Name: investigation of xenobiotics metabolism in salix alba leaves via mass spectrometry imaging
Uploaded: 2020-06-15T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging at JoVE.com

우리는 식물 샘플의 MALDI 이미징에 대한 샘플 준비에 관한 팁과 트릭찰스 피나우, 멜라니 라게리그와 레지스 라빈에게 감사드립니다.

1. 샘플 준비
<ol><li>생물학적 샘플을 얻고 신선하고 온전하게 유지 (예를 들어, 튜브로 강요하지 마십시오) 또는 동결. 제안된 프로토콜은 특정 조직에서 화합물을 국소화하기 위해 모든 유형의 고체 생물학적 샘플(즉, 식물, 동물 또는 인간 조직)에 적용됩니다.</li>
	<li>저온마이크로토메를 -20°C로 식힙니다. 샘플 홀더와 블레이드를 동일한 온도로 유지합니다.</li>
	<li>필요한 경우 절단 중에 물체...

<ol>
	<li>Zhang, D., Gersberg, R. M., Ng, W. J., Tan, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+pharmaceuticals+and+personal+care+products+in+aquatic+plant-based+systems:+A+review.">Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic plant-based systems: A review.</a> Environmental Pollution. 184, 620-639 (2014).</li><li>Adeel, M., Song, X., Wang, Y., Francis, D., Yang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+impact+of+estrogens+on+human,+animal+and+plant+life:+A+critical+review.">Environmental impact of estrogens on human, animal and plant life: A critical review.</a> Environment International. 99, 107-119 (2017).</li><li>Prosser, R. S., Sibley, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+health+risk+assessment+of+pharmaceuticals+and+personal+care+products+in+plant+tissue+due+to+biosolids+and+manure+amendments,+and+wastewater+irrigation.">Human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in plant tissue due to biosolids and manure amendments, and wastewater irrigation.</a> Environment International. 75, 223-233 (2015).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+biochar+to+soils+may+result+in+plant+contamination+and+human+cancer+risk+due+to+exposure+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons.">Application of biochar to soils may result in plant contamination and human cancer risk due to exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.</a> Environment International. 121, 169-177 (2018).</li><li>Marsik, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+ibuprofen+in+higher+plants:+A+model+Arabidopsis+thaliana+cell+suspension+culture+system.">Metabolism of ibuprofen in higher plants: A model Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension culture system.</a> Environmental Pollution. 220, 383-392 (2017).</li><li>He, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+ibuprofen+by+Phragmites+australis:+uptake+and+phytodegradation.">Metabolism of ibuprofen by Phragmites australis: uptake and phytodegradation.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 51 (8), 4576-4584 (2017).</li><li>Huber, C., Bartha, B., Harpaintner, R., Schr&#246;der, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+acetaminophen+(paracetamol)+in+plants-two+independent+pathways+result+in+the+formation+of+a+glutathione+and+a+glucose+conjugate.">Metabolism of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in plants-two independent pathways result in the formation of a glutathione and a glucose conjugate.</a> Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 16 (2), 206-213 (2009).</li><li>Thomas, F., C&#233;bron, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+rhizosphere+effect+on+available+carbon+sources,+phenanthrene+degradation,+and+active+microbiome+in+an+aged-contaminated+industrial+soil.">Short-term rhizosphere effect on available carbon sources, phenanthrene degradation, and active microbiome in an aged-contaminated industrial soil.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 7, 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Villette, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+localization+of+micropollutants+and+associated+stress+response+in+Populus+nigra+leaves.">In situ localization of micropollutants and associated stress response in Populus nigra leaves.</a> Environment International. 126, 523-532 (2019).</li><li>Sandermann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+metabolism+of+organic+xenobiotics.+Status+and+prospects+of+the+'Green+Liver'+concept.">Plant metabolism of organic xenobiotics. Status and prospects of the 'Green Liver' concept.</a> Plant Biotechnology and In Vitro Biology in the 21st Century. , 321-328 (1999).</li><li>Sula, B., Deveci, E., &#214;zevren, H., Ekinci, C., Elbey, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+and+histopathological+changes+in+the+skin+of+rats+after+administration+of+lead+acetate.">Immunohistochemical and histopathological changes in the skin of rats after administration of lead acetate.</a> International Journal of Morphology. 34 (3), 918-922 (2016).</li><li>Villette, C., Maurer, L., Wanko, A., Heintz, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenobiotics+metabolization+in+Salix+alba+leaves+uncovered+by+mass+spectrometry+imaging.">Xenobiotics metabolization in Salix alba leaves uncovered by mass spectrometry imaging.</a> Metabolomics. 15, 122 (2019).</li><li>Khatib-Shahidi, S., Andersson, M., Herman, J. L., Gillespie, T. A., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Molecular+Analysis+of+Whole-Body+Animal+Tissue+Sections+by+Imaging+MALDI+Mass+Spectrometry.">Direct Molecular Analysis of Whole-Body Animal Tissue Sections by Imaging MALDI Mass Spectrometry.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 78 (18), 6448-6456 (2006).</li></ol>

이 프로토콜의 중요한 부분은 샘플 준비입니다: 샘플은 부드럽고 온전해야 합니다. 절단은 가장 어려운 부분이며, 시료의 온도와 두께는 연구된 시료의 종류에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 동물 조직은 일반적으로 균일하고 절단하기 쉽습니다. 식물 샘플은 종종 다른 구조를 통합하므로 블레이드가 부드럽고 단단하거나 빈 혈관 조직을 만날 때 그대로 유지하기가 더 어렵습니다. 식물 샘플과 함께 작업 ...

제노바이오틱스는 인간의 활동으로 인해 전 세계에 널리 분포되어 있습니다. 이들 화합물 중 일부는 수용성이며 토양1에흡수되며 식물 조직2,3,4에축적되면 먹이 사슬에 들어간다. 식물은 곤충과 초식 동물에 의해 먹습니다. 일부 제노바이오틱스의 섭취와 식물의 건강에 미치는 영향은5,6,7,8로설명되었지만 최근에는 조직 수준9에서만설명되었다. 따라서, 제노바이오틱의 대사가 어디에서 어떻게 발생하는지, 또는 특정 식물 대사산물이 특정 조직에서 제노바이오틱 축적과 상관관계가 있는지 는 아직불분명하다(10). 더욱이, 대부분의 연구는 식물에 있는 xenobiotics 그리고 그들의 대사산물의 물질 대사를 간과했습니다, 그래서 식물 조직에 있는 이 반응에 관하여 거의 알려지지 않습니다.
여기서 제안된 것은 기판의 조직 국소화와 반응의 산물과 연관될 수 있는 생물학적 샘플에서 효소 반응을 조사하는 방법이다. 이 방법은 분석이 비표적화되고 관심 있는 분석물의 사용자 지정 목록을 사용하여 조사할 수 있기 때문에 한 실험에서 생물학적 샘플의 완전한 대사 프로파일을 그릴 수 있다. 제공된 원래 데이터 집합에서 추적된 후보자 목록입니다. 샘플에 관심 있는 하나 또는 여러 개의 별표가 지적되는 경우, 특정 조직 국소화는 관련 생물학적 과정에 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 관심의 질량은 가능한 제품/대사 산물을 검색하기 위하여 관련 생물학 법률을 사용하여 실리코에서 수정될 수 있습니다. 얻어진 대사산물의 목록은 관련효소를 식별하고 조직에 있는 반응을 현지화해서 본래 데이터를 분석하기 위하여 그 때 이용되고, 따라서 일어나는 신진 대사 과정을 이해하는 것을 돕습니다. 다른 방법은 생물학적 샘플에서 발생하는 반응의 유형, 관심 있는 화합물의 국소화 및 관련 대사 산물에 대한 정보를 제공하지 않습니다. 이 방법은 신선하고 손상되지 않은 조직이 이용 가능하고 관심있는 화합물이 이온화될 수 있게 되면 모든 유형의 생물학적 물질에 사용될 수 있다. 제안 된 프로토콜은 Villette 외12에 발표되었으며 과학 계에서 사용하기 위해 여기에 자세히 설명되어 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:664px;" width="664">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">267942</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Cryomicrotome</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Microsoft corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">flexImaging</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ftmsControl</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">GTX primescan</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">GX Microscopes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">HCCA MALDI matrix</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">8201344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ImagePrep</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">ITO-coated slides</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">237001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">M1-embedding matrix</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Metabolite Predict</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Metaboscape</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fisher Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>No specific reference needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">MX 35 Ultra blades</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">15835682</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Plastic molds</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>No specific reference needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">SCiLS Lab</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">SolariX XR 7Tesla</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The method proposed is not limited to this instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Spray sheets for ImagePrep</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">8261614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">TFA</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>No specific reference needed</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigation of xenobiotics metabolism in salix alba leaves via mass spectrometry imaging

제시된 방법은 xenobiotics에 드러날 때 S. 알바 잎의 신진 대사 단면도를 확립하기 위하여 질량 분광법 화상 진찰 (MSI)를 이용합니다. 비표적 접근법을 사용하여 식물 대사 산물과 관심있는 제노바이오틱을 식별하고 식물 조직에서 국소화하여 특정 분포 패턴을 발견합니다. 이어서, 확인된 제노바이오틱으로부터 잠재적 대사산물(즉, 이화산물 및 회인)의 실리코 예측이 수행된다. xenobiotic 대사 산물이 조직에 위치할 때, 식물에 의한 변경에 관여하는 효소의 종류가 기록됩니다. 이러한 결과는 잎에 있는 xenobiotic 축적에 응하여 S. Alba 잎에서 생기는 생물학 반응의 다른 모형을 기술하기 위하여 이용되었습니다. 대사 산물은 2 대에 예측되었다, 잎 조직에 있는 xenobiotics를 변환하는 연속한 생물학 반응의 문서화를 허용했습니다.

이 프로토콜은 환경의 제노바이오틱에 노출된 S. 알바 나무에서 샘플링된 신선한 잎에 적용되었다. 이 프로세스는 그림 1에묘사됩니다. 첫 번째 단계는 관심있는 샘플의 얇은 조각을 준비하는 것입니다. 식물 샘플은 조직이 이질적이며 물 및 / 또는 공기를 포함 할 수 있기 때문에 동물 샘플보다 절단하기가 더 어렵습니다. 이러한 난이도는 샘플 주위의 균일한 블록을 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging at JoVE.com

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

이 방법은 xenobiotics에 드러날 때 S. 알바 잎에 있는 신진 대사 과정을 이해하기 위하여 질량 분광법 화상 진찰 (MSI)를 이용합니다. 이 방법을 사용하면 관심 있는 화합물과 예측된 대사산물의 공간 적 국소화를 특정, 그대로 조직 내에서 할 수 있습니다.

살릭스 알바에서 제노바이오틱스 대사에 대한 조사는 질량 분광화상 영상을 통해 나뭇잎

The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a ...

This protocol allows direct identification of predicted metabolites in situ. It facilitates the determination of the type of tissues or cells that are affected by a specific metabolic process. This method is quick and straightforward.It does not require a complicated sample preparation or compound extraction, and it allows the identification and localization of low abundant compounds. Upon acquisition of the biological sample, cool a cryo microtome sample holder and blade to minus 20 degrees Celsius. If necessary, pour embedding medium into a plastic mold placed within the cryo microtome chamber and quickly add the sample to the medium.Cover the sample with additional embedding medium and adjust the position of the sample to the center of the mold as necessary as the matrix solidifies. When the sample is ready, use embedding medium to mount the tissue onto the cryo microtome holder and use the cooled blade to cut the tissue into appropriate sized sections, modifying the cutting thickness and temperature as necessary to obtain optimal samples. As each section is acquired, use an appropriate tool to carefully move the slice to an indium tin oxide coated glass microscope slide, and place a finger under the slide to warm and dry the sample before placing the slide into the cryo microtome chamber.When all of the slices have been acquired, slowly remove the slides from the chamber and use an appropriate marker to indicate the exact location of each sample on the slides. When all of the slides have been marked, use a high-resolution scanner to scan the samples. After scanning, clean the matrix deposition robot with 100%methanol, and use methanol and a precision wipe to clean each slide, holding the samples without touching them and without removing the marks.Place a clean coverslip over each slide in an area without sample and place the coverslip end of the first slide over the optical detector, then place no more than six milliliters of freshly prepared matrix solution in the matrix deposition reservoir and add two milliliters of 100%methanol to a total volume of eight milliliters. For data acquisition set up, place one microliter of matrix onto a MALDI plate and insert the plate into the source. Click load target in the device software and click on the spot in the image that represents the MALDI plate to select the position of the matrix spot.Indicate the sample name and folder in the sample info tab. Click acquisition to start the acquisition and use the mouse pointer to move the plate slightly so that the laser points at different spots. When the acquisition is finished, open the calibration tab and select HCCA calibration list in the quadratic mode and click automatic.The global calibration result will be indicated in the calibration plot window. If the calibration is in the appropriate range, click accept and save the method. Once the matrix deposition on the samples is finished, place the slides in the slide adapter and use a plastic cover to retrieve the position of the marks.In the imaging software, set up a new imaging run in the first window that opens in the software and name the imaging run. Select the result directory and click next. Indicate the raster size, select the method to be used, and click next.Load the optical image from a scanned slide and click next. The image will open in a wider window and place the plastic cover bearing the marks onto a MALDI plate to recover its position and to facilitate the teaching. Under FTMS control, place the target of the MALDI video window on the exact position of a mark and open flex imaging, then click on the exact same point on the optical image.Use the add measurement regions tools to draw the regions of interest in the samples and save the imaging run. If several samples are to be analyzed, run the auto execute sequence and use auto execute batch runner to launch a sequence. When all of the images have been acquired, use the batch importer tool to select the raw data, indicate the target directory, and click import.Click file and new to select the data set tool to select the type of instrument used for the acquisition and click plus to add the imported dataset. Click and drag to arrange the images and check and modify the mass range settings as necessary. Click next to see the import summary and launch the import.Visualize the master charge ratio in different tissues within a sample or between different samples and click spectra to select the mass-to-charge ratios of interest. Export the mass-to-charge ratios of interest as a CSV file from the object tab and click export. Create a new dataset in an annotation software program and click projects and import CSV project to import the CSV file into the software.Annotate with custom-made analyte lists, which can be derived from publicly available databases. A template is given by the software to create analyte lists. Use the prediction software to perform in silico prediction of the metabolites of the annotated compounds.Recover the list of metabolites, create an analyte list, and use the list in the annotation software to annotate the raw data with predicted metabolites, then right-click on the predicted metabolite of interest to recover the names of the enzymes involved in the metabolic processes in the prediction software. In this example, the drug Telmisartan was determined to be distributed throughout the plant leaf tissue samples. The drug metabolites were predicted and searched for in the raw data, and the annotations revealed that one first-generation metabolite was detected in the internal tissues of the leaves and further degraded into second-generation metabolites that were localized in internal tissues or more generally distributed in all of the leaf tissues.These results suggest an active metabolic reaction in the leaves to degrade Telmisartan. The process was then applied to several compounds of interest annotated in the leaves and the enzymes involved in the reactions were recovered to investigate their role in the plant's response to xenobiotic accumulation. Although this procedure is quite simple, a good sample preparation is key.Be sure to take the time to find the parameters that fit your sample type during tissue sectioning. The sample size can be further used for microscopy observations. It can be stained to obtain a panel of complimentary biological observations.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Investigation of Xenobiotics Metabolism In Salix alba Leaves via Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil

브라질에서 필드 릴리스에 대 한 유전자 변형 Aedes aegypti의 대량 생산

New techniques and methods are being sought to try to win the battle against mosquitoes. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to the ...

연구

환경과학

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 광 바이오 반응기에서 미세 조류의 성장을 촉진하기 위해 연소 가스 설정을 최적화

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

수생 미생물 Metaproteomics 워크 플로우 : 탠덤 질량 분석 기반 분석에 적합 트립신 펩티드로 세포

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

절제 잎 분석과 쌍자엽 잡초의 제초제 대사의 요금을 측정

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we ...

LC-MS Analysis of Human Platelets as a Platform for Studying Mitochondrial Metabolism

미토콘드리아 대사 유학을위한 플랫폼으로 인간 혈소판의 LC-MS 분석

Perturbed mitochondrial metabolism has received renewed interest as playing a causative role in a range of diseases. Probing alterations to metabolic ...

Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Wide Range of Food Matrices using Hydride Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

무기 비소에는 넓은 범위의 음식 행렬 수소 생성-원자 흡수 분 광 분석을 사용 하 여의 결정.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to ...

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

단풍 나무의 미 립 자 물질 제거 능력 평가

Based on the conventional cleaning methods (water cleaning (WC) + brush cleaning (BC)), this study evaluated the influence of ultrasonic cleaning (UC) on ...

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

3-Nitrotyrosine 대기 환경을 통해 고성능 액체 착 색 인쇄기-전기 화학 검출기 시스템에서의 탐지

3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) is generated from the tyrosine residue in atmospheric bio-aerosol proteins via a reaction with ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide ...

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

당 식별-및 결합된 대상 및 비 대상 심사 고해상도 질량 분석 워크플로 Polyfluorinated 화학 종

Historical and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered significant interest from the public and government agencies from the ...

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores

회전 된 코어를 사용 하 여 일반적인 Mycorrhizal 네트워크를 통해 상호 작용 식물의 조사

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence plant mineral nutrient uptake and growth, hence, they have the potential to influence plant interactions. The ...