Name: adaptable angled stereotactic approach for versatile neuroscience techniques
Uploaded: 2020-05-07T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adaptable Angled Stereotactic Approach for Versatile Neuroscience Techniques at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家糖尿病、消化和肾脏疾病研究所（NIDDK）的支持，该研究所授予F31-DK-113673（C.L.F.）、T32-GM-095421（C.L.F.）、DK-089056（G.J..M） #1-19-IBS-192授予G.J.M）和NIDDK资助的营养肥胖研究中心（DK-035816）、糖尿病研究中心（DK-017047）和糖尿病， 华盛顿大学肥胖与代谢培训助学金 T32 DK0007247 （T.H.M） 。

所有程序均根据国家卫生研究院、动物护理和使用指南获得批准，并得到机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）和华盛顿大学环境健康与安全部的批准。
1. 角度坐标的计算
<ol><li>使用日冕脑图集，标记一个右三角形，使低度通过感兴趣的目标区域。在具有代表性的例子（图1）中，下丘脑腹腔核（VMN）以日冕中线15°角为目标。 注： 图1</...

<ol>
	<li>King, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rise,+fall,+and+resurrection+of+the+ventromedial+hypothalamus+in+the+regulation+of+feeding+behavior+and+body+weight.">The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight.</a> Physiology and Behavior. 87, 221-244 (2006).</li><li>Boyden, E. S., Zhang, F., Bamberg, E., Nagel, G., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Millisecond-timescale,+genetically+targeted+optical+control+of+neural+activity.">Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 8, 1263-1268 (2005).</li><li>Roth, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DREADDs+for+Neuroscientists.">DREADDs for Neuroscientists.</a> Neuron. 89, 683-694 (2016).</li><li>Richevaux, L., Schenberg, L., Beraneck, M., Fricker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Intracerebral+Stereotaxic+Injections+for+Optogenetic+Stimulation+of+Long-Range+Inputs+in+Mouse+Brain+Slices.">In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , e59534 (2019).</li><li>Fricano-Kugler, C. J., Williams, M. R., Luikart, B., Salinaro, J. R., Li, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing,+packaging,+and+delivery+of+high+titer+crispr+retro+and+lentiviruses+via+stereotaxic+injection.">Designing, packaging, and delivery of high titer crispr retro and lentiviruses via stereotaxic injection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , e53783 (2016).</li><li>McSweeney, C., Mao, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applying+Stereotactic+Injection+Technique+to+Study+Genetic+Effects+on+Animal+Behaviors.">Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (99), e52653 (2015).</li><li>Lowell, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Neuroscience+of+Homeostasis+and+Drives+for+Food,+Water,+and+Salt.">New Neuroscience of Homeostasis and Drives for Food, Water, and Salt.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 380, 459-471 (2019).</li><li>Sidor, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+optogenetic+stimulation+of+the+rodent+central+nervous+system.">In vivo optogenetic stimulation of the rodent central nervous system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , e51483 (2015).</li><li>Faber, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+Neuronal+Projections+from+the+Hypothalamic+Ventromedial+Nucleus+Mediate+Glycemic+and+Behavioral+Effects.">Distinct Neuronal Projections from the Hypothalamic Ventromedial Nucleus Mediate Glycemic and Behavioral Effects.</a> Diabetes. 67, 2518-2529 (2018).</li><li>Berndt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+foundations+of+optogenetics:+Determinants+of+channelrhodopsin+ion+selectivity.">Structural foundations of optogenetics: Determinants of channelrhodopsin ion selectivity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Scences. 113, 822-829 (2016).</li><li>Faber, C. L., Matsen, M. E., Meek, T. H., Krull, J. E., Morton, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+customizable+procedure+for+angled+stereotaxic+implantation+and+microinjection+in+the+rodent+brain.">A customizable procedure for angled stereotaxic implantation and microinjection in the rodent brain.</a> Kopf Carrier. 96, (2019).</li><li>Correia, P., Matias, S., Mainen, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotaxic+Adeno-associated+Virus+Injection+and+Cannula+Implantation+in+the+Dorsal+Raphe+Nucleus+of+Mice.">Stereotaxic Adeno-associated Virus Injection and Cannula Implantation in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus of Mice.</a> Bio-Protocol. 7, 2549 (2017).</li><li>Cardozo Pinto, D. F., Lammel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hot+topic+in+optogenetics:+new+implications+of+in+vivo+tissue+heating.">Hot topic in optogenetics: new implications of in vivo tissue heating.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 22, 1039-1041 (2019).</li></ol>

神经科学的最新进展支持了对大脑神经导路的活动和功能的深入洞察和理解。这包括应用光遗传学和化学遗传学技术来激活或静音离散神经元群及其在体内的投影位点。最近，这包括开发基因编码钙指标（如GCaMP，RCaMP）和其他荧光生物传感器（如多巴胺，去甲肾上腺素），用于在自由移动的动物中在定义细胞类型中活体记录神经元活动。然而，这些技术的有效应用依赖于成功的立体定向手术来瞄...

行为、喂养和新陈代谢的神经控制涉及高度复杂、综合和冗余神经导路的协调。神经科学领域的一个驱动目标是剖析神经元回路结构和功能之间的关系。虽然经典的神经科学工具（即病变、局部药理注射和电刺激）已经发现了关于控制行为和新陈代谢的特定大脑区域的作用的重要知识，但这些工具由于缺乏特异性和可逆性而受到限制。
神经科学领域的最新进展大大提高了以具有高空间分辨率的细胞类型特定方式询问和操纵电路功能的能力。例如，光遗传学2 和化学遗传学3 方法允许快速和可逆地操纵基因定义的自由移动动物细胞类型的活动。光遗传学涉及使用光敏离子通道，称为通道红花素，以控制神经元活动。这项技术的关键是通道红霉素的基因传递和光源来激活蛋白。基因传递的常见策略是通过1）基因工程小鼠在离散神经元中表达Cre-重组的组合，以及2）对Cre依赖性病毒载体编码通道罗多普辛的组合。
虽然光遗传学提供了一个优雅，高度精确的手段来控制神经元活动，该方法取决于病毒载体和纤维光定位到一个定义的大脑区域的成功立体战术微投射。虽然立体定向程序在现代神经科学实验室中是司空见惯的（并且有几个优秀的协议描述这个程序）4，5，6，能够一致和可重复地瞄准中线沿线的离散大脑区域（即平庸的下丘脑，一个大脑区域，对调节家居功能至关重要7）提出了额外的挑战。这些挑战包括避免优越的下垂鼻窦，第三心室，和相邻的下丘脑核。此外，抑制研究所需的双边硬件植入存在重大空间限制。考虑到这些挑战，此协议提出了一个可修改的程序，通过角度立体定向方法定位离散的大脑区域。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiberoptic Cannulae</td>
			<td>Doric Lenses</td>
			<td>MFC_200/230-0.57_###_MF1.25_FLT</td>
			<td>Customizable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1900 Stereotaxic Alignment System</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1900-51 Center Height Gauge</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1900-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1905 Alignment Indicator</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1905</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1911 Stereotaxic Drill</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1915 Centering Scope</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1922 60-Degree Non-Rupture Ear Bars</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1923-B Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1923-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kopf Model 1940 Micro Manipulator</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 1940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro4 Microinjection System</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse bone screws</td>
			<td>Plastics One</td>
			<td>00-96 X 1/16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic Cannula Holder, 1.25mm ferrule</td>
			<td>Thor Labs</td>
			<td>XCL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Drill</td>
			<td>Cell Point Scientific</td>
			<td>Ideal Micro Drill</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

adaptable angled stereotactic approach for versatile neuroscience techniques

立体手术是现代神经科学实验室的重要工具。然而，精确和准确地瞄准难以到达的大脑区域的能力仍然面临挑战，尤其是在瞄准中线沿线的大脑结构时。这些挑战包括避免优越的下垂鼻窦和第三心室，以及持续瞄准选择性和离散性脑核的能力。此外，更先进的神经科学技术（例如光遗传学、纤维光子光子测量和双光子成像）依赖于有针对性地将重要的硬件植入大脑，而空间限制是一个常见的障碍。这里介绍了一个可修改的协议，用于使用角冠状方法对啮齿动物大脑结构进行立体定向定位。它可以适应1）小鼠或老鼠模型，2）各种神经科学技术，和3）多个大脑区域。作为一个具有代表性的例子，它包括用于针对小鼠下丘脑腹腔核（VMN）的立体定向坐标的计算，用于光遗传抑制实验。此过程从腺相关病毒 （AAV） 的双边微注射开始，将光敏氯化物通道 （SwiChR+） 编码为依赖克雷的鼠标模型，然后对光纤冠状腺进行倾斜的双边植入。使用这种方法，研究结果显示，对胰岛素引起的低血糖进行完整的葡萄糖反调节反应需要激活一组VMN神经元。

本方案描述了进行光遗传学研究的外科手术程序，以询问下丘脑VMN神经元在血糖控制9中的作用。首先使用的是一种标准（非角度）立体定向方法，用于将抑制性通道罗多普辛病毒的双边微射到VMN。虽然角度方法也合适，但选择标准（非角度）方法，是因为它足以定位感兴趣的大脑区域，并且是一种简单、可靠和一致的方法。然而，鉴于VMN靠近中线，空间限制不允许无角度植入双...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adaptable Angled Stereotactic Approach for Versatile Neuroscience Techniques at JoVE.com

Adaptable Angled Stereotactic Approach for Versatile Neuroscience Techniques

这里描述的是一个立体定向程序，可以使用角冠状动脉方法瞄准具有挑战性和难以到达的大脑区域（由于空间限制）。该协议适用于小鼠和大鼠模型，可应用于多种神经科学应用，包括冠状植入和病毒结构的微射。

多功能神经科学技术的适应性角度立体定向方法

Stereotactic surgery is an essential tool in the modern neuroscience lab. However, the ability to precisely and accurately target difficult-to-reach brain ...

This protocol is significant as it is an adaptable, stereotactic procedure that can be utilized in both mice and rats, and can be applied to many new neuroscientific techniques. The main advantage of this adaptable stereotactic procedure is it's ability to be used to target challenging and difficult-to-reach regions of the brain. Demonstrating the procedure will be Chelsea Faber, a young, talented post-doctoral research fellow in the laboratory.After confirming that the frame and micromanipulator have been calibrated, place the center height gauge into the socket of the head holder baseplate. Secure the centering scope in the tool holder and sight down the scope. Adjust the position of the micromanipulator until the crosshairs are aligned and focused on the gauge crosshairs, and place the ear bars into the holders such that the indicator lines on both sides are at zero.Use the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior knobs on the head holder to centerline the ear bars in the X and Y planes above the crosshair of the center height gauge. To align the ear bar position in the Z-axis, remove the ear bars from the holder and remove the center height gauge. Then, replace the ear bars and re-center the bars at zero.Then, sight down the scope again, and use the vertical shift and coronal tilt knobs respectively to lower and rotate the ear bars until the scope crosshairs remain centered between the ear bars throughout coronal rotation. To align the central axis of rotation for angled coordinates, secure the centering scope in the tool holder and position the micromanipulator to the calculated coordinate. Note that the right/left coordinate for the angled implantation corresponds to the length of side A.Sighting down the scope, mark this coordinate to represent the point at which the cannula will enter the brain, once the head is rotated.Reposition the micromanipulator over the midline, and use the coronal tilt knob to rotate the head to the calculated angle. If the scope crosshairs do not line up with the reference mark, use the vertical shift knob to adjust the head position in the Z-axis until the crosshairs line up as close as possible to the mark. At this point, the arbitrary point of rotation should be aligned with the center of rotation of the stereotax.Rotate the head back to the zero degree coronal position before proceeding to subsequent drilling and microinjection steps. After performing the microinjection, return the head to the zero degree level position, and use a hand drill to place two holes, anteriorly, and two holes, posteriorly, far enough from the angled coordinate burr holes to accommodate the ferrule portion of the fiberoptic that sits above the skull. When all of the holes have been drilled, use a small flathead screwdriver to insert the bone screws as gently as possible, such that they sit firmly in the skull without penetrating the brain.Clamp a fiberoptic cannula into the cannula holder, and place the cannula holder in the tool holder. Rotate the head to the calculated angle, noting that the coordinates of the micromanipulator do not apply to the new tool. Use the center of the angled burr holes as the implantation target.Lower the fiber optic until it just touches the dura within the center of the burr hole, and zero the micromanipulator in the Z-axis. Slowly lower the fiberoptic to the dorsal ventral angled coordinate, then use cyanoacrylate gel to connect the fiber optic ferrule to the ipsilateral anchor screws. Use a micropipette tip to apply an accelerant.Once the gel has completely hardened, gently loosen and raise the cannula holder until it is clear of the ferrule. Implant the second fiberoptic to the contralateral angled coordinate, then level the head. For extra security, use the cyanoacrylate gel and accelerant to make an additional connection between the two angled fiberoptic cannulas, and apply a small, relatively thin amount of dental cement to the surface of the skull, taking care to thoroughly cover the anchor screws and the base of the fiberoptic cannulas.To interrogate the role of hypothalamus ventromedial nucleus neurons in glycemic control, in this representative analysis, a standard, non-angled, stereotactic approach was utilized for the bilateral microinjection of an inhibitory channel rhodopsin virus to the ventromedial nucleus. Given the proximity of the ventromedial nucleus to the midline, space constraints did not permit a non-angled implantation of bilateral fiberoptics, necessitating the development of a surgical strategy for precisely implanting fiberoptics at an angle. The most important things to remember are to simply be patient and to take your time, as being consistent and accurate with your coordinate assignments is critical to success.This procedure can be adapted and applied to any neuroscientific method requiring microinjection or implantation into the rodent brain, including chemogenetics, optogenetics, and fiber photometry approaches.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

一个新颖的方法记录经颅磁刺激诱发幻视

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

科研

神经科学

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

高密度事件相关电位在认知神经科学的数据采集

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

Rodent Stereotaxic Surgery and Animal Welfare Outcome Improvements for Behavioral Neuroscience

啮齿动物的立体定向手术和动物福利成果改进行为神经科学

Stereotaxic surgery for the implantation of cannulae into specific brain regions has for many decades been a very successful experimental technique to ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

调查深皮层的功​​能和皮层下结构采用立体定向脑电图：由前扣带皮层的经验教训

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Limbal Approach-Subretinal Injection of Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy in Mice Retinal Pigment Epithelium

病毒载体的基因治疗的小鼠视网膜色素上皮缘方针，视网膜下注射

The eye is a small and enclosed organ which makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Recently various strategies have been applied to gene therapy in ...

A Simple Alternative to Stereotactic Injection for Brain Specific Knockdown of miRNA

一个简单的替代，以立体定向注射miRNA的脑特异性敲除

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression.  In the brain, vital processes like neurodevelopment and neuronal functions depend on the ...

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

内镜下鼻跨蝶入路: 垂体腺瘤的微创手术

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas and many other pituitary ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

立体定向激光捕获创伤性脑区显微解剖

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments

C57BL/6 小鼠自身免疫性神经炎的功能和病理评价的简易方法

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by ...