Name: a benchtop approach to the location specific blood brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound in a rat model
Uploaded: 2020-06-13T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model at JoVE.com

Esta pesquisa foi apoiada em parte por uma bolsa de Infraestrutura de Pesquisa da NSF EPSCoR para a Universidade Clemson (1632881). Além disso, esta pesquisa foi apoiada em parte pelo Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL. Os autores reconhecem com gratidão o uso dos serviços e instalações da Universidade do Alabama em Birmingham Small Animal Imaging Shared Facility Grant [NIH P30 CA013148]. Os autores reconhecem Rajiv Chopra por seu apoio e orientação.

Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes do Comitê Institucional de Atenção e Uso de Animais (IACUC) da UAB.
1. Configuração focada do equipamento de condução de ultrassom
<ol><li>Utilize 50 cabos BNC coaxiais Ohm para conectar (1) a entrada do transdutor de ultrassom à saída do amplificador RF e (2) a entrada do amplificador RF à saída do gerador de função.</li>
	<li>Ajuste o modo gerador de função para uma rajada sinusoide uma vez por...

Aqui descrevemos uma abordagem benchtop para microbolhas assistida fus bbb abertura com abordagens alternativas, incluindo, dois transdutores diferentes e métodos para direcionamento intracraniano com e sem orientação de ressonância magnética. Atualmente, para estabelecer a abertura do FUS BBB guiado por RESSONÂNCIA Magnética no laboratório, há a opção de comprar excelentes dispositivos prontos para uso que fornecem resultados altamente padronizados e reprodutíveis com interfaces fáceis de usar. No entanto, ...

Apesar das muitas descobertas na neurociência básica, o número de tratamentos emergentes para distúrbios neurodesenvolvimentantes e neurodegenerativos permanece relativamente limitado1,2. Uma compreensão mais profunda dos genes, moléculas e circuitos celulares envolvidos em distúrbios neurológicos tem sugerido tratamentos promissores irrealizáveis em humanos com técnicas atuais3. Tratamentos eficazes são muitas vezes limitados pela necessidade de ser penetrável cerebral e específico do local4,5,6,7,8. No entanto, os métodos existentes de entrega de medicamentos localizados para regiões cerebrais específicas (por exemplo, entrega via injeção ou cânula) são invasivos e requerem uma abertura a ser feita no crânio9. A invasividade desta cirurgia impede o uso rotineiro do parto localizado no cérebro humano. Além disso, os danos teciduais e as respostas inflamatórias resultantes são confundimentos onipresentes para estudos básicos e pré-clínicos que dependem da injeção intracerebral10. A capacidade de fornecer agentes não invasivamente através da barreira cerebral sanguínea (BBB) e direcioná-los para regiões cerebrais específicas pode ter um tremendo impacto nos tratamentos para distúrbios neurológicos, ao mesmo tempo em que fornece uma poderosa ferramenta investigativa para pesquisas pré-clínicas.
Um método de transporte direcionado através do BBB com dano mínimo de tecido é o ultrassom focado transcranário (ME) juntamente com microbolhas para abrir o BBB11,12,13,14,15,16. A abertura do FUS BBB ganhou atenção recente para o tratamento de distúrbios neurodegenerativas, derrame e glioma, localizando terapêuticas para atingir regiões cerebrais como fatores neurotróficos17,18,19, terapias genéticas20,21,22, anticorpos23, neurotransmissores24, e nanopartículas25,26,27,28,29. Com sua ampla gama de aplicações e sua natureza não invasiva30,31, a abertura do FUS BBB é uma alternativa ideal para injeções intracranianas estereotaxas rotineiras. Além disso, devido ao seu uso atual em humanos30,32, investigações pré-clínicas usando essa técnica podem ser consideradas altamente translacionais. No entanto, a abertura do FUS BBB ainda não foi uma técnica amplamente estabelecida em ciência básica e pesquisa pré-científica devido à falta de acessibilidade. Por isso, fornecemos um protocolo detalhado para uma abordagem de bancada para a abertura do FUS BBB como ponto de partida para laboratórios interessados em estabelecer essa técnica.
Estes estudos foram conduzidos com um transdutor de ultrassom específico de ar apoiado por ar de alta potência ou um transdutor de imersão ultrassônica de baixa potência. Os transdutores foram conduzidos por um amplificador de energia RF projetado para cargas reativas e um gerador de função de bancada padrão. Os detalhes para esses itens podem ser encontrados na Tabela de Materiais.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1437px;" width="1437">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Bubble shaker</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Lantheus Medical Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">VMIX</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">VIALMIX, actiation device used to activate Definity microbubbles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Catheter plug/ Injection cap</td>
			<td>SAI infusion technologies</td>
			<td>Part Number: IC</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Catheter plug/ Injection cap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Evans blue dye</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">E2129-10G</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Evans blue dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Function generator</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">AFG3022B</td>
			<td>Dual channel, 250MS/s, 25MHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FUS transducer, 1.1MHz</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">FUS Instruments</td>
			<td>TX-110</td>
			<td>1 MHz MRI-compatible spherically focused ultrasound transducer with a hydrophone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Heating pad for Mice and Rats</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">PS-03</td>
			<td>Heating pad- PhysioSuite for Mice and Rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Infusion pump</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">KD Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">780100</td>
			<td>KDS 100 Legacy Single Syringe Infusion Pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Kapton tape</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Gizmo Dorks</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01N1GGKRC/ 
			ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_U_GbR7Db56HKD91</td>
			<td>Gizmo Dorks Kapton Tape (Polyimide) for 3D Printers and Printing, 8 x 8 inches, 10 Sheets per Pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Low power immersion transducer, 1MHz</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Olympus</td>
			<td>V303-SU</td>
			<td>Immersion Transducer, 1 MHz, 0.50 in. Element Diameter, Standard Case Style, Straight UHF Connector, F=0.80IN PTF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Magnet sets</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">WINOMO</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01DJZQJBG/ 
			ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_U_JYQ7DbM32E5QC</td>
			<td>WINOMO 15mm Sew In Magnetic Bag Clasps for Sewing Scrapbooking - 10 Sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RF amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">E&#38;I</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">A075</td>
			<td>75W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Tail vein catheter</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">BD</td>
			<td>382512/ Fisher Item: NC1228513</td>
			<td>24g BD Insyte Autoguard shielded IV catheters (non-winged)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Ultrasound contrast microbubbles</td>
			<td>Lantheus Medical Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">DE4, DE16</td>
			<td>DEFINITY (Perflutren Lipid Microsphere)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Aquasonic</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07FPQDM4F/ 
			ref=cm_sw_em_r_mt_dp_U_D6Q7Db3J9QP7P</td>
			<td>Ultrasound Gel Aquasonic 100 Transmission 1 Liter Squeeze Bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Winged infusion sets, 22ga.</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Fisher Healthcare</td>
			<td>22-258087</td>
			<td>Terumo Surflo Winged Infusion Sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">motor controller software</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">custom software written in LabView for controlling the Velmex motor controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">runtime environment for the motor controller software</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td>LabView runtime engine version 2017 or better</td>
			<td>https://www.ni.com/en-us/support/downloads/software-products/download.labview.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">3 axis Linear stage actuator (XYZ positioner)</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bolts</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MB-1</td>
			<td>BiSlide Bolt 1/4-20x3/4&#34; Socket cap screw (10 pack), Qty:3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">motor controller</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>VXM-3</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Control,3 axis programmable stepping motor control, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mounting cleats</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MC-2</td>
			<td>Cleat, 2 hole BiSlide, Qty:6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mounting cleats</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MC-2</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Cleat, 2 hole BiSlide, Qty:2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">usb to serial converter</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>VXM-USB-RS232</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">USB to RS232 Serial Communication Cable 10ft, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">x-axis linear stage</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MN10-0100-M02-21</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">BiSlide, travel=10 inch, 2 mm/rev, limits, NEMA 23, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">x-axis stepper motor</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>PK266-03A-P1</td>
			<td>Vexta Type 23T2, Single Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">y-axis linear stage</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MN10-0100-M02-21</td>
			<td>BiSlide, travel=10 inch, 2 mm/rev, limits, NEMA 23, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">y-axis stepper motor</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>PK266-03A-P1</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Vexta Type 23T2, Single Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">z-axis damper</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>D6CL-6.3F</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">D6CL Damper for Type 23 Double Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">z-axis linear stage</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>MN10-0100-M02-21</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">BiSlide, travel=10 inch, 2 mm/rev, limits, NEMA 23, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">z-axis stepper motor</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Velmex</td>
			<td>PK266-03B-P2</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">Vexta Type 23T2, Double Shaft Stepper Motor, Qty:1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">3D printable files</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Immersion transducer mount and pointer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.tinkercad.com/things/cRgTthGXSRq</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.tinkercad.com/things/ilynoQcdqlH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereotaxic frame holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.tinkercad.com/things/aZNgqhBOHAX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">9.4T small bore animal MRI</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Bruker BioSpec 94/20</td>
			<td>ParaVision version 5.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">AAV9-hsyn-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Cream hair remover</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Church &#38; Dwight</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>Nair cream</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">gadobutrol MRI contrast agent</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td>Gadavist (Gadobutrol, 1mM/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">Stereotactic frame</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">#51500</td>
			<td>not MRI compatible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:271px;">turnkey FUS delivery device</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">FUS Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">RK-300</td>
			<td style="width:729px;">ready to use MRI compatible FUS for rodents</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a benchtop approach to the location specific blood brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound in a rat model

Cirurgia estereotaxica é o padrão ouro para a droga localizada e a entrega de genes para o cérebro de roedores. Essa técnica tem muitas vantagens sobre a entrega sistêmica, incluindo localização precisa para uma região cerebral alvo e redução de efeitos colaterais fora do alvo. No entanto, a cirurgia estereotaxa é altamente invasiva, o que limita sua eficácia translacional, requer longos tempos de recuperação e oferece desafios ao atingir múltiplas regiões cerebrais. O ultrassom focado (FUS) pode ser usado em combinação com microbolhas circulantes para abrir transitoriamente a barreira cerebral do sangue (BBB) em regiões de tamanho milímetro. Isso permite a localização intracraniana de agentes entregues sistematicamente que normalmente não conseguem atravessar o BBB. Esta técnica fornece uma alternativa não invasiva à cirurgia estereotaxa. No entanto, até o momento, essa técnica ainda não foi amplamente adotada em laboratórios de neurociência devido ao acesso limitado a equipamentos e métodos padronizados. O objetivo geral deste protocolo é fornecer uma abordagem de bancada para a abertura do FUS BBB (BBBO) que seja acessível e reproduzível e, portanto, possa ser facilmente adotada por qualquer laboratório.

Aqui, demonstramos que o ultrassom focado com microbolhas pode induzir abertura de BBB localizada utilizando os parâmetros especificados acima com o transdutor de imersão de baixa potência(Figura 3) e o transdutor FUS(Figura 4). Primeiro, em experimentos iniciais, o transdutor de imersão de baixa potência foi direcionado para um hemisfério cerebral anterior(Figura 3b) ou medial(Figura 3a). Os anim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model at JoVE.com

A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

Ultrassom focado com agentes de microbolhas pode abrir a barreira cerebral sanguínea de forma focal e transitória. Esta técnica tem sido usada para fornecer uma ampla gama de agentes através da barreira cerebral do sangue. Este artigo fornece um protocolo detalhado para a entrega localizada ao cérebro de roedores com ou sem orientação de ressonância magnética.

Uma abordagem benchtop para a abertura da barreira cerebral de sangue específica do local usando ultrassom focado em um modelo de rato

Stereotaxic surgery is the gold standard for localized drug and gene delivery to the rodent brain. This technique has many advantages over systemic ...

Focused Ultrasound in combination with circulating micro-bubbles can be used to provide temporary millimeter size openings in the blood-brain barrier. This enables non-invasive delivery of systemically circulating agents to target brain regions. To begin, fill the catheter plug with saline and warm the rat's tail with a lamp, taking care not to overheat the animal.Insert a 24 gauge tail vein catheter that will be used to deliver micro-bubbles, Evans blue dye, gadobutrol MRI contrast if using MRI, and the experimental agent of interest. Blood will fill the sheath when the vein is hit. Slowly, remove the inner needle while pushing the sheath further into the vein.Screw the catheter plug into the end of the catheter port, as soon as the port has filled with blood. Carefully wrap lab tape around the catheter and the tail to keep it in place, starting with a small piece at the top and working in the caudal direction. Leave the very end of the catheter plug exposed.Plug the anesthesia line onto the anesthesia connector on the stereotactic frame. Then fix the animal's head into the frame by placing the mouth onto the bite bar, and by guiding the ear bars into both ear canals and tightening the set screws. Move the animal to the MRI bed.Using parameters described in the text manuscript collect coronal and axial T2 weighted images that capture the whole brain as well as the MRI fiducial for coordinate measurements. On the coronal images, find the image in which the fiducial is the largest, indicating the center of the fiducial. Record the distance from the top of the fiducial to the brain region of interest in millimeters, in both the medial-lateral direction and in the dorsal-ventral direction.On the axial images, find the image that shows the very top of the fiducial and record the X and Y coordinates for the center of the fiducial and the X and Y coordinates of the brain region of interest. Calculate the distance from the center of the fiducial to the target brain region in both the rostral-caudal and medial-lateral directions. After gathering the coordinates, collect the pre-scan images.Keeping the animal in this stereotaxic frame, quickly transport it from the MRI bed to the bench top FUS set up. Ensure that the animal remains asleep under the effect of anesthesia. Slide the frame into the frame holder and firmly snap it into place.Use clippers to shave the animal's head, then brush away excess hair and apply hair remover cream to the scalp. Let it sit for three minutes and wipe it away with water and gauze. If using MRI guidance, attach the pointer and move the pointer to the location of the MRI fiducial.Position the pointer at the very top and center of the MRI fiducial then, which is the point from which all distances in the MRI image were calculated. Remove the pointer and move the positioner to the medial-lateral coordinates and the rostral-caudal coordinates. Lick the null position button and raise the positioner up by pressing the up 50 button, to allow for the placement of the water bath and ultrasound gel.Apply ultrasound gel to the animal's scalp and place the water bath over the animal, with the polyimide tape window pressed onto the gel, making sure that there are no air bubbles in the gel. Fill the water bath with degassed water. If using the high power transducer, lower the positioner so that the magnet is just above the water.Attach the transducer to the positioner by carefully lowering the transducer into the water at an angle and connecting the magnets. Lower the positioner to the dorsal-ventral coordinate and turn on the RF power amp. Inject one milliliter per kilogram of 3%Evans blue dye by sticking a needle tip into the catheter plug and injecting.The whole animal should become blue within seconds, indicating the catheter is properly positioned in the tail vein. Allow the dye to circulate for five minutes, then activate the micro-bubbles by shaking them violently with the bubble shaker. Invert this syringe several times to get a uniform distribution of micro-bubbles, then attach and fill the winged infusion set.Position the syringe on the infusion pump and set the infusion pump to deliver 0.2 milliliters at a rate of six milliliters per hour, providing slow infusion of the micro-bubbles over the two minute FUS exposure. Insert the winged needle into the catheter plug. First run the infusion pump, wait three seconds, then start the FUS treatment by pressing the on button and on the function generator.Repeat this twice per region with five minutes in between to allow the micro-bubbles to clear. Press the on button on the function generator again to stop the FUS treatment when the infusion pump stops at two minutes. Wait for five minutes for the micro bubbles to clear, then start the infusion and the second FUS treatment.Immediately after the second FUS treatment, inject gadobutrol contrast and the agent of interest. Total delivered volume of all agents should not exceed five milliliters per kilogram. To confirm BBB opening, place the animal back onto the MRI bed at the exact same location and plug in the anesthesia line.Collect MRI post-scans with the same imaging parameters as the pre-scan images to confirm gadobutrol MRI enhancement in the region of BBB opening. This protocol was used to induce localized blood-brain barrier opening with both the low power immersion transducer and the high power focused ultrasound transducer. First, the low power immersion transducer was targeted to either the anterior or medial brain hemisphere.The animals were sacrificed with or without perfusion, and the BBB opening was visualized via Evans blue dye auto-fluorescence. In later experiments, the FUS transducer was targeted to either the hippocampus or the anterior cingulate cortex. In addition to Evans blue dye, the MRI contrast agent gadobutrol was used to verify the targeted opening of the BBB in VIVO.After the animals were sacrificed, Evans blue dye auto-fluorescence confirmed the opening location. To assess whether this technique could be used for targeted gene delivery, AAV nine expressing green fluorescent protein and gadobutrol contrast were injected immediately after blood brain barrier opening in the hippocampus. The animal was imaged to verify the opening with gadobutrol contrast.Then, gene delivery was confirmed by GFP expression. This protocol offers a bench-top approach to MRI guided Focus Ultrasound mediated blood-brain barrier opening, that can be easily adapted by other laboratories to provide a non-invasive translational alternative to stereotactic surgery.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Neuroimagem Funcional Usando rompimento da barreira hemato-encefálica ultra-sônico e Manganês-RM

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Neurociência

Stereotaxic Surgery for Excitotoxic Lesion of Specific Brain Areas in the Adult Rat

Cirurgia estereotáxica para lesão excitotóxica de áreas específicas do cérebro do rato adulto

Many behavioral functions in mammals, including rodents and humans, are mediated principally by discrete brain regions. A common method for discerning the ...

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

Uma avaliação In Vivo do rompimento da barreira hemato - encefálica em um modelo do rato de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

Uma abordagem alternativa para estudar eventos primários na neurodegeneração usando fatias de cérebro de rato Ex Vivo

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

Um modelo de Interface de sangue-cérebro humano para estudar os cruzamentos de barreira por agentes patogénicos ou medicamentos e suas interações com o cérebro

The early screening of nervous system medicines on a pertinent and reliable in cellulo BBB model for their penetration and their interaction with the ...

A High-Throughput Image-Guided Stereotactic Neuronavigation and Focused Ultrasound System for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Rodents

Um sistema de neuronação estereática guiada por imagem de alta produtividade e sistema de ultrassom focado para abertura de barreira hemencefálica em roedores

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a ...

Measuring Post-Stroke Cerebral Edema, Infarct Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Set of Rodent Brain Samples

Medição de edema cerebral pós-acidente vascular cerebral, zona de infarto e quebra da barreira hematoencefálica em um único conjunto de amostras cerebrais de roedores

One of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is ischemic stroke. Historically, an animal model used to stimulate ischemic stroke ...

Focused Ultrasound Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Targeting Brain Structures and Evaluating Chemogenetic Neuromodulation

Abertura da Barreira Hematoencefálica Induzida por Ultrassom Focalizado para Atingir Estruturas Cerebrais e Avaliar a Neuromodulação Quimiogenética

Acoustically Targeted Chemogenetics (ATAC) allows for the noninvasive control of specific neural circuits. ATAC achieves such control through a ...

Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound

Entrega de anticorpos no cérebro usando ultrassom de varredura focalizado

Only a small fraction of therapeutic antibodies targeting brain diseases are taken up by the brain. Focused ultrasound offers a possibility to increase ...

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Um modelo de rato de infecção cerebral ecohiv

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. ...