Name: high-resolution mapping of protein-dna interactions in mouse stem cell-derived neurons using chromatin immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (chip-exo)
Uploaded: 2020-08-14T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease ChIP-Exo at JoVE.com

We danken het lid van het Rhee-laboratorium voor het delen van ongepubliceerde gegevens en waardevolle discussies. Dit werk werd ondersteund door De Raad van het Onderzoek van de Natuurwetenschappen en van de Techniek van Canada (NSERC) toekenning RGPIN-2018-06404 (H.R.).

OPMERKING: Autoclaveerd gedestilleerd en gedeïensioniseerd water (ddH2O) wordt aanbevolen voor het maken van buffers en reactiemastermengsels. Sectie 1−4 beschrijven cellyse en sonicatie, secties 5−7 beschrijven chromatine-immunoprecipitatie (ChIP), secties 8−11 beschrijven enzymatische reacties op kralen, secties 12 en 13 beschrijven ChIP-elutie en DNA-zuivering, en secties 14−19 beschrijven bibliotheekvoorbereiding.
1. Cellen oogsten en crosslinken
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<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+Terminal+Effector+Genes+in+Mammalian+Neurons+Is+Maintained+by+a+Dynamic+Relay+of+Transient+Enhancers.">Expression of Terminal Effector Genes in Mammalian Neurons Is Maintained by a Dynamic Relay of Transient Enhancers.</a> Neuron. 92 (6), 1252-1265 (2016).</li><li>Pugh, B. F., Venters, B. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=c-Myc+Antagonises+the+Transcriptional+Activity+of+the+Androgen+Receptor+in+Prostate+Cancer+Affecting+Key+Gene+Networks.">c-Myc Antagonises the Transcriptional Activity of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Affecting Key Gene Networks.</a> Ebiomedicine. 18, 83-93 (2017).</li><li>McHaourab, Z. F., Perreault, A. A., Venters, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP-seq+and+ChIP-exo+profiling+of+Pol+II,+H2A.Z,+and+H3K4me3+in+human+K562+cells.">ChIP-seq and ChIP-exo profiling of Pol II, H2A.Z, and H3K4me3 in human K562 cells.</a> Scientific Data. 5, 180030 (2018).</li><li>Perreault, A. A., Sprunger, D. M., Venters, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+and+transcriptional+profiling+of+triple+negative+breast+cancer.">Epigenetic and transcriptional profiling of triple negative breast cancer.</a> Scientific Data. 6, 190033 (2019).</li><li>Rossi, M. J., Lai, W. K. M., Pugh, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+ChIP-exo+assays.">Simplified ChIP-exo assays.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 2842 (2018).</li><li>Perreault, A. A., Venters, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ChIP-exo+Method:+Identifying+Protein-DNA+Interactions+with+Near+Base+Pair+Precision.">The ChIP-exo Method: Identifying Protein-DNA Interactions with Near Base Pair Precision.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (118), (2016).</li><li>Jezek, M., Jacques, A., Jaiswal, D., Green, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+Immunoprecipitation+(ChIP)+of+Histone+Modifications+from+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (130), (2017).</li><li>Terranova, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Integrated+Platform+for+Genome-wide+Mapping+of+Chromatin+States+Using+High-throughput+ChIP-sequencing+in+Tumor+Tissues.">An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (134), (2018).</li><li>Pchelintsev, N. A., Adams, P. D., Nelson, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+Parameters+for+Efficient+Sonication+and+Improved+Chromatin+Immunoprecipitation+of+High+Molecular+Weight+Proteins.">Critical Parameters for Efficient Sonication and Improved Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of High Molecular Weight Proteins.</a> PLos One. 11 (1), (2016).</li><li>Yamada, N., Lai, W. K. 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In dit protocol wordt ChIP gevolgd door exonucleasevertering gebruikt om DNA-bibliotheken te verkrijgen voor de identificatie van eiwit-DNA-interacties in zoogdiercellen met een ultrahoge kaartresolutie. Veel variabelen dragen bij aan de kwaliteit van het ChIP-exo experiment. Kritieke experimentele parameters omvatten de kwaliteit van antilichamen, optimalisatie van sonicatie en het aantal LM-PCR-cycli. Deze kritische experimentele parameters zijn ook wat ChIP-exo experimenten kan beperken en zullen hieronder worden besp...

De locaties van eiwit-DNA interacties geven inzicht in de mechanismen van genregulatie. Chromatine immunoprecipitatie in combinatie met high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) wordt al tien jaar gebruikt om genoombrede eiwit-DNA-interacties in levende cellen te onderzoeken1,2. De ChIP-seq-methode wordt echter beperkt door heterogeniteit in DNA-fragmentatie en ongebonden DNA-besmetting die leiden tot een lage mappingresolutie, valse positieven, gemiste oproepen en niet-specifiek achtergrondsignaal. De combinatie van ChIP met exonucleasevertering (ChIP-exo) verbetert de ChIP-seq-methode door ChIP-DNA bij te snijden tot de eiwit-DNA-crosslinkingpunten, wat een bijna basispaarresolutie en een laag achtergrondsignaal3,4,5biedt. De sterk verbeterde kaartresolutie en lage achtergrond van ChIP-exo maken het mogelijk om nauwkeurige en uitgebreide eiwit-DNA-bindingslocaties in het hele genoom te bepalen. ChIP-exo is in staat om functioneel verschillende DNA-bindende motieven, coöperatieve interacties tussen transcriptiefactoren (TF) en meerdere eiwit-DNA-crosslinking sites op een bepaalde genomische bindingslocatie te onthullen, niet detecteerbaar door andere genomische mapping methoden3,4,6,7.
ChIP-exo werd aanvankelijk gebruikt in ontluikende gist om de sequentiespecifieke DNA-binding van TF 's te onderzoeken, om de precieze organisatie van het transcriptie pre-initiatiecomplex en subnuclesosomale structuur van individuele histonen in het genoom4,8,9te bestuderen . Sinds de introductie in 20114, ChIP-exo is met succes gebruikt in vele andere organismen, waaronder bacteriën, muizen en menselijke cellen7,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. In 2016 gebruikten Rhee et al.14 ChIP-exo in zoogdierneuronen voor het eerst om te begrijpen hoe neuronale genexpressie werd gehandhaafd na de downregulatie van het programmeren van TF Lhx3, dat een heterodimercomplex vormt met een andere programmering TF Isl1. Deze studie toonde aan dat bij afwezigheid van Lhx3 Isl1 wordt gerekruteerd naar nieuwe neuronale versterkers gebonden door Onecut1 TF om genexpressie van neuronale effectorgenen te behouden. In deze studie onthulde ChIP-exo hoe meerdere TF's celtype en celfasespecifieke DNA-regulerende elementen dynamisch herkennen op een combinatorische manier bij de mappingresolutie van near-nucleotide. Andere studies gebruikten ook de ChIP-exo-methode om het samenspel tussen eiwitten en DNA in andere zoogdiercellijnen te begrijpen. Han et al.7 gebruikten ChIP-exo om genoombrede organisatie van GATA1 en TAL1 TFs in muis erythroid cellen te onderzoeken met behulp van ChIP-exo. Deze studie vond dat TAL1 direct wordt gerekruteerd naar DNA in plaats van indirect door eiwit-eiwit interacties met GATA1 tijdens erythroid differentiatie. Recente studies gebruikten ook ChIP-exo om de genoombrede bindingslocaties van CTCF, RNA Polymerase II en histonsporen te profileren om epigenomische en transcriptionele mechanismen in menselijke cellijnen18,19te bestuderen .
Er zijn verschillende versies van het ChIP-exo protocol beschikbaar3,5,20. Deze ChIP-exo-protocollen zijn echter moeilijk te volgen voor onderzoeken die niet bekend zijn met de voorbereiding van de volgende generatie sequencingbibliotheek. Een uitstekende versie van het ChIP-exo-protocol werd gepubliceerd met gemakkelijk te volgen instructies en een video21, maar bevatte veel enzymatische stappen die een aanzienlijke hoeveelheid tijd nodig hebben om te voltooien. Hier rapporteren we een nieuwe versie van het ChIP-exo-protocol met verminderde enzymatische stappen en incubatietijden, en uitleg voor elke enzymatische stap21. Eindreparatie en dA-tailingreacties worden in één stap gecombineerd met behulp van endprep-enzym. De incubatietijden voor index- en universele adapter ligatiestappen worden verminderd van 2 uur tot 15 minuten met behulp van een ligatieversterker. De kinasereactie na de indexadapter ligatiestap die in het vorige ChIP-exo-protocol wordt beschreven, wordt verwijderd. In plaats daarvan wordt tijdens de oligo-DNA-synthese een fosfaatgroep toegevoegd aan een van de 5'-uiteinden van de indexadapter (tabel 1), die zal worden gebruikt voor de lamda-exonucleaseverteringsstap. Terwijl het vorige ChIP-exo-protocol recjf exonucleasevertering gebruikte om enkelstrengs DNA-verontreinigingen te elimineren, wordt deze spijsverteringsstap hier verwijderd omdat het niet van cruciaal belang is voor de kwaliteit van de ChIP-exo-bibliotheek. Bovendien wordt voor het zuiveren van omgekeerd gekruist DNA na ChIP-elutie een magnetische kralenzuiveringsmethode gebruikt in plaats van de extractiemethode fenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol (PCIA). Dit vermindert de incubatietijd van DNA-extractie. Belangrijk is dat het de meerderheid van de adapterverteerders verwijdert die zijn gevormd tijdens indexadapter ligatie, wat van invloed kan zijn op de efficiëntie van ligatiegemedieerde PCR.
Het hier gepresenteerde ChIP-exo-protocol is geoptimaliseerd voor de detectie van nauwkeurige eiwit-DNA-interacties in zoogdierneuronen die zijn onderscheiden van embryonale stamcellen (ES)-cellen van muizen. Kort, geoogste en gekruiste neuronale cellen worden gelyseerd, zodat chromatine kan worden blootgesteld aan sonicatie, vervolgens gesoniceerd zodat dna-fragmenten van de juiste grootte worden verkregen (figuur 1). Antilichaamomhulde kralen worden vervolgens gebruikt om selectief gefragmenteerde, oplosbare chromatine te immunoprecipiteren aan het eiwit van belang. Terwijl het immunogeprecipiteerde DNA nog op de kralen zit, worden eindreparatie, ligatie van sequencingadapters, invulreactie en 5' tot 3' lambda exonucleaseverteringsstappen uitgevoerd. De exonucleaseverteringsstap geeft ChIP-exo zijn ultrahoge resolutie en hoge signaal-ruisverhouding. Lambda exonuclease trimt het immunogeprecipiteerde DNA een paar baseparen (bp) van de crosslinking site, waardoor besmet dna wordt afgebroken. Het met exonuclease behandelde ChIP-DNA wordt ontlokt uit de met antilichamen bedekte kralen, eiwit-DNA-crosslinks worden omgekeerd en eiwitten worden afgebroken. DNA wordt geëxtraheerd en gedenatureerd tot enkelstrengs ChIP-DNA, gevolgd door primergloeien en uitbreiding om dubbelstrengs DNA (dsDNA) te maken. Vervolgens wordt ligatie van een universele adapter naar de met exonuclease behandelde uiteinden uitgevoerd. Het resulterende DNA wordt gezuiverd, vervolgens PCR versterkt, gel gezuiverd en onderworpen aan sequencing van de volgende generatie.
Het ChIP-exo protocol is langer dan het ChIP-seq protocol, maar is technisch gezien niet erg uitdagend. Elk succesvol immunogeprecipiteerd ChIP-DNA kan worden onderworpen aan ChIP-exo, met verschillende extra enzymatische stappen. De opmerkelijke voordelen van ChIP-exo, zoals ultrahoge kaartresolutie, een verminderd achtergrondsignaal en verminderde vals-positieve en negatieven, met betrekking tot genomische bindingssites, wegen zwaarder dan de tijdskosten.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Agarose, UltraPure</td>
			<td >Invitrogen</td>
			<td >16500</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.3.6) and Gel Purification of LM-PCR Amplified DNA (Section 19.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Albumin, Bovine Serum (BSA), Protease Free, Heat Shock Isolation, Min. 98%</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >ALB003</td>
			<td >Blocking Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Antibody against Isl1</td>
			<td >DSHB</td>
			<td >39.3F7</td>
			<td >Antibody incuation with beads (Section 5.6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bioruptor Pico&#160;</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >B01060010</td>
			<td >Sonicating Chromatin (Section 3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Molecular Biology Grade</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >B9000S</td>
			<td >Fill-in Reaction on Beads (Section 10.2) and Denaturing, Primer Annealing and Primer Extension (Section 14.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Centrifuge 5424 R</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >5404000138</td>
			<td >Sonicating Chromatin (Section 3.5), Checking Sonication (Section 4.3.1, 4.3.3 and 4.3.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Centrifuge 5804 R</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22623508</td>
			<td >Harvest, cross-linking and freezing cells (Section 1.3), Cell lysis (Section 2.2 and 2.3), Sonicating Chromatin (Section 3.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >cOmplete, Mini, EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td >Roche</td>
			<td >4693159001</td>
			<td >Added to all buffers, except Proteinase K buffer and ChIP Elution buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >dATP Solution</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >N0440S</td>
			<td >dA-Tailing Reaction (Section 15.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Deoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt</td>
			<td >fisher scientific</td>
			<td >BP349</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 3, High Salt Wash Buffer and LiCl Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >dNTP Mix, Molecular Biology Grade</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >R0192</td>
			<td >Fill-in Reaction on Beads (Section 10.2) and Denaturing, Primer Annealing and Primer Extension (Section 14.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix, 2x&#160;</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >K1081</td>
			<td >Ligation-Mediated PCR (Section 18.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >EDTA, 0.5 M, Sterile Solution, pH 8.0</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >EDT111</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 1-3, Checking Sonication (Section 4.1), High Salt Wash Buffer, LiCl Wash Buffer and ChIP Elution Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethyl Alcohol Anhydrous, 100%</td>
			<td >Commercial alcohols</td>
			<td >P006EAAN</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Formaldehyde, 36.5-38%, contains 10-15% methanol</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >F8775</td>
			<td >Harvest, cross-linking and freezing cells (Section 1.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Glycerol, Reagent Grade, min 99.5%</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >GLY002</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Glycine, Biotechnology Grade, min. 99%</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >GLN001</td>
			<td >Harvest, cross-linking and freezing cells (Section 1.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Glycogen, RNA Grade</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >R0551</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.3.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >HEPES, 1 M Sterile-filtered Solution, pH 7.3&#160;</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >HEP003</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 1, High Salt Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Klenow Fragment (3-&#62;5 exo-)</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >M0212S</td>
			<td >dA-Tailing Reaction (Section 15.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Lambda exonuclease</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >M0262S</td>
			<td >Lambda Exonuclease Digestion on Beads (Section 11.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ligase Enhancer</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >E7645S</td>
			<td >NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Kit. Index Adapter Ligation on Beads (Section 9.1) and Universal Adapter Ligation (Section 16.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ligase Master Mix</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >E7645S</td>
			<td >NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Kit. Index Adapter Ligation on Beads (Section 9.1) and Universal Adapter Ligation (Section 16.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Lithium Chloride (LiCl), Reagent grade</td>
			<td >Bioshop</td>
			<td >LIT704</td>
			<td >LiCl Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic beads for ChIP (Dynabeads Protein G)</td>
			<td >Dynabeads Protein G (magnetic beads for ChIP)</td>
			<td >Dynabeads Protein G (magnetic beads for ChIP)</td>
			<td >Antibody incubation with beads (Section 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic beads for DNA purification (AMPure XP Beads)</td>
			<td >Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td >A63880</td>
			<td >DNA Extraction (Section 13.3) and DNA Clean-up (Section 17.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Magnetic rack (DynaMag-2 Magnet)</td>
			<td >Invitrogen</td>
			<td >12321D</td>
			<td >Used in many steps in Sections: 5 - 11, 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MinElute Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td >Qiagen&#160;</td>
			<td >28604</td>
			<td >Gel Purification of PCR Amplified DNA (Section 19.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt solution, 30% aqueous solution, &#8805;97.0% (HPLC)</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >61747</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Octylphenol Ethoxylate (IGEPAL CA630)</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >NON999</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 1 and LiCl Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Phenol:Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol, Biotechnology Grade (25:24:1)</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >PHE512</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.3.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >phi29 DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >M0269L</td>
			<td >Fill-in Reaction on Beads (Section 10.2) and Denaturing, Primer Annealing and Primer Extension (Section 14.3 and 14.4)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), 1x&#160;</td>
			<td >Corning</td>
			<td >21040CV</td>
			<td >Harvest, cross-linking and freezing cells (Section 1.3) and Sonicating Chromatin (Section 3.1), Antibody incuation with beads (Section 5.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >PowerPac Basic Power Supply</td>
			<td >BioRad</td>
			<td >1645050</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.3.6) and Gel Purification of LM-PCR Amplified DNA (Section 19.1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ProFlex PCR System</td>
			<td >Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td >ProFlex PCR System</td>
			<td >Used in Sections: 14.2, 14.4, 15.2, 16.2 and 18.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Protein LoBind Tube, 2.0 mL&#160;</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >22431102</td>
			<td >Antibody Incubation with Beads (Section 5.2) and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (Section 6.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Proteinase K Solution, RNA Grade</td>
			<td >Invitrogen</td>
			<td >25530049</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.2) and Elution and Reverse Crosslinking (Section 12.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Qubit 4.0 Fluorometer</td>
			<td >Invitrogen</td>
			<td >Q33226</td>
			<td >Gel Purification of PCR Amplified DNA (Section 19.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Quibit dsDNA BR assay kit</td>
			<td >Invitrogen</td>
			<td >Q32853</td>
			<td >Gel Purification of PCR Amplified DNA (Section 19.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Rnase A, Dnase and Protease-free</td>
			<td >Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td >EN0531</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.3.2) and DNA Extraction (Section 13.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium chloride (NaCl), BioReagent&#160;</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >S5886</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 1-3, High Salt Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), Electrophoresis Grade</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >SDS001</td>
			<td >Checking Sonication (Section 4.1), High Salt Wash Buffer and ChIP Elution Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sonication beads and 15 mL Bioruptor Tubes</td>
			<td >Diagenode</td>
			<td >C01020031</td>
			<td >Sonicating Chromatin (Section 3.1 and 3.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ThermoMixer F1.5&#160;</td>
			<td >Eppendorf</td>
			<td >5384000020</td>
			<td >Section 4.2, 4.3.2, 4.3.5, 8.2, 9.2, 10.3, 11.2, 12.2, 12.3, 13.2 and 16.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Trizma hydrochloride solution (Tris-HCl), BioPerformance Certified, 1 M, pH 7.4</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >T2194</td>
			<td >10 mM Tris-HCl Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Trizma hydrochloride solution (Tris-HCl), BioPerformance Certified, 1 M, pH 8.0</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >T2694</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 2, Lysis Buffer 3, Checking Sonication (Section 4.1), LiCl Wash Buffer and ChIP Elution Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ultra II End Repair/dA-Tailing Module (24 rxn -&#62; 120 rxn)</td>
			<td >New England BioLabs</td>
			<td >E7546S</td>
			<td >End Prep Reaction mix and End Prep Enzyme mix. End-repair and dA-Tailing Reaction on Beads (Section 8.2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >VWR Mini Tube Rocker, Variable Speed</td>
			<td >VWR</td>
			<td >10159-752</td>
			<td >Used in many steps in sections: 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >2-[4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy]ethanol, Triton X-100, Reagent Grade</td>
			<td >BioShop</td>
			<td >TRX506</td>
			<td >Lysis Buffer 1, Sonicating Chromatin (Section 3.4) and High Salt Wash Buffer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-resolution mapping of protein-dna interactions in mouse stem cell-derived neurons using chromatin immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (chip-exo)

Identificatie van specifieke eiwit-DNA-interacties op het genoom is belangrijk voor het begrijpen van genregulatie. Chromatine immunoprecipitatie in combinatie met high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) wordt veel gebruikt om genoombrede bindingslocaties van DNA-bindende eiwitten te identificeren. De ChIP-seq-methode wordt echter beperkt door zijn heterogeniteit in lengte van gesoniceerde DNA-fragmenten en niet-specifiek achtergrond-DNA, wat resulteert in een lage mappingresolutie en onzekerheid op DNA-bindende locaties. Om deze beperkingen te overwinnen, maakt de combinatie van ChIP met exonucleasevertering (ChIP-exo) gebruik van 5' tot 3' exonucleasevertering om het heterogene formaat immunogeprecipiteerde DNA te trimmen naar de eiwit-DNA-crosslinking site. Exonuclease behandeling elimineert ook niet-specifiek achtergrond DNA. Het door de bibliotheek voorbereide en exonuclease verteerde DNA kan worden verzonden voor sequencing met hoge doorvoer. De ChIP-exo-methode maakt een bijna base-pair mapping resolutie mogelijk met een grotere detectiegevoeligheid en een verminderd achtergrondsignaal. Een geoptimaliseerd ChIP-exo-protocol voor zoogdiercellen en sequencing van de volgende generatie wordt hieronder beschreven.

Figuur 2A illustreert sonicatieresultaten na cellyse en sonicatie, met verschillende cycli, van motorneuroncellen onderscheiden van muis ES-cellen. Het optimale aantal sonicatiecycli (bijvoorbeeld 12 cycli in figuur 2A)genereerde een sterke DNA-intensiteit in 100−400 bp DNA-fragmenten. Hoogwaardige ChIP-exo bibliotheken zijn gebaseerd op de grootte en kwantiteit van gefragmenteerd chromatine DNA. Optimalisatie van sonicatie wordt dus aanbevolen voor elk celtyp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease ChIP-Exo at JoVE.com

High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease ChIP-Exo

Nauwkeurige bepaling van eiwitbindende locaties in het genoom is belangrijk voor het begrijpen van genregulatie. Hier beschrijven we een genomische mapping methode die chromatine-immunogeprecipiteerd DNA behandelt met exonucleasevertering (ChIP-exo) gevolgd door sequencing met hoge doorvoer. Deze methode detecteert eiwit-DNA interacties met near base-pair mapping resolutie en hoge signaal-ruisverhouding bij zoogdierneuronen.

Hoge resolutie mapping van eiwit-DNA interacties in muis stamcel-afgeleide neuronen met behulp van chromatine immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (ChIP-Exo)

Identification of specific protein-DNA interactions on the genome is important for understanding gene regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled ...

The main advantage of our ChIP-exo method is the improved mapping resolution of protein DNA interactions in the cell compared to the conventional chromatin immunoprecipitation method. To prepare protein G magnetic beads for ChIP, mix the magnetic beads until homogeneous. Then add 25 microliters of the magnetic beads to a two milliliter protein low bind tube.Add one milliliter of blocking solution to the beads. Mix well by pipetting, then place the tube on a magnetic rack for one minute. Once the supernatant is clear, remove it.Next, add one milliliter of blocking solution to the beads. Place the tube on a rocking platform at four degrees Celsius and rock for 10 minutes, then briefly spin the tube. Place the tube on the magnetic rack and remove the supernatant.Add 500 microliters of blocking solution to the magnetic beads. Briefly spin the antibody against Islet-1, then add four micrograms of the antibody to the tube containing the magnetic beads. Place the tube containing magnetic beads and Islet-1 antibody on a rocking platform at four degrees Celsius and rock for six to 24 hours.To begin the chromatin immunoprecipitation, wash the antibody-coated beads in one milliliter of blocking solution. Place the tube containing the antibody-coated beads on a rocking platform at four degrees Celsius for five minutes. After briefly spinning, place the tube on a magnetic rack and remove the supernatant.Resuspend the antibody-coated beads in 50 microliters of blocking solution. Add one milliliter of sonicated lysates to the antibody-coated beads, then incubate the sample on a rocking platform at four degrees Celsius overnight. After allowing the sample to incubate overnight, collect liquid from the cap by briefly spinning the tube, then place the tube on a magnetic rack.And after one minute, remove the supernatant carefully with a pipette. Next, perform a series of washes as follows. Add one milliliter of cold wash buffer containing CPI to the sample.Mix the sample on a rocking platform at four degrees Celsius for five minutes. Briefly spin the sample tube, then place on a magnetic rack. After one minute, remove the supernatant with a pipette.For the first enzymatic reaction and repair and DA tailing, add 38 microliters of autoclaved double distilled water to the sample, then add end prep reaction mix and end prep enzyme mix. Mix the contents of the tube by pipetting, then incubate the sample at 20 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Next, wash the sample beads with high salt wash buffer, lithium chloride wash buffer, and 10 millimolar Tris hydrogen chloride buffer as described previously.To perform the index adapter ligation, add 27 microliters of cold 10 millimolar Tris hydrogen chloride buffer to the sample. Then add index adapter, ligation enhancer, and ligase master mix. Incubate the sample at 20 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes.Again, wash the sample beads with high salt wash buffer, lithium chloride wash buffer, and 10 millimolar Tris hydrogen chloride buffer. Then add 47 microliters of cold 10 millimolar Tris hydrogen chloride buffer to the sample. To repair the nick in the DNA resulting from the missing phosphodiester bond, add 11.1 microliters of the fill-in mix to the sample.Incubate the sample at 30 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. After a series of washes, add 50 microliters of cold autoclaved double distilled water to the sample. To digest the ChIP DNA in the five prime to three prime direction, add lambda exonuclease buffer and lambda exonuclease and mix the sample by pipetting.Incubate the sample at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. After the digestion is complete, repeat the three washes a final time. To elute ChIP sample from the beads, resuspend the sample in 75 microliters of ChIP elution buffer and incubator at 65 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes at 130 times G.Add 2.5 microliters of 20 milligrams per milliliter proteinase K to the sample.Vortex the sample briefly, then incubate overnight at 65 degrees Celsius. Briefly spin the sample and place on a magnetic rack. After one minute, transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5 milliliter tube.Purify and elute the DNA. After purifying the eluted DNA, transfer 16 microliters of the extracted DNA sample to a PCR tube. Add 1.2 microliters of denaturing and primer annealing mix to the sample.Using the program described in table six of the manuscript, denature and anneal primers to the template DNA. Add three microliters of primer extension mix to the sample and run the PCR program described in table seven of the manuscript. Add 4.1 microliters of DA tailing mix to the sample and run the sample using the PCR program in table eight of the manuscript.Then add 21.5 microliters of universal adapter ligation mix to the sample and incubate for 15 minutes at 20 degrees Celsius. Add 29 microliters of LM-PCR mix to the sample, then run the sample using the program from table 10 of the manuscript. Following 18 cycles of LM-PCR, ChIP-exo samples from mouse motor neurons were electrophoresed on a 1.5%agarose gel.The results for ChIP-exo Islet-1 showed amplified DNA libraries around 200 to 400 base pairs indicating that the ChIP-exo libraries were successfully amplified by LM-PCR. The band around 100 base pairs represents artifacts from adapters and PCR primers. The no antibody control demonstrates that non-specific background DNA was digested by the lambda exonuclease treatment.Using ChIP-exo and ChIP-seq, Islet-1 bound locations were identified. The ChIP-exo signal was highly focused at Islet-1 binding sites detecting multiple clustered Islet-1 transcription factor binding patterns. The ChIP-seq signal displayed broader signals indicating that ChIP-exo had higher mapping resolution than ChIP-seq for Islet-1.Multiple transcription factors often bind DNA next to each other as a protein-DNA complex. ChIP-exo allows us to study how multiple transcription factors recognize and regulate target DNA.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

High-Resolution Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions in Mouse Stem Cell-Derived Neurons using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Exonuclease (ChIP-Exo)

Mapping RNA-RNA Interactions Globally Using Biotinylated Psoralen

Knowing how RNAs interact with themselves and with others is key to understanding RNA based gene regulation in the cell. While examples of RNA-RNA ...

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genome-wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Interactions with ChEC-seq in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genoom-wide mapping van eiwit-DNA-interacties met ChEC-seq in<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Genome-wide mapping of protein-DNA interactions is critical for understanding gene regulation, chromatin remodeling, and other chromatin-resident ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in Mouse T-cell Lines

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ChIP in Mouse T-cell Lines

Chromatine Immunoprecipitatie (ChIP) in Muis T-cellijnen

Signaling pathways regulate gene expression programs via the modulation of the chromatin structure at different levels, such as by post-translational ...

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

Retrovirale Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites om de specifieke codespecifieke regio&#39;s te definiëren

Moloney murine leukemia (MLV) virus-based retroviral vectors integrate predominantly in acetylated enhancers and promoters. For this reason, mLV ...

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

Hoge resolutie fluorescentie In Situ hybridisatie in Drosophila embryo's en weefsels met behulp van Tyramide signaal versterking

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

Mapping Genome-wide Accessible Chromatin in Primary Human T Lymphocytes by ATAC-Seq

Toewijzing genoom-brede toegankelijk chromatine in primaire menselijke T lymfocyten door ATAC-Seq

Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) is a method used for the identification of open (accessible) regions ...

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Promotor Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, genoom-brede profilering van promotor interacties

The three-dimensional organization of the genome is linked to its function. For example, regulatory elements such as transcriptional enhancers control the ...

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

CRISPR-gemedieerde reorganisatie van chromatine lusstructuur

Recent studies have clearly shown that long-range, three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play a significant role in the regulation of gene ...

High-Resolution Comparison of Bacterial Conjugation Frequencies

Hoge resolutie vergelijking van bacteriële vervoeging frequenties

Bacterial conjugation is an important step in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via a conjugative DNA element. In-depth comparisons ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay Using Micrococcal Nucleases in Mammalian Cells

Chromatische immunoprecipitatie test met behulp van Micrococcal nucleasen in zoogdiercellen

To express cellular phenotypes in organisms, living cells execute gene expression accordingly, and transcriptional programs play a central role in gene ...