del roditore

Microinjections have been used for a long time for the delivery of drugs or toxins within specific brain areas and, more recently, they have been used to ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial distribution. Such techniques also potentially skew gene expression analysis because the process itself can alter expression patterns in individual cells. Here we describe a laser capture microdissection (LCM) method to selectively collect specific brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using a modified Nissl (cresyl violet) staining protocol and the guidance of a rat brain atlas. LCM provides access to brain regions in their native positions and the ability to use anatomical landmarks for identification of each specific region. To this end, LCM has been used previously to examine brain region specific gene expression in TBI. This protocol allows examination of TBI-induced alterations in gene and microRNA expression in distinct brain areas within the same animal. The principles of this protocol can be amended and applied to a wide range of studies examining genomic expression in other disease and/or animal models.

We describe the use of laser capture microdissection to obtain samples of distinct cell populations from different brain regions for gene and microRNA analysis. This technique allows the study of differential effects of traumatic brain injury in specific regions of the rat brain.

Atlas-guida stereotassica del Laser Capture Microdissection di regioni del cervello colpite da lesione traumatica

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

Evaluation of Synapse Density in Hippocampal Rodent Brain Slices

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is tightly regulated during development and neuronal maturation. Importantly, deficits in synapse number can lead to cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the evaluation of synapse number is an integral part of neurobiology. However, as synapses are small and highly compact in the intact brain, the assessment of absolute number is challenging. This protocol describes a method to easily identify and evaluate synapses in hippocampal rodent slices using immunofluorescence microscopy. It includes a three-step procedure to evaluate synapses in high-quality confocal microscopy images by analyzing the co-localization of pre- and postsynaptic proteins in hippocampal slices. It also explains how the analysis is performed and gives representative examples from both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This protocol provides a solid foundation for the analysis of synapses and can be applied to any research investigating the structure and function of the brain.

A protocol for accurately identifying and analyzing synapses in hippocampal slices using immunofluorescence is outlined in this article.

Valutazione di densità di sinapsi nelle fette Hippocampal del cervello del roditore

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is ...