Name: a benchtop approach to the location specific blood brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound in a rat model
Uploaded: 2020-06-13T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model at JoVE.com

这项研究部分得到了NSF EPSCoR研究基础设施基金（1632881）的支持。此外，这项研究部分得到了西维坦国际研究中心的支持，伯明翰，AL。作者感激地感谢阿拉巴马大学伯明翰小型动物成像共享设施赠款 [NIH P30 CA013148] 的服务和设施的使用。作者感谢拉吉夫·乔普拉的支持和指导。

所有实验程序均按照 UAB 机构动物护理和使用委员会 （IACUC） 准则进行。
1. 聚焦超声波驾驶设备设置
<ol><li>使用 50 Ohm 同轴 BNC 电缆将超声波传感器的输入连接到 RF 放大器的输出中，（2） RF 放大器对功能发生器输出的输入。</li>
	<li>将函数生成器模式设置为每秒一次的鼻窦爆裂，其工作周期为 1%。<ol>
<li>对于带 50 dB RF 放大器使用的 0.8 英寸焦距的阻尼 1 MHz 低功耗浸入式传?...

在这里，我们描述了一个台面方法微泡协助FUS BBB打开与替代方法，包括，两个不同的传感器和方法的颅内瞄准有和没有MRI指导。目前，为了在实验室中建立 MRI 引导的 FUS BBB 开口，可以选择购买具有高度标准化和可重复效果的设备，并配备用户友好的界面。然而，许多实验室没有为此类仪器的成本做好准备。因此，此协议的主要目标是提供任何实验室都可以建立的起点，以建立他们在该技术方面?...

尽管在基础神经科学方面有许多发现，但神经发育和神经退行性疾病的新疗法数量仍然相对有限。对神经紊乱中涉及的基因、分子和细胞回路的更深入的了解表明，用目前的技术3，人类无法实现有希望的治疗方法。有效的治疗往往受到大脑渗透和特定地点4，5，6，7，8的需要的限制。然而，现有的局部药物输送到特定大脑区域的方法（例如，通过注射或针管分娩）是侵入性的，需要在头骨9中打开。这种手术的侵入性防止了将局部分娩的常规使用到人脑中。此外，组织损伤和由此产生的炎症反应是无处不在的混淆的基本和前科研究，依靠颅内注射10。非侵入性地通过血脑屏障（BBB）输送制剂并将其靶向特定大脑区域的能力可能会对神经系统疾病的治疗产生巨大影响，同时为术前研究提供强大的研究工具。
在BBB上以最小的组织损伤进行定向传输的方法之一是颅内聚焦超声波（FUS）和微泡，以聚焦和瞬时打开BBB 11、12、13、14、15、16。FUS BBB 的开放最近因神经退行性疾病的治疗而备受关注， 中风和胶质瘤通过本地化治疗目标大脑区域，如神经营养因子17，18，19，基因疗法20，21，22，抗体23，神经递质24，和纳米粒子25，26，27，28，29。FUS BBB 具有广泛的应用范围和非侵入性30、31，是常规立体轴心颅内注射的理想替代品。此外，由于它目前在人类中使用30，32，使用这种技术的术前研究可以被认为是高度转化的。然而，由于缺乏可访问性，FUS BBB的开放尚未成为基础科学和学前研究中广泛确立的技术。因此，我们为 FUS BBB 开启的台面方法提供了详细的协议，作为有兴趣建立此技术的实验室的起点。
这些研究要么使用大功率空气支持的FUS特定超声波传感器，要么使用低功率阻尼聚焦超声波浸入式传感器进行。传感器由专为活性负载设计的 RF 功率放大器和标准台面功能发生器驱动。这些物品的详情可在 材料表中找到。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1437px;" width="1437">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Bubble shaker</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Lantheus Medical Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">VMIX</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">VIALMIX, actiation device used to activate Definity microbubbles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Catheter plug/ Injection cap</td>
			<td>SAI infusion technologies</td>
			<td>Part Number: IC</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Catheter plug/ Injection cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Evans blue dye</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">E2129-10G</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Evans blue dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Function generator</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">AFG3022B</td>
			<td>Dual channel, 250MS/s, 25MHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FUS transducer, 1.1MHz</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">FUS Instruments</td>
			<td>TX-110</td>
			<td>1 MHz MRI-compatible spherically focused ultrasound transducer with a hydrophone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Heating pad for Mice and Rats</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">PS-03</td>
			<td>Heating pad- PhysioSuite for Mice and Rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Infusion pump</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">KD Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">780100</td>
			<td>KDS 100 Legacy Single Syringe Infusion Pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Kapton tape</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Gizmo Dorks</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01N1GGKRC/ 
			ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_U_GbR7Db56HKD91</td>
			<td>Gizmo Dorks Kapton Tape (Polyimide) for 3D Printers and Printing, 8 x 8 inches, 10 Sheets per Pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Low power immersion transducer, 1MHz</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>V303-SU</td>
			<td>Immersion Transducer, 1 MHz, 0.50 in. Element Diameter, Standard Case Style, Straight UHF Connector, F=0.80IN PTF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Magnet sets</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">WINOMO</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01DJZQJBG/ 
			ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_U_JYQ7DbM32E5QC</td>
			<td>WINOMO 15mm Sew In Magnetic Bag Clasps for Sewing Scrapbooking - 10 Sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RF amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">E&#38;I</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">A075</td>
			<td>75W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Tail vein catheter</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">BD</td>
			<td>382512/ Fisher Item: NC1228513</td>
			<td>24g BD Insyte Autoguard shielded IV catheters (non-winged)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Ultrasound contrast microbubbles</td>
			<td>Lantheus Medical Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">DE4, DE16</td>
			<td>DEFINITY (Perflutren Lipid Microsphere)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Aquasonic</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07FPQDM4F/ 
			ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_U_D6Q7Db3J9QP7P</td>
			<td>Ultrasound Gel Aquasonic 100 Transmission 1 Liter Squeeze Bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Winged infusion sets, 22ga.</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>22-258087</td>
			<td>Terumo Surflo Winged Infusion Sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">motor controller software</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">custom software written in LabView for controlling the Velmex motor controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">runtime environment for the motor controller software</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td>LabView runtime engine version 2017 or better</td>
			<td>https://www.ni.com/en-us/support/downloads/software-products/download.labview.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">3 axis Linear stage actuator (XYZ positioner)</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bolts</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MB-1</td>
			<td>BiSlide Bolt 1/4-20x3/4&#34; Socket cap screw (10 pack), Qty:3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">motor controller</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>VXM-3</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Control,3 axis programmable stepping motor control, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mounting cleats</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MC-2</td>
			<td>Cleat, 2 hole BiSlide, Qty:6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mounting cleats</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MC-2</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Cleat, 2 hole BiSlide, Qty:2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">usb to serial converter</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>VXM-USB-RS232</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">USB to RS232 Serial Communication Cable 10ft, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">x-axis linear stage</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MN10-0100-M02-21</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">BiSlide, travel=10 inch, 2 mm/rev, limits, NEMA 23, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">x-axis stepper motor</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>PK266-03A-P1</td>
			<td>Vexta Type 23T2, Single Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">y-axis linear stage</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MN10-0100-M02-21</td>
			<td>BiSlide, travel=10 inch, 2 mm/rev, limits, NEMA 23, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">y-axis stepper motor</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>PK266-03A-P1</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Vexta Type 23T2, Single Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">z-axis damper</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>D6CL-6.3F</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">D6CL Damper for Type 23 Double Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">z-axis linear stage</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MN10-0100-M02-21</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">BiSlide, travel=10 inch, 2 mm/rev, limits, NEMA 23, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">z-axis stepper motor</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>PK266-03B-P2</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Vexta Type 23T2, Double Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">3D printable files</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Immersion transducer mount and pointer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.tinkercad.com/things/cRgTthGXSRq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.tinkercad.com/things/ilynoQcdqlH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereotaxic frame holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.tinkercad.com/things/aZNgqhBOHAX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">9.4T small bore animal MRI</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Bruker BioSpec 94/20</td>
			<td>ParaVision version 5.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">AAV9-hsyn-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Cream hair remover</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Church &#38; Dwight</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>Nair cream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">gadobutrol MRI contrast agent</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>Gadavist (Gadobutrol, 1mM/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">#51500</td>
			<td>not MRI compatible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">turnkey FUS delivery device</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">FUS Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">RK-300</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">ready to use MRI compatible FUS for rodents</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a benchtop approach to the location specific blood brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound in a rat model

立体税手术是局部药物和基因输送到啮齿动物大脑的黄金标准。与系统传递相比，这项技术有许多优点，包括精确定位到目标大脑区域和减少目标外的副作用。然而，立体轴手术是高度侵入性的，它限制了其转化功效，需要很长的恢复时间，并在瞄准多个大脑区域时提供挑战。聚焦超声波 （FUS） 可与循环微泡结合使用，在毫米大小的区域瞬时打开血脑屏障 （BBB）。这允许系统交付的代理的颅内本地化，这些代理通常不能穿过 BBB。这项技术提供了立体轴手术的非侵入性替代方法。然而，由于获得设备和标准化方法的机会有限，该技术迄今尚未在神经科学实验室得到广泛采用。该协议的总体目标是为 FUS BBB 开启 （BBBO） 提供一种台面方法，这种方法经济实惠且可重复，因此很容易被任何实验室采用。

在这里，我们演示了用微泡聚焦超声波可以使用上述低功耗浸入传感器（图3）和FUS传感器（图4）指定的参数诱导本地化BBB开口。首先，在早期实验中，低功耗浸入式传感器被瞄准一个大脑半球（图3b）或中位（图3a）。动物在2小时后被牺牲与注入（图3a）或没有注入（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model at JoVE.com

A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

用微泡剂聚焦超声波可以聚焦和瞬时打开血脑屏障。这项技术已被用于通过血脑屏障提供广泛的制剂。本文提供了一个详细的协议，本地化交付给啮齿动物的大脑有或没有MRI指导。

在鼠模型中使用聚焦超声波打开位置特定血脑屏障开口的台面方法

Stereotaxic surgery is the gold standard for localized drug and gene delivery to the rodent brain. This technique has many advantages over systemic ...

Focused Ultrasound in combination with circulating micro-bubbles can be used to provide temporary millimeter size openings in the blood-brain barrier. This enables non-invasive delivery of systemically circulating agents to target brain regions. To begin, fill the catheter plug with saline and warm the rat's tail with a lamp, taking care not to overheat the animal.Insert a 24 gauge tail vein catheter that will be used to deliver micro-bubbles, Evans blue dye, gadobutrol MRI contrast if using MRI, and the experimental agent of interest. Blood will fill the sheath when the vein is hit. Slowly, remove the inner needle while pushing the sheath further into the vein.Screw the catheter plug into the end of the catheter port, as soon as the port has filled with blood. Carefully wrap lab tape around the catheter and the tail to keep it in place, starting with a small piece at the top and working in the caudal direction. Leave the very end of the catheter plug exposed.Plug the anesthesia line onto the anesthesia connector on the stereotactic frame. Then fix the animal's head into the frame by placing the mouth onto the bite bar, and by guiding the ear bars into both ear canals and tightening the set screws. Move the animal to the MRI bed.Using parameters described in the text manuscript collect coronal and axial T2 weighted images that capture the whole brain as well as the MRI fiducial for coordinate measurements. On the coronal images, find the image in which the fiducial is the largest, indicating the center of the fiducial. Record the distance from the top of the fiducial to the brain region of interest in millimeters, in both the medial-lateral direction and in the dorsal-ventral direction.On the axial images, find the image that shows the very top of the fiducial and record the X and Y coordinates for the center of the fiducial and the X and Y coordinates of the brain region of interest. Calculate the distance from the center of the fiducial to the target brain region in both the rostral-caudal and medial-lateral directions. After gathering the coordinates, collect the pre-scan images.Keeping the animal in this stereotaxic frame, quickly transport it from the MRI bed to the bench top FUS set up. Ensure that the animal remains asleep under the effect of anesthesia. Slide the frame into the frame holder and firmly snap it into place.Use clippers to shave the animal's head, then brush away excess hair and apply hair remover cream to the scalp. Let it sit for three minutes and wipe it away with water and gauze. If using MRI guidance, attach the pointer and move the pointer to the location of the MRI fiducial.Position the pointer at the very top and center of the MRI fiducial then, which is the point from which all distances in the MRI image were calculated. Remove the pointer and move the positioner to the medial-lateral coordinates and the rostral-caudal coordinates. Lick the null position button and raise the positioner up by pressing the up 50 button, to allow for the placement of the water bath and ultrasound gel.Apply ultrasound gel to the animal's scalp and place the water bath over the animal, with the polyimide tape window pressed onto the gel, making sure that there are no air bubbles in the gel. Fill the water bath with degassed water. If using the high power transducer, lower the positioner so that the magnet is just above the water.Attach the transducer to the positioner by carefully lowering the transducer into the water at an angle and connecting the magnets. Lower the positioner to the dorsal-ventral coordinate and turn on the RF power amp. Inject one milliliter per kilogram of 3%Evans blue dye by sticking a needle tip into the catheter plug and injecting.The whole animal should become blue within seconds, indicating the catheter is properly positioned in the tail vein. Allow the dye to circulate for five minutes, then activate the micro-bubbles by shaking them violently with the bubble shaker. Invert this syringe several times to get a uniform distribution of micro-bubbles, then attach and fill the winged infusion set.Position the syringe on the infusion pump and set the infusion pump to deliver 0.2 milliliters at a rate of six milliliters per hour, providing slow infusion of the micro-bubbles over the two minute FUS exposure. Insert the winged needle into the catheter plug. First run the infusion pump, wait three seconds, then start the FUS treatment by pressing the on button and on the function generator.Repeat this twice per region with five minutes in between to allow the micro-bubbles to clear. Press the on button on the function generator again to stop the FUS treatment when the infusion pump stops at two minutes. Wait for five minutes for the micro bubbles to clear, then start the infusion and the second FUS treatment.Immediately after the second FUS treatment, inject gadobutrol contrast and the agent of interest. Total delivered volume of all agents should not exceed five milliliters per kilogram. To confirm BBB opening, place the animal back onto the MRI bed at the exact same location and plug in the anesthesia line.Collect MRI post-scans with the same imaging parameters as the pre-scan images to confirm gadobutrol MRI enhancement in the region of BBB opening. This protocol was used to induce localized blood-brain barrier opening with both the low power immersion transducer and the high power focused ultrasound transducer. First, the low power immersion transducer was targeted to either the anterior or medial brain hemisphere.The animals were sacrificed with or without perfusion, and the BBB opening was visualized via Evans blue dye auto-fluorescence. In later experiments, the FUS transducer was targeted to either the hippocampus or the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition to Evans blue dye, the MRI contrast agent gadobutrol was used to verify the targeted opening of the BBB in VIVO.After the animals were sacrificed, Evans blue dye auto-fluorescence confirmed the opening location. To assess whether this technique could be used for targeted gene delivery, AAV nine expressing green fluorescent protein and gadobutrol contrast were injected immediately after blood brain barrier opening in the hippocampus. The animal was imaged to verify the opening with gadobutrol contrast.Then, gene delivery was confirmed by GFP expression. This protocol offers a bench-top approach to MRI guided Focus Ultrasound mediated blood-brain barrier opening, that can be easily adapted by other laboratories to provide a non-invasive translational alternative to stereotactic surgery.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

科研

神经科学

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

特定脑区的兴奋毒性损伤的成年大鼠立体定向手术治疗

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

一种体内评价大鼠缺血性中风模型中血脑屏障的破坏

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

利用体外大鼠脑切片研究变性主要事件的一种替代方法

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

研究病原体或药物交叉障碍及其与大脑相互作用的人血脑界面模型

The early screening of nervous system medicines on a pertinent and reliable in cellulo BBB model for their penetration and their interaction with the ...

A High-Throughput Image-Guided Stereotactic Neuronavigation and Focused Ultrasound System for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Rodents

高通量图像引导立体定向神经导航和聚焦超声系统，用于在啮齿动物中打开血脑屏障

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a ...

Measuring Post-Stroke Cerebral Edema, Infarct Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Set of Rodent Brain Samples

测量一组啮齿动物脑样本中的中风后脑水肿、梗塞区和血脑屏障破裂

One of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is ischemic stroke. Historically, an animal model used to stimulate ischemic stroke ...

Focused Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeting Brain Structures and Evaluating Chemogenetic Neuromodulation

聚焦超声诱导血脑屏障打开，用于靶向大脑结构和评估化学遗传神经调控

Acoustically Targeted Chemogenetics (ATAC) allows for the noninvasive control of specific neural circuits. ATAC achieves such control through a ...

Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound

使用聚焦扫描超声将抗体输送到大脑中

Only a small fraction of therapeutic antibodies targeting brain diseases are taken up by the brain. Focused ultrasound offers a possibility to increase ...

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

生态HIV脑感染的老鼠模型

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. ...