Name: assessment of memory function in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice
Uploaded: 2020-06-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice at JoVE.com

हम डॉ जए-मिन ली को उनके तकनीकी सहयोग के लिए धन्यवाद देते हैं । इस काम को कोरियाई सरकार (एनआरएफ-2019R1A2C1003958, एनआरएफ-2019K2A9A2A080000167) द्वारा वित्त पोषित नेशनल रिसर्च फाउंडेशन ऑफ कोरिया (एनआरएफ) अनुदान द्वारा समर्थित किया गया था।

सभी प्रायोगिक प्रक्रियाओं को कोरिया के कैथोलिक विश्वविद्यालय की आचार समिति द्वारा अनुमोदित किया गया था और प्रयोगशाला पशुओं की देखभाल और उपयोग के लिए स्वास्थ्य गाइड के राष्ट्रीय संस्थानों (NIH प्रकाश?...

यह काम पुरानी मिर्गी के साथ चूहों में संज्ञानात्मक कार्य के मूल्यांकन के लिए प्रयोगात्मक प्रक्रियाओं का वर्णन करता है। चूहों 18में सीखने और स्मृति कार्यों का आकलन करने के लिए कई अलग - अलग व्यव?...

मिर्गी एक पुरानी विकार है जो सहज आवर्ती दौरे1,2,3की विशेषता है । क्योंकि दोहराव बरामदगी मस्तिष्क में संरचनात्मक और कार्यात्मक असामान्यताओं का कारण बन सकता है1,,2,,3,असामान्य जब्ती गतिविधि संज्ञानात्मक रोग में योगदान कर सकती है, जो सबसे आम मिर्गी से जुड़े कोऑर्बिडिटीज4,,5,,6में से एक है। पुरानी जब्ती की घटनाओं के विपरीत, जो क्षणिक और क्षणिक हैं, संज्ञानात्मक हानि मिर्गी के रोगियों के जीवन भर में बनी रह सकती है, जिससे उनके जीवन की गुणवत्ता बिगड़ती जा रही है । इसलिए, मिर्गी से जुड़े संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट के पैथोफिजियोलॉजिकल तंत्र को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है।
मिर्गी के विभिन्न प्रायोगिक पशु मॉडलों का उपयोग क्रोनिक मिर्गी7,8,,9,,10,,11,12से जुड़े सीखने और स्मृति घाटे को प्रदर्शित करने के लिए किया गया है । उदाहरण के लिए, मॉरिस पानी भूलभुलैया, प्रासंगिक भय कंडीशनिंग, छेद बोर्ड, उपन्यास वस्तु स्थान (एनएल), और उपन्यास वस्तु मांयता (नहीं) परीक्षण अक्सर लौकिक पालि मिर्गी (TLE) में स्मृति रोग का आकलन करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया गया है । क्योंकि हिप्पोकैम्पस प्राथमिक क्षेत्रों में से एक है जिसमें TLE पैथोलॉजी दिखाता है, व्यवहार परीक्षण जो हिप्पोकैम्पस-निर्भर स्मृति समारोह का मूल्यांकन कर सकते हैं, अक्सर अधिमानतः चयनित होते हैं। हालांकि, यह देखते हुए कि दौरे एग्क्रांत हिप्पोकैम्पस न्यूरोजेनेसिस को प्रेरित कर सकते हैं और मिर्गी से जुड़े संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट10में योगदान कर सकते हैं, नवजात न्यूरोनल फ़ंक्शन (यानी, स्थानिक पैटर्न जुदाई, पीएस)8,,13 के परीक्षण के लिए व्यवहार के प्रतिमान मिर्गी में स्मृति हानि के सेलुलर तंत्र के बारे में मूल्यवान जानकारी भी प्रदान कर सकते हैं।
इस लेख में, हम मिर्गी चूहों के लिए स्मृति परीक्षण, एनएल, नो और पीएस की बैटरी प्रदर्शित करते हैं। परीक्षण सरल और आसानी से सुलभ हैं और एक परिष्कृत प्रणाली की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Sung-shim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use with the 26 or 30 gauge needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>UN1170</td>
			<td>Spray to clean the box and objects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>black curtain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For avoiding unnecessary visual cues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cresyl violet</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C5042</td>
			<td>For Cresyl violet staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cryotome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>E21040041</td>
			<td>For tissue sectioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>double-sided sticky tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For the firm placement of the objects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX mounting medium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>06522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol series</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>UN1170</td>
			<td>Make 100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70% ethanol solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>floor plate with narrow grid patterns</td>
			<td>Leehyo-bio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Behavioral experiment equipment, plate size: 42.5 x 42.5 x 0.5 cm, grid size: 2.75 x 2.75 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>floor plate with wide grid patterns</td>
			<td>Leehyo-bio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Behavioral experiment equipment, plate size: 42.5 x 42.5 x 0.5 cm, grid size: 5.5 x 5.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>illuminometer</td>
			<td>TES Electrical Electronic Corp.</td>
			<td>1334A</td>
			<td>For the measurement of the room lighting (60 Lux)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intensive care unit</td>
			<td>Thermocare</td>
			<td>#W-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Yuhan</td>
			<td>7003</td>
			<td>Use to anesthetize the mouse for transcardial perfusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED lamp</td>
			<td>Lungo</td>
			<td>P13A-0422-WW-04</td>
			<td>Lighting for the behavioral test room</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>objects</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rubber doll, 50 ml plastic tube, glass Coplin jar, plastic T-flask, glass bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>open field box</td>
			<td>Leehyo-bio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Behavioral experiment equipment, size: 44 x 44 x 31 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paper towel</td>
			<td>Yuhan-Kimberly</td>
			<td>47201</td>
			<td>Use to dry open field box and objects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>104005</td>
			<td>Make 4% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pilocarpine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ruler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use to locate the objects in the open field box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scopolamine methyl nitrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2250</td>
			<td>Make 10X stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smart system 3.0</td>
			<td>Panlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Video tracking system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stopwatch</td>
			<td>Junso</td>
			<td>JS-307</td>
			<td>For the measurement of explorative activities of mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9378</td>
			<td>For cryoprotection of tissue sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>terbutaline hemisulfate salt</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T2528</td>
			<td>Make 10X stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>video camera (CCD camera)</td>
			<td>Vision</td>
			<td>VCE56HQ-12</td>
			<td>Place the camera directly overhead of the open field box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylazine (Rompun)</td>
			<td>Bayer korea</td>
			<td>KR10381</td>
			<td>Use to anesthetize the mouse for transcardial perfusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylene</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>UN1307</td>
			<td>For Cresyl violet staining</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of memory function in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice

संज्ञानात्मक हानि लौकिक पालि मिर्गी में सबसे आम comorbidities में से एक है। मिर्गी के एक पशु मॉडल में मिर्गी से जुड़े संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट को फिर से तैयार करने के लिए, हमने पिलोकार्पाइन-इलाज क्रोनिक मिर्गी चूहों को उत्पन्न किया। हम इन मिर्गी चूहों का उपयोग करके तीन अलग-अलग व्यवहार परीक्षणों के लिए एक प्रोटोकॉल प्रस्तुत करते हैं: उपन्यास ऑब्जेक्ट स्थान (एनएल), उपन्यास ऑब्जेक्ट रिकग्निशन (नहीं), और पैटर्न पृथक्करण (पीएस) परीक्षण क्रमशः स्थानों, वस्तुओं और संदर्भों के लिए सीखने और स्मृति का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए। हम बताते हैं कि कैसे व्यवहार तंत्र सेट करने के लिए और एनएल, नहीं, और पीएस परीक्षण के लिए प्रयोगात्मक प्रक्रियाओं को एक खुले क्षेत्र परीक्षण के बाद प्रदान करते हैं जो जानवरों की बेसल लोकोमोटर गतिविधियों को मापता है। हम मिर्गी चूहों में स्मृति समारोह का आकलन करने के लिए अन्य व्यवहार परीक्षणों के संबंध में एनएल, नो और पीएस परीक्षणों के तकनीकी फायदों का भी वर्णन करते हैं। अंत में, हम मिर्गी चूहों के लिए संभावित कारणों और समाधानों पर चर्चा करते हैं जो परिचित सत्रों के दौरान वस्तुओं के साथ 30 एस अच्छा संपर्क बनाने में विफल रहे हैं, जो सफल स्मृति परीक्षणों के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम है। इस प्रकार, यह प्रोटोकॉल चूहों का उपयोग करके मिर्गी से जुड़ी स्मृति हानि का आकलन करने के बारे में विस्तृत जानकारी प्रदान करता है। एनएल, नहीं, और पीएस परीक्षण सरल, कुशल परख है कि मिर्गी चूहों में स्मृति के विभिन्न प्रकार के मूल्यांकन के लिए उपयुक्त हैं।

संज्ञानात्मक कार्य के मूल्यांकन के लिए एक सामान्य प्रायोगिक अनुसूची और सेटअप चित्र 1में दिखाया गया है। पिलोकार्पाइन-प्रेरित तीव्र दौरे की शुरुआत के छह सप्ताह बाद, चूहों को परीक्षणों के बी?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice at JoVE.com

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

यह लेख पिलोकार्पाइन-प्रेरित मिर्गी चूहों में स्मृति हानि का आकलन करने के लिए प्रायोगिक प्रक्रियाएं प्रस्तुत करता है। इस प्रोटोकॉल का उपयोग मिर्गी से जुड़े संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट के रोगोपैथी तंत्र का अध्ययन करने के लिए किया जा सकता है, जो मिर्गी में सबसे आम comorbidities में से एक है।

पिलोकार्पाइन-प्रेरित मिर्गी चूहों में मेमोरी फंक्शन का आकलन

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common comorbidities in temporal lobe epilepsy. To recapitulate epilepsy-associated cognitive decline in an animal ...

assessment-of-memory-function-in-pilocarpine-induced-epileptic-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Sensitive and reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson's disease, sensorimotor tests sensitive to varying degrees of nigrostriatal dysfunction are fundamental for testing the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Reliable and quite elegant sensorimotor measures exist for rats, however many of these tests measure sensorimotor asymmetry within the rat and are not entirely suitable for the newer genetic mouse models of PD. We have put together a battery of sensorimotor tests inspired by the sensitive tests in rats and adapted for mice. The test battery highlighted in this study is chosen for a) its sensitivity in a wide variety of mouse models of PD, b) its ease in implementing into a study, and c) its low expense. These tests have proven useful in characterizing novel genetic mouse models of PD as well as in testing potential disease-modifying therapies.

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

In Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in general, sensitive and reliable behavioral assays are essential for testing novel potential therapeutics. Here, we describe a manageable battery of sensorimotor tests for mice that are sensitive to varying degrees of injury to the nigrostriatal system and useful for preclinical studies.

पार्किंसंस रोग के माउस मॉडल में ज्ञानेन्द्रिय समारोह का आकलन

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &#946;-Blocker

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive days. On day 1 - the fear acquisition phase, healthy participants are exposed to a series of picture presentations. One picture stimulus (CS1+) is repeatedly paired with an aversive electric stimulus (US), resulting in the acquisition of a fear association, whereas another picture stimulus (CS2-) is never followed by an US. On day 2 - the memory reactivation phase, the participants are re-exposed to the conditioned stimulus without the US (CS1-), which typically triggers a conditioned fear response. After the memory reactivation we administer an oral dose of 40 mg of propranolol HCl, a &#946;-adrenergic receptor antagonist that indirectly targets the protein synthesis required for reconsolidation by inhibiting the noradrenaline-stimulated CREB phosphorylation. On day 3 - the test phase, the participants are again exposed to the unreinforced conditioned stimuli (CS1- and CS2-) in order to measure the fear-reducing effect of the manipulation. This retention test is followed by an extinction procedure and the presentation of situational triggers to test for the return of fear. Potentiation of the eye blink startle reflex is measured as an index for conditioned fear responding. Declarative knowledge of the fear association is measured through online US expectancy ratings during each CS presentation. In contrast to extinction learning, disrupting reconsolidation targets the original fear memory thereby preventing the return of fear. Although the clinical applications are still in their infancy, disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory seems to be a promising new technique with the prospect to persistently dampen the expression of fear memory in patients suffering from anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders.

Disrupting Reconsolidation of Fear Memory in Humans by a Noradrenergic &amp;#946;-Blocker

Disrupting reconsolidation is a promising approach to dampen the behavioral expression of fear memory in patients with anxiety disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder. In a series of human fear conditioning studies we showed that disrupting reconsolidation by the noradrenergic &#946;-blocker propranolol is very effective in erasing conditioned fear responding.

एक Noradrenergic β-अवरोधक से मनुष्यों में भय मेमोरी की Reconsolidation में खलल न डालें

The basic design used in our human fear-conditioning studies on disrupting reconsolidation includes testing over different phases across three consecutive ...

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to drugs of abuse make lasting alterations in the brain function of vulnerable individuals, and these persistent alterations likely serve to maintain the maladaptive drug seeking and taking behaviors characteristic of addiction/dependence2. In rodents, reward experience and contextual associations are frequently measured using the conditioned place preference assay, or CPP, wherein preference for a previously drug-paired context is measured. Behavioral sensitization, on the other hand, is an increase in a drug-induced behavior that develops progressively over repeated exposures. Since sensitized behaviors can often be measured after several months of drug abstinence, depending on the dose and length of initial exposure, they are considered observable correlates of lasting drug-induced plasticity. Researchers have found these assays useful in determining the neurobiological substrates mediating aspects of addiction as well as assessing the potential of different interventions in disrupting these behaviors. This manuscript describes basic, effective protocols for mouse CPP and locomotor behavioral sensitization to cocaine.

This protocol is intended to enable researchers to conduct experiments designed to test these aspects of addiction using the conditioned place preference and locomotor behavioral sensitization assays.

कोकीन से प्रेरित व्यवहार संवेदीकरण और चूहे में वातानुकूलित प्लेस पसंद का आकलन

It is thought that rewarding experiences with drugs create strong contextual associations and encourage repeated intake. In turn, repeated exposures to ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

बच्चों में वर्किंग मेमोरी का आकलन: बच्चों के लिए व्यापक आकलन बैटरी - वर्किंग मेमोरी (सीएबीसी-डब्ल्यूएम)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

The object recognition test (ORT) is a simple and efficient assay for evaluating learning and memory in mice. The methodology is described below.

सीखने और चूहों में स्मृति की जांच के लिए उपंयास वस्तु मांयता परीक्षण

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

चूहों में सहज रक्षा के दौरान स्थानिक स्मृति की भूमिका की जांच के लिए एक व्यवहार परख

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment of muscle functions is an essential and important, although challenging, prerequisite for successful clinical trials. Current clinical rating scales restrain the movement abnormalities to certain predefined coarse-grained individual items. The Kinect 3-D sensor has emerged as a low-cost and portable motion sensing technology used to capture and track people&#39;s movement in many medical and research fields. A novel approach using this 3-D sensor was developed and a game-like test was designed to objectively measure the upper limb function of patients with SMA. The prototype test targeted joint movement capability. While sitting in a virtual scene, the patient was instructed to extend, flex, and lift the whole arm in order to reach and place some objects. Both kinematic and spatiotemporal characteristics of upper limb movement were extracted and analyzed, e.g., elbow extension and flexion angles, hand velocity, and acceleration. The first study included a small cohort of 18 ambulant SMA patients and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. A comprehensive analysis of arm movement was achieved; however, no significant difference between the groups were found due to the mismatch of patient&#39;s capability and the test difficulty. Based on this experience, a second version of the test consisting of a modified version of the first game with increased difficulties and a second game targeting muscle endurance were designed and implemented. The new test has not been conducted in any patient groups yet. Our work has demonstrated the potential capability of the 3-D sensor in assessing such muscle function and suggested an objective approach to complement the clinical rating scales.

An objective measure of muscle functions is challenging especially in children. Based on a commercially available digital 3-D sensor, a child-friendly gaming test was developed to assess upper limb function for clinical trials.

एक 3-डी सेंसर का उपयोग करके एक उद्देश्य और एआरएम समारोह के बच्चे के अनुकूल मूल्यांकन

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment ...

Systematic Assessment of Well-Being in Mice for Procedures Using General Anesthesia

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal experimentation whenever possible. When there is no alternative to animal experimentation, the total number of laboratory animals used should be the minimum needed to obtain valuable data. Moreover, appropriate refinement measures should be applied to minimize pain, suffering, and distress accompanying the experimental procedure. The categories used to classify the degree of pain, suffering, and distress are non-recovery, mild, moderate, or severe (EU Directive 2010/63). To determine which categories apply in individual cases, it is crucial to use scientifically sound tools.
The well-being-assessment protocol presented here is designed for procedures during which general anesthesia is used. The protocol focuses on home cage activity, the Mouse Grimace Scale, and luxury behaviors such as burrowing and nest building behavior as indicators of well-being. It also uses the free exploratory paradigm for trait anxiety-related behavior. Fecal corticosterone metabolites as indicators of acute stress are measured over the 24-h post-anesthetic period.
The protocol provides scientifically solid information on the well-being of mice following general anesthesia. Due to its simplicity, the protocol can easily be adapted and integrated in a planned study. Although it does not provide a scale to classify distress in categories according to the EU Directive 2010/63, it can help researchers estimate the degree of severity of a procedure using scientifically sound data. It provides a way to improve the assessment of well-being in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

We developed a protocol to assess well-being in mice during procedures using general anesthesia. A series of behavioral parameters indicating levels of well-being as well as glucocorticoid metabolites were analyzed. The protocol can serve as a general aid to estimate the degree of severity in a scientific, animal-centered manner.

सामान्य संज्ञाहरण का उपयोग प्रक्रियाओं के लिए चूहों में अच्छी तरह से किया जा रहा का व्यवस्थित मूल्यांकन

In keeping with the 3R Principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) developed by Russel and Burch, scientific research should use alternatives to animal ...

Olfactory Context Dependent Memory: Direct Presentation of Odorants

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed context dependent memory (CDM). One category of cues that have been shown to effectively produce CDM effects are odors. However, it is unclear what the boundary conditions of these CDM effects are. In particular, given that olfaction has been called an implicit sense, it is possible that odors are only effective mnemonic cues when they are presented in the background. This assertion seems even more likely given that previous research has shown odors to be poor cues during paired associate memory tests, where odors are in the focus of attention as mnemonic cues for other information. In order to determine whether odors are only effective contextual mnemonic cues when presented outside the central focus of an observer, an olfactory CDM experiment was performed in which odorants were presented directly, rather than ambiently. Direct presentation was accomplished with the aid of an olfactometer. The olfactometer not only allows for direct presentation of odorants, but provides other methodological benefits, including the allowance of trial by trial manipulations of odorant presentations and, relatedly, time-specific releases of odorants. The presence of the same odor during both encoding and retrieval enhanced memory performance, regardless of whether the odor was presented ambiently or directly. This finding can serve as a basis for future olfactory CDM research which can utilize the benefits of direct presentation.

The use of an olfactometer for directly presenting odorants opens exciting opportunities for researchers of olfactory memory. The current paper discusses issues related to this methodology as related to a previously published experiment on olfactory context dependent memory.

घ्राण प्रसंग निर्भर स्मृति: Odorants की प्रत्यक्ष प्रस्तुति

Information is retrieved more effectively when the retrieval occurs in the same context as that in which the information was first encoded. This is termed ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

सुपरामक्षीय तीव्रता Hypoxic व्यायाम और नाड़ी समारोह मूल्यांकन चूहों में

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...