Name: in vivo augmentation of gut-homing regulatory t cell induction
Uploaded: 2020-01-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program under Award No. W81XWH-15-1-0240 (XT). Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense. This work was also partially supported by Research Innovation Grants from the Department of Medicine at Loma Linda University (681207-2967 [XT and GG], 681205-2967 [XT], and 325491 [DJB]).

All in vivo animal study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Loma Linda University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) as well as the Animal Care and Use Review Office (ACURO) of the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) of the Department of Defense.
1. Preparation of the Lentivirus that Expresses both 1&#945;-hydroxylase and RALDH2 (lenti-CYP-ALDH Virus)
<ol>
	<li>Day 0: In the early morning, prepare 5 x 105 cells/mL of 293T cells in the ...

<ol>
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In this article we describe the use of DC-CYP-ALDH cells, for augmenting the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Our data have shown that the DC-CYP-ALDH cells can synthesize locally high concentrations de novo of both 1,25(OH)2D and RA in vitro in the presence of corresponding substrates (i.e., 25[OH]D and retinol, respectively). Because sufficient blood concentrations of 25(OH)D and retinol can be easily achieved through vitamin D and A supplementations respectively in patients...

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory chronic disease in the gastrointestinal tract (GUT). In the United States, there are approximately 1.4 million IBD patients. It is generally accepted that a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria initiates the disease and disrupts the mucosal epithelial barrier1,2. For this reason, currently available U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs inhibit the functions of inflammatory mediators or block the homing of immune cells into the gut. However, the inflammatory mediators and immune cells that are targeted are also necessary for immune defenses. As a result, the inflammatory mediator inhibitors compromise systemic immune defense and the immune cell homing blockers weaken gut immune defense, both of which can lead to severe consequences3,4. In addition, the immune cell homing blockers can also block the homing of regulatory T (Treg) cells into the gut and hence can worsen the already compromised gut immune tolerance in IBD patients. Furthermore, blocking of Treg cell homing into the gut may also lead to systemic immune suppression due to the accumulation of Treg cells in the blood5. Finally, inhibitors and blockers function transiently and, thereby, require frequent administrations. Frequent administration of these inhibitors and blockers may further exacerbate the untoward side effects.
Recently, we proposed a novel strategy that can potentially mitigate or even eliminate the side effects associated with current drugs for IBD treatment6. This strategy augments the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues6. The rationale of this strategy is that gut-homing Treg cells specifically home to the gut and hence will not compromise systemic immune defenses. In addition, since Treg cells can potentially form memory7,8, gut-homing Treg cells can potentially provide a stable control of the chronic gut inflammation in IBD patients and, thereby, treatment should not need to be administered as frequently. Furthermore, since this strategy augments the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in vivo, it does not have the concern of in vivo instability in a highly proinflammatory environment that is associated with adoptive transfer of in vitro generated Treg cells9,10. In this regard, in vitro generated Treg cells are one of the proposed strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases11,12,13 and transplant rejection14,15. Finally, in this strategy, dendritic cells (DCs) are engineered to produce locally high concentrations of two molecules de novo: active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25[OH]2D) and active vitamin A (retinoic acid or RA). We chose 1,25(OH)2D and RA because 1,25(OH)2D can induce the expression of regulatory molecules (e.g., forkhead box P3 [foxp3] and interleukin-10 [IL-10])16,17 and that RA can stimulate the expression of gut-homing receptors in T cells18. Because both 1,25(OH)2D and RA can also tolerize DCs28,29, we reason that the engineered DCs will be stably maintained in a tolerogenic status in vivo and hence circumvent the in vivo instability concerns that are associated with in vitro generated tolerogenic DCs (TolDCs)19,20,21. In this respect, TolDCs are also one of the proposed strategies for in vivo augmentation of Treg cell functions19,20,21. To support our reasoning, we have shown that the engineered DCs, upon in vivo delivery, can augment the induction of gut-homing Treg cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues6.
An additional advantage of our proposed strategy is that 1,25(OH)2D also has other functions that can potentially benefit IBD patients. These other functions include the ability of 1,25(OH)2D to stimulate the secretion of antimicrobials22 and to suppresses carcinogenesis23. Infections and cancers are frequently associated with IBD24,25.
To generate the DCs that can produce locally high concentrations of both 1,25(OH)2D and RA de novo, we use a lentiviral vector to engineer DCs to overexpress two genes. One gene is the cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) that encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1&#945;-hydroxylase (1&#945;-hydroxylase), which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. The other gene is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (ALDH1a2) that encodes retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of RA6.
Because in vivo augmentation of gut-homing Treg cell induction is potentially important in the treatment of IBD, in the following protocol we will detail the procedures for the generation of the 1&#945;-hydroxylase-RALDH2-overexpressing DCs (DC-CYP-ALDH cells) that can be used for the future investigation of gut-homing Treg cells in vivo.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL syringes</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 03-377-23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm x 20 mm culture dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# CLS430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well culture plates</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 07-200-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 mm x 25 mm culture dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# CLS430559</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25[OH]D)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# H4014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-3216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well culture plates</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 07-200-83</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ALDEFLUOR kit</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>Cat# 01700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CYP27B1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Cat# ab95047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSAria II</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# C1016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CM-10-D cell culture medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid, and 2 mM L-glutamine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CM-10-R cell culture medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium (no glutamine) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid, and 2 mM L-glutamine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CM-4-D cell culture medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DMEM medium containing 4% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin, 0.055 mM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid, and 2 mM L-glutamine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning bottle-top vacuum filters, 0.22 mM, 500 mL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# CLS430513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning bottle-top vacuum filters, 0.45 mM, 500 mL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# CLS430514</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting scissor</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 08-940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 11960044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 16000044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 22-327379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco ACK lysing buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# A1049201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Cat# ab205718</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>Cat# 391340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lenti-CYP-ALDH</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
			<td>1.6-kb mouse CYP27B1 and ALDH1a2 cDNAs were amplified by PCR using a plasmid containing the CYP27B1 cDNA and a plasmid containing the ALDH1a2 cDNA respectively (GeneCopoeia). The amplified CYP27B1 cDNA fragment with a 5&#39; KOZAK ribosome entry sequence was cloned into the pRRL-SIN.cPPt.PGKGFP.WPRE lentiviral vector (Addgene). The resulting construct was designated as lenti-CYP-GFP. The amplified ALDH1a2 cDNA fragment was cloned into the lenti-CYP-GFP to replace the GFP and was designated as lenti-CYP-ALDH. This bicistronic plasmid expresses CYP27B1 controlled by SFFV promoter and ALDH1a2 controlled by PGK promoter.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# L3755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine GM-CSF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>Cat# 315-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine IL-4</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>Cat# 214-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# NIST2186II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# S9888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needles</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 14-841-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonessential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 11140076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pCMVR8.74</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>Plasmid# 22036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#15140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phoshate Balanced Solution (PBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 20012027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMD2G</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>Plasmid# 12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene tube, 15 mL</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# AM12500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene tube, 50 mL</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# AM12502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protamine sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# P3369</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit polycloncal IgG isotype control</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Cat# ab171870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Radioimmunoassay for 1,25(OH)2D measurement</td>
			<td>Heartland Assays</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium, no glutamine</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 21870076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvat</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall Legend XTR Centrifuge</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 75004521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Cell strainers, 40 mm</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# 07-201-430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile storage bottles, 500 mL</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat# CLS431432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo augmentation of gut-homing regulatory t cell induction

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory chronic disease in the gastrointestinal tract (GUT). In the United States, there are approximately 1.4 million IBD patients. It is generally accepted that a dysregulated immune response to gut bacteria initiates the disease and disrupts the mucosal epithelial barrier. We recently show that gut-homing regulatory T (Treg) cells are a promising therapy for IBD. Accordingly, this article presents a protocol for in vivo augmentation of gut-homing Treg cell induction. In this protocol, dendritic cells are engineered to produce locally high concentrations of two molecules de novo, active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25[OH]2D) and active vitamin A (retinoic acid or RA). We chose 1,25(OH)2D and RA based on previous findings showing that 1,25(OH)2D can induce the expression of regulatory molecules (e.g., forkhead box P3 and interleukin-10) and that RA can stimulate the expression of gut-homing receptors in T cells. To generate such engineered dendritic cells, we use a lentiviral vector to transduce dendritic cells to overexpress two genes. One gene is the cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 that encodes 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1&#945;-hydroxylase, which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. The other gene is the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 that encodes retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, which physiologically catalyzes the synthesis of RA. This protocol can be used for future investigation of gut-homing Treg cells in vivo.

DC-CYP-ALDH cells expressed significantly increased amount of 1&#945;-hydroxylase. To determine whether DC-CYP-ALDH cells generated from BMDCs expressed a significantly increased amount of 1&#945;-hydroxylase, BMDCs were transduced with the lenti-CYP-ALDH virus to produce bone-marrow-derived DC-CYP-ALDH cells (BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells). Subsequently, the BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells were examined for the expression of 1&#945;-hydroxylase by FACS. Our data showed that the BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells, when compared to the paren...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction at JoVE.com

In Vivo Augmentation of Gut-Homing Regulatory T Cell Induction

Here we present a protocol for in vivo augmentation of gut-homing regulatory T cell induction. In this protocol, dendritic cells are engineered to locally produce high concentrations of the active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25[OH]2D) and the active vitamin A (retinoic acid or RA) de novo.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory chronic disease in the gastrointestinal tract (GUT). In the United States, there are approximately 1.4 ...

This protocol describes a potentially novel therapeutic strategy that can be readily modified for human applications. This technique directly enhances the induction of gut-homing regulatory T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues and can be stably implemented even in highly pro-inflammatory environments. These techniques can also be used to investigate the role of active vitamin D and vitamin A within the peripheral immune system.This visual demonstration will provide step by step instructions for the generation of high quality engineered dendritic cells that are critical for the success of this technique. Begin by seeding one times 10 to the seven 293T cells in 20 milliliters of CM-10-D cell culture medium in 150 by 25 millimeter culture plates for a 24 hour incubation at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. The next day, add 1.62 milliliters of freshly prepared two-fold concentrated HBS solution, 9.5 micrograms of envelope plasmid, 17.5 micrograms of packaging plasmid, and 27 micrograms of the LENTI-CYP-ALDH plasmid to a 50 milliliter conical tube.Bring the final volume of the tube contents up to 3.0375 milliliters with water followed by the addition of 202.5 microliters of two molar calcium chloride dropwise. Leave the DNA precipitation mixture at room temperature for 20 minutes with occasional mixing before adding 3.24 milliliters of the solution dropwise per 293T culture while gently swirling the dish. Place the plates in the incubator for 24 hours before gently washing each plate with PBS and feeding the cells with CM-4-D culture medium.After another 24 hours of culture, harvest the supernatants into sterile bottles for storage at four to eight degrees Celsius and feed the cells with fresh CM-4-D medium for another 24 hours. On day four, harvest the supernatants again and strain the supernatants from both days three and four to a 0.45 micrometer filter. Then, concentrate the VSV-G pseudotyped virus by centrifugation for 24 hours.The next day decant the supernatants. Allow the tubes to drain on a paper towel in a sterile bio-safety cabinet for several minutes, then resuspend the pellets in 33.3 microliters of sterile PBS containing 5%glycerol per culture dish. For bone marrow derived dendritic cell generation, place the tibias and femurs, harvested from BALB/c mice, into a 100 by 20 millimeter culture dish containing fresh culture medium.Use dissecting scissors and forceps to remove any tissues from the bones. When all of the bones have been cleaned, use the scissors to cut both ends of each bone to expose the bone marrow cavities. Use a 10 milliliter syringe equipped with a 30 gauge needle to flush each bone with 10 milliliters of fresh culture medium, collecting the bone marrow in a 15 milliliter tube.When all of the bone marrow has been collected, sediment the bone marrow by centrifugation and resuspend the pellet in two milliliters of red blood cell lysis buffer. After four to five minutes at room temperature with occasional shaking, stop the reaction with 10 milliliters of cell culture medium and collect the cells by centrifugation. Resuspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of CM-10-R culture medium for counting and adjust the cells for one times 10 to the six cells per milliliter of CM-10-R culture medium concentration.Next, add 100 units per milliliter of recombinant murine GM-CSF and 10 units per milliliter of IL-4 to the cells. Plate four milliliters of cells into individual wells of a six well culture plate for their incubation at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 48 hours. At the end of the incubation, gently aspirate the non-adherent cells.Add fresh medium supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4 to the cultures before returning the cells to the cell culture incubator for an addition 48 hours. At the end of the second incubation, harvest the non-adherent bone marrow derived dendritic cells into 50 milliliter conical tube for their centrifugation. To generate BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells, resuspend the cultures at a one times ten to the sixth dendritic cells per 500 microliters of CM-10-R medium per well concentration, and plate 500 microliters of cells into each well of a new six well culture plate.Add 50 microliters of LENTI-CYP-ALDH virus and 8 micrograms per milliliter of protamine to each well, then place the plate in the incubator for 24 hours. The next day, replace the supernatants with fresh culture medium and return the plates to the cell culture incubator for another 24 hours. At the end of the second incubation, the cells can be activated with 100 nanograms per milliliter of lipopolysaccharide per well for 24 hours before harvest for functional analyses.Compared to parental bone marrow derived dendritic cells, BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells display an enhanced expression of 1-alpha-hydroxylase. The concentrations of the active form of vitamin D in the culture supernatants of BMDC-CYP and BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells are approximately 20 times higher than those observed in parental bone marrow derived dendritic cell and the BMDC-ALDH cell cultures. The mean fluorescent intensities of BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells treated with the substrate are approximately six times higher than those of parental bone marrow derived dendritic cells treated with the substrate.This suggests that the BMDC-CYP-ALDH cells express significantly enhanced retinal dehydehydrogenase-2 enzymatic activity. DC2.4 cells treated with 25-hydroxy vitamin D and retinal do not induce a significant change in the abundance of foxp3 positive CCR9 positive CD4 positive T cells. In contrast, DC2.4 CYP-ALDH cells treated with 25-hydroxy vitamin D and retinal induce significantly higher numbers of gut-homing regulatory T cells in a concentration dependent manner.Further, compared to intraperitoneally injected control cells, DC CYP-ALDH cells also induce a significant increase in the number of foxp3 positive CCR9 positive CD4 positive T cells after intraperitoneal injection into BALB/c recipient animals. The success of the procedure depends on the preparation of healthy T cells and a correctly prepared DNA mixture.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

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The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are potent immune modulators and serve an important function in human immune homeostasis. Depletion of Tregs has led to ...

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of ...

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol