Name: simple detection of primary cilia by immunofluorescence
Uploaded: 2020-05-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence at JoVE.com

Dit werk werd ondersteund door het Ministerie van Defensie van de Tsjechische Republiek - Langetermijnorganisatie ontwikkelingsplan Medische aspecten van massavernietigingswapens van de faculteit Militaire Gezondheidswetenschappen, Universiteit van Defensie; het Ministerie van Onderwijs, Jeugd en Sport, Tsjechië (Specifiek Onderzoeksproject nr: SV/ FVZ201703) en PROGRES Q40/06. Dank ook aan Daniel Diaz voor zijn vriendelijke hulp in het Engels taalrevisie.

1. Bereiding van cultuurmedia, oplossingen en gerechten
<ol><li>Autoclave de coverslips (22 x 22 mm). Bereid 6 goed platen. Dooi foetaal runderserum (FBS) en antibiotica penicilline/streptomycine en verwarmen het kweekmedium tot kamertemperatuur (RT). Gebruik trypsin-EDTA (0,25%) en 1x PBS (fosfaat gebufferde zoutoplossing met calcium en magnesium) om de cellen door te geven.</li>
	<li>Bereid verse 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) voor in dH2O (800 mg PFA in 20 mL dH2O). De PFA moet voor elk experiment v...

<ol>
	<li>Alieva, I. B., Vorobjev, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertebrate+primary+cilia:+a+sensory+part+of+centrosomal+complex+in+tissue+cells,+but+a+"sleeping+beauty"+in+cultured+cells.">Vertebrate primary cilia: a sensory part of centrosomal complex in tissue cells, but a "sleeping beauty" in cultured cells.</a> Cell Biology International. 28 (2), 139-150 (2004).</li><li>Sloboda, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Primary cilia. , (2009).</li><li>Sharma, N., Kosan, Z. A., Stallworth, J. E., Berbari, N. F., Yoder, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soluble+levels+of+cytosolic+tubulin+regulate+ciliary+length+control.">Soluble levels of cytosolic tubulin regulate ciliary length control.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (6), 806-816 (2011).</li><li>Filipov&#225;, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionizing+radiation+increases+primary+cilia+incidence+and+induces+multiciliation+in+C2C12+myoblasts.">Ionizing radiation increases primary cilia incidence and induces multiciliation in C2C12 myoblasts.</a> Cell Biology International. 39 (8), 943-953 (2015).</li><li>Filipov&#225;, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+toxic+effect+of+cytostatics+on+primary+cilia+frequency+and+multiciliation.">The toxic effect of cytostatics on primary cilia frequency and multiciliation.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 23 (8), 5728-5736 (2019).</li><li>Gadadhar, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubulin+glycylation+controls+primary+cilia+length.">Tubulin glycylation controls primary cilia length.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 216 (9), 2701-2713 (2017).</li><li>Shamloo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+Hypobaric+Hypoxia+Modulates+Primary+Cilia+Differently+in+Adult+and+Fetal+Ovine+Kidneys.">Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia Modulates Primary Cilia Differently in Adult and Fetal Ovine Kidneys.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 8, 677 (2017).</li><li>Malone, A. M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilia+mediate+mechanosensing+in+bone+cells+by+a+calcium-independent+mechanism.">Primary cilia mediate mechanosensing in bone cells by a calcium-independent mechanism.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (33), 13325-13330 (2007).</li><li>Luesma, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enteric+neurons+show+a+primary+cilium.">Enteric neurons show a primary cilium.</a> Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 17 (1), 147-153 (2013).</li><li>Pugacheva, E. N., Jablonski, S. A., Hartman, T. R., Henske, E. P., Golemis, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HEF1-dependent+Aurora+A+activation+induces+disassembly+of+the+primary+cilium.">HEF1-dependent Aurora A activation induces disassembly of the primary cilium.</a> Cell. 129 (7), 1351-1363 (2007).</li><li>Li, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+transition+zone+activation+of+phosphorylated+Tctex-1+controls+ciliary+resorption,+S-phase+entry+and+fate+of+neural+progenitors.">Ciliary transition zone activation of phosphorylated Tctex-1 controls ciliary resorption, S-phase entry and fate of neural progenitors.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 13 (4), 402-411 (2011).</li><li>Spalluto, C., Wilson, D. I., Hearn, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+reciliation+of+RPE1+cells+in+late+G1+phase,+and+ciliary+localisation+of+cyclin+B1.">Evidence for reciliation of RPE1 cells in late G1 phase, and ciliary localisation of cyclin B1.</a> FEBS Open Bio. 3, 334-340 (2013).</li><li>Malicki, J. J., Johnson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Cilium:+Cellular+Antenna+and+Central+Processing+Unit.">The Cilium: Cellular Antenna and Central Processing Unit.</a> Trends in Cell Biology. 27 (2), 126-140 (2017).</li><li>Morleo, M., Franco, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Autophagy-Cilia+Axis:+An+Intricate+Relationship.">The Autophagy-Cilia Axis: An Intricate Relationship.</a> Cells. 8 (8), 905 (2019).</li><li>Ott, C., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+live+primary+cilia+dynamics+using+fluorescence+microscopy.">Visualization of live primary cilia dynamics using fluorescence microscopy.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology. , (2012).</li><li>Sun, S., Fisher, R. L., Bowser, S. S., Pentecost, B. T., Sui, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+architecture+of+epithelial+primary+cilia.">Three-dimensional architecture of epithelial primary cilia.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (19), 9370-9379 (2019).</li><li>Lauring, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+software+for+automated+cilia+detection+in+cells+(ACDC).">New software for automated cilia detection in cells (ACDC).</a> Cilia. 8 (1), 1 (2019).</li><li>Conroy, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C-NAP1+and+rootletin+restrain+DNA+damage-induced+centriole+splitting+and+facilitate+ciliogenesis.">C-NAP1 and rootletin restrain DNA damage-induced centriole splitting and facilitate ciliogenesis.</a> Cell Cycle. 11 (20), 3769-3778 (2012).</li><li>Kim, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+screen+identifies+novel+machineries+required+for+both+ciliogenesis+and+cell+cycle+arrest+upon+serum+starvation.">Genome-wide screen identifies novel machineries required for both ciliogenesis and cell cycle arrest upon serum starvation.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1863 (6), 1307-1318 (2016).</li><li>Yuan, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilia+are+decreased+in+breast+cancer:+analysis+of+a+collection+of+human+breast+cancer+cell+lines+and+tissues.">Primary cilia are decreased in breast cancer: analysis of a collection of human breast cancer cell lines and tissues.</a> The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 58 (10), 857-870 (2010).</li><li>Smith, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+HDAC6+Activity+Modulates+Ciliogenesis+and+Subsequent+Mechanosensing+of+Endothelial+Cells+Derived+from+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells.">Differential HDAC6 Activity Modulates Ciliogenesis and Subsequent Mechanosensing of Endothelial Cells Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells.</a> Cell Reports. 24 (4), 895-908 (2018).</li><li>Mirvis, M., Siemers, K. A., Nelson, W. J., Stearns, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilium+loss+in+mammalian+cells+occurs+predominantly+by+whole-cilium+shedding.">Primary cilium loss in mammalian cells occurs predominantly by whole-cilium shedding.</a> PLOS Biology. 17 (7), 3000381 (2019).</li><li>Hua, K., Ferland, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixation+methods+can+differentially+affect+ciliary+protein+immunolabeling.">Fixation methods can differentially affect ciliary protein immunolabeling.</a> Cilia. 6 (1), 5 (2017).</li><li>Lim, Y. C., McGlashan, S. R., Cooling, M. T., Long, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+and+detection+of+primary+cilia+in+endothelial+cell+models.">Culture and detection of primary cilia in endothelial cell models.</a> Cilia. 4, 11 (2015).</li><li>DiDonato, D., Brasaemle, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixation+methods+for+the+study+of+lipid+droplets+by+immunofluorescence+microscopy.">Fixation methods for the study of lipid droplets by immunofluorescence microscopy.</a> The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 51 (6), 773-780 (2003).</li></ol>

Verschillende auteurs hebben diverse methoden beschreven voor de detectie van primaire trilharen, soms ook het beschrijven van verschillende fixatiemethoden die hun detectie kunnen beïnvloeden6,20,21,22. Hoe dan ook, het is moeilijk om een compleet en eenvoudig protocol voor detectie te vinden. De beschikbaarheid van een dergelijke methode zou ongetwijfeld van grote hulp zijn voor de studie va...

Primaire trilharen zijn zintuiglijke, solitaire, membraangebonden, niet-moge structuren geassocieerd met de moeder van de cel centriole. Primaire trilharen worden gevonden op de meeste gewervelde cellen, met uitzondering van rode bloedcellen, adipocyten1, en hepatocyten2. Primaire trilharen worden gevormd als een langwerpig axoneme samengesteld door microtubuli, waarvan de belangrijkste component α-tubuline is. De axoneme groeit uit het basale lichaam, dat is gestructureerd uit γ-tubuline. De lengte van de primaire trilharen varieert tussen 2-10 μm; de afmetingen kunnen echter veranderen tijdens glycyleratie, honger, hypoxie, cytotoxische stress of na blootstelling aan ioniserende straling3,4,5,6,7. Meestal hebben cellen slechts één primair cilium, dat betrokken is bij morfogenese en celsignaleringstrajecten die belangrijk zijn voor celproliferatie en differentiatie8,9.
Primaire trilharen worden dynamisch gereguleerd tijdens de progressie van de celcyclus, met name tijdens de G0/G1-fasen, en resorbed voordat ze mitose ingaan in een proces dat gepaard gaat met tubuline-deacetylatie bemiddeld door HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6)10. Het exacte moment van primaire cilia resorptie is afhankelijk van het celtype en de expressie van genen die direct betrokken zijn bij dit proces, zoals Aurora A, Plk1, TcTex-11111,12,13. Afhankelijk van het celtype, de primaire trilharen uitdrukken verschillende soorten receptoren, ionkanalen, en actieve signalering trajecten. Deze omvatten de belangrijkste signaleringreceptoren die proliferatie en overleving beïnvloeden, EGFR, PDGFR en FGFR. Ook inbegrepen zijn enkele van de signalering trajecten die de functie van een of meer organen kunnen beïnvloeden, met inbegrip van Hedgehog, Notch, en Wnt. Dankzij deze receptoren en signalering trajecten, de primaire trilharen ook een chemosensorische functie uit te voeren. Deze functie maakt het mogelijk primaire trilharen om specifieke liganden voor Notch, hormonen, en biologisch actieve stoffen zoals serotonine of somatostatine detecteren. Andere specifieke functies tentoongesteld door primaire trilharen van verschillende lengtes zijn reactie op veranderingen in temperatuur, zwaartekracht en osmolaliteit14.
Primaire trilharen kunnen worden gevisualiseerd door middel van verschillende methoden, zoals live visualisatie, transmissie elektronenmicroscopie, 3D-beeldvorming, of door software voor de automatische detectie van primaire trilharen5,,15,,16,17. Echter, deze methoden zijn zeer gespecialiseerd en voortdurend onderzoek moet fundamentele, snelle en eenvoudige methoden voor het beitsen van primaire trilharen in elke fase van het onderzoek. Beschreven is een eenvoudige en nuttige methode voor de detectie van primaire trilharen in gekweekte cellen.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">TPP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">92406</td>
			<td style="width:581px;">Dimensions 128x86x22 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Alexa Fluor488</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">111-546-047</td>
			<td>AffiniPure F(ab&#39;)&#8322; Fragment Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Anti-Tubulin &#947;</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T5192</td>
			<td>Polyclonal Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">C2C12</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-1772</td>
			<td>Myoblast (mouse)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Cy3</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C2181</td>
			<td>Anti-Mouse IgG (whole molecule) F(ab&#8242;)2 fragment&#8211;Cy3 antibody produced in sheep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Dapi (4&#8242;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Dulbecco&#180;s Modified Eagle&#180;s medium</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11960044</td>
			<td>High glucose, No glutamine, Gibco</td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:384px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8662</td>
			<td>With MgCl2 and CaCl2, Sterile-filtered, Suitable for cell culture</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16000044</td>
			<td>Sterile-Filtered, Gibco</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G7513</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">MEF</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SCRC-1039</td>
			<td>Mouse embryonic fibroblast</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Monoclonal Anti-Acetylated Tubulin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T7451</td>
			<td>Monoclonal Anti-Acetylated Tubulin antibody produced in mouse</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">NHLF</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CC-2512</td>
			<td>Primary lung fibroblasts (human)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">005-000-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">158127-500G</td>
			<td>Powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P0781</td>
			<td>10,000 units penicillin and 10 mg streptomycin per mL in 0.9% NaCl, Sterile-Filtered</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P36961</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:384px;">Skin fibroblasts</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kindly gifted from Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kr&#225;lov&#233;.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Square Cover Slips</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22X22-1.5</td>
			<td>Borosilicate glass, 22x22mm, Square</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11332481001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:384px;">Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200072</td>
			<td>Sterile-Filtered, Gibco</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simple detection of primary cilia by immunofluorescence

Primaire trilharen worden dynamisch gereguleerd tijdens de progressie van de celcyclus, met name tijdens de G0/G1-fasen van de celcyclus, die opnieuw worden bedhuisig vóór mitose. Primaire trilharen kunnen worden gevisualiseerd met zeer geavanceerde methoden, waaronder transmissie elektronenmicroscopie, 3D-beeldvorming, of met behulp van software voor de automatische detectie van primaire trilharen. Immunofluorescente kleuring van primaire trilharen is echter nodig om deze methoden uit te voeren. Deze publicatie beschrijft een protocol voor de eenvoudige detectie van primaire trilharen in vitro door het beitsen van geacetyleerde alfa tubuline (axoneme) en gamma tubuline (basaal lichaam). Dit immunofluorescente kleuringsprotocol is relatief eenvoudig en resulteert in beelden van hoge kwaliteit. Het huidige protocol beschrijft hoe vier cellijnen (C2C12, MEF, NHLF en huidfibroblasten) die primaire trilharen uitdrukken, werden vastgesteld, immunostained en afgebeeld met een fluorescerende of confocale microscoop.

De immunofluorescente kleuring van primaire trilharen is een relatief eenvoudige procedure die resulteert in beelden van hoge kwaliteit. In deze experimenten werden fibroblasten die primaire trilharen uitdrukken, in een fluorescerende of confocale microscoop in beeld gebracht volgens het hierboven beschreven protocol. Het primaire cilium werd gedetecteerd met behulp van acetylated α-tubuline en γ-tubuline. De evaluatie van primaire trilharen kan op verschillende niveaus worden uitgevoerd en elke verandering in dit verb...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence at JoVE.com

Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence

Primaire trilharen zijn extracellulaire structuren geassocieerd met de centriole. Primaire trilharendetectie door immunofluorescente kleuring is een relatief eenvoudige procedure die resulteert in beelden van zeer hoge kwaliteit. In dit protocol werden fibroblasten die primaire trilharen uitdrukken, vastgehouden, en afgebeeld in een fluorescerende of confocale microscoop.

Eenvoudige detectie van primaire trilharen door immunofluorescentie

Primary cilia are dynamically regulated during cell cycle progression, specifically during the G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle, being resorbed prior to ...

Dit protocol zorgt voor een snelle en eenvoudige detectie van primaire trilharen in gekweekte cellen, binnen een verscheidenheid van onderzoek inspanningen. De methode kan worden gebruikt in wanorde die de basale lichamen van primaire trilharen beïnvloeden. Deze procedure kan ook worden toegepast voor het bevlekken primaire trilharen in paraffine ingebed weefsel of voor andere experimenten waar fluorescentie nodig is.Begin met autoclaving 22 bij 22 millimeter afdek slips, en de voorbereiding van materialen voor het experiment. Ontdooi FBS en penicilline streptomycine, en warm de cultuur medium tot kamertemperatuur. Doorsnee de cellen met trypsine EDTA en PBS.Bereid verse 4% paraformaldehyde, cultuur medium, en 1%gelatine oplossing, volgens manuscript richtingen. Reinig vervolgens de laminaire stroomkap met 70% ethanol en plaats alle benodigde materialen erin. Paraformaldehyde is uiterst gevaarlijk.Goede PPE moet te allen tijde worden gedragen, en het mag alleen worden behandeld in een chemische kap. Na het kweken van de gewenste cellen tot 70% samenvloeiing verwijder ze uit de incubator, en plaats ze in de laminaire stroomkap. Verwijder het kweekmedium en spoel de cellen twee keer af met PBS.Voeg ongeveer twee milliliter van 0,25% trypsin EDTA toe aan de kweekfles en broed het vijf minuten lang uit met 37 graden Celsius. Controleer de cellen periodiek op de omgekeerde microscoop om de onthechting te controleren. Wanneer de cellen hebben losgemaakt zachtjes resuspend ze in 10 milliliter van cultuur medium, pipetting zorgvuldig om een enkele cel suspensie te creëren.Breng de celsuspensie over naar een conische buis van 50 milliliter en vercentrifugeer het op 200 keer G'gedurende vijf minuten. Decanteer de supernatant voeg vervolgens 10 milliliter cultuurmedium toe en zet de pellet voorzichtig opnieuw op te hangen. Neem 20 microliter van de celsuspensie en meng deze met trypanblauw met een volumeverhouding van één op één.Tel vervolgens de cellen met behulp van standaard hemocytometrie. Plaats een deksel slip in elke put van een zes put plaat, en de vacht van de cover slip met twee milliliter van de gelatine oplossing, die zal helpen de cellen aan de cover slip. Verwijder de gelatine en laat de plaat enkele minuten luchtdrogen.Zaad 100.000 fibroblasten in elke put en voeg twee milliliter cultuurmedium toe. Dan incubeer de cellen voor 24 uur op 37 graden Celsius, vijf procent kooldioxide, en 90% relatieve vochtigheid. Na de incubatie behandelen de cellen om ciliatie te induceren.Verwarm de 4%paraformaldehyde op kamertemperatuur en bereid een weilandpipets, ABS, een afvalcontainer, 15 milliliter conische buizen, micropipettes en tips. Neem de cellen uit de couveuse en leg ze op de labbank. Verwijder de media uit elke put, waardoor de cover slip.Was de cellen voorzichtig drie keer met twee milliliter PBS. Voeg vervolgens twee milliliter van de 4%PFA in elke put om de cellen vast te stellen. Incubeer de plaat gedurende 10 minuten bij kamertemperatuur, verwijder vervolgens de PFA en herhaal de wasbeurten met PBS.Voeg twee milliliter van 0,5% Triton X-100 aan elke put, en broeden de plaat gedurende 15 minuten. Was vervolgens de putten vier keer met PBS. Om de blokkerende oplossing te maken, ontdooit u een geitenserum gedurende vijf minuten en verdunt u het in PBS met een verhouding van één tot 20.Voeg 150 microliter van deze oplossing toe aan elke afdeksel en ontcubeer de plaat gedurende 20 minuten. Ontdooi de primaire antilichamen gedurende vijf minuten en verdun ze afzonderlijk in PBS, zoals beschreven in het tekstmanuscript. Verwijder de blokkeeroplossing uit de afdekbons en voeg 150 microliter van beide antilichaamoplossingen toe.Vervolgens de plaat 60 minuten incubeer maken bij kamertemperatuur. Verwijder de primaire antilichamen en was de afdekking voorzichtig drie keer met twee milliliter PBS. Verdun Cy3 Sheep Anti-Mouse en Alexa fluor 488 Goat anti-Rabbit in PBS, met een verhouding van één tot 300, en voeg 150 microliters van beide secundaire antilichaamoplossingen toe aan de cover slip.Bereid een werkende DAPI-oplossing door verdunnen 10 microliter van de voorraad in 50 milliliter PBS, en voeg twee milliliter van deze verdunning aan de cover slips. Broed de plaat vijf minuten in het donker, bij kamertemperatuur. Voordat u de afdekking op de dia's plaatst, bereidt u twee naalden, een pincet en bevestigingsmedia en labelt u alle dia's.Haal de DAPI-oplossing uit de putten en was ze drie keer met PBS. Zet een druppel montagemedia op elke dia. Gebruik de naald om de afdeksel voorzichtig van de bodem van de put op te tillen.Draai het vervolgens om en plaats het voorzichtig over de druppel montagemedia met behulp van de pincet. Verwijder voorzichtig eventuele bubbels. Bescherm de dia's tegen licht en bewaar ze 's nachts op vier graden Celsius.Gebruik de volgende dag een fluorescerende of confocale microscoop met een hoge vergroting om de primaire trilharen te visualiseren. Dit protocol werd gebruikt om immunostain vast te stellen, en beeld verschillende cellijnen uitdrukken primaire trilharen. Wanneer muis myoblasten werden blootgesteld aan ioniserende straling bij verschillende doses, bleek dat hogere doses het verschijnen van meerdere primaire trilharen induceren.Terwijl lage doses resulteerde in het verschijnen van enkele primaire trilharen. Evenzo, wanneer menselijke longfibroblasten werden uitgestraald bij een lage dosis, werden enkele primaire trilharen gedetecteerd door immunofluorescentie. Een toename van primaire trilharen werd waargenomen bij embryonale fibroblasten van muizen die uitgehongerd waren, waaruit bleek dat metabole stress de incidenten van primaire trilharen beïnvloedt.Wanneer huidfibroblasten werden behandeld met 120 nanomolar doxorubicine, ze uitgedrukt een enkele primaire cilium. Hogere doses veroorzaken het verschijnen van meerdere primaire trilharen. Fibroblasten behandeld met 1,25 nanomolar Taxol ook uitgedrukt een enkele primaire cilium.Maar meerdere trilharen werden niet gedetecteerd na behandeling met hogere doses. Bij het openen van dit protocol zorg ervoor dat alle PPE regelgeving te volgen. Houd in gedachten de cultuur behoeften van uw cel lijn van keuze en koos uw antilichamen zorgvuldig.Deze procedure kan niet direct worden gevolgd door andere procedures, omdat de cellen onherstelbaar zijn. In plaats daarvan moeten parallelle experimenten worden geprogrammeerd.

simple-detection-of-primary-cilia-by-immunofluorescence

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Immunofluorescent Detection of Two Thymidine Analogues (CldU and IdU) in Primary Tissue

Accurate measurement of cell division is a fundamental challenge in experimental biology that becomes increasingly complex when slowly dividing cells are analyzed. Established methods to detect cell division include direct visualization by continuous microscopy in cell culture, dilution of vital dyes such as carboxy&#64258;uorescein di-aetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), immuno-detection of mitogenic antigens such as ki67 or PCNA, and thymidine analogues. Thymidine analogues can be detected by a variety of methods including radio-detection for tritiated thymidine, immuno-detection for bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU), chloro-deoxyuridine (CldU) and iodo-deoxyuridine (IdU), and chemical detection for ethinyl-deoxyuridine (EdU). We have derived a strategy to detect sequential incorporation of different thymidine analogues (CldU and IdU) into tissues of adult mice. Our method allows investigators to accurately quantify two successive rounds of cell division. By optimizing immunostaining protocols our approach can detect very low dose thymidine analogues administered via the drinking water, safe to administer to mice for prolonged periods of time. Consequently, our technique can be used to detect cell turnover in very long-lived tissues. Optimal immunofluoresent staining results can be achieved in multiple tissue types, including pancreas, skin, gut, liver, adrenal, testis, ovary, thyroid, lymph node, and brain. We have also applied this technique to identify oncogenic transformation within tissues. We have further applied this technique to determine if transit-amplifying cells contribute to growth or renewal of tissues. In this sense, sequential administration of thymidine analogues represents a novel approach for studying the origins and survival of cells involved in tissue homeostasis.

Immunofluorescent Detection of Two Thymidine Analogues CldU and IdU in Primary Tissue

We have derived a strategy to detect sequential incorporation of thymidine analogues (CldU and IdU) into tissues of adult mice to quantify two successive rounds of cell division. This strategy is useful to detect cell turnover of long-lived tissues, oncogenic transformation, or transit-amplifying cells.

Immunofluorescentie detectie van twee thymidine-analogen (CldU en IDU) in het jeugdwerk Tissue

Accurate measurement of cell division is a fundamental challenge in experimental biology that becomes increasingly complex when slowly dividing cells are ...

Detection of Functional Matrix Metalloproteinases by Zymography

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing endopeptidases. They degrade proteins by cleavage of peptide bonds. More than twenty MMPs have been identified and are separated into six groups based on their structure and substrate specificity (collagenases, gelatinases, membrane type [MT-MMP], stromelysins, matrilysins, and others). MMPs play a critical role in cell invasion, cartilage degradation, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and embryogenesis. They therefore participate in both normal processes and in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease1-6. Here, we will focus on MMP-2 (gelatinase A, type IV collagenase), a widely expressed MMP. We will demonstrate how to detect MMP-2 in cell culture supernatants by zymography, a commonly used, simple, and yet very sensitive technique first described in 1980 by C. Heussen and E.B. Dowdle7-10. This technique is semi-quantitative, it can therefore be used to determine MMP levels in test samples when known concentrations of recombinant MMP are loaded on the same gel11.
Solutions containing MMPs (e.g. cell culture supernatants, urine, or serum) are loaded onto a polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; to linearize the proteins) and gelatin (substrate for MMP-2). The sample buffer is designed to increase sample viscosity (to facilitate gel loading), provide a tracking dye (bromophenol blue; to monitor sample migration), provide denaturing molecules (to linearize proteins), and control the pH of the sample. Proteins are then allowed to migrate under an electric current in a running buffer designed to provide a constant migration rate. The distance of migration is inversely correlated with the molecular weight of the protein (small proteins move faster through the gel than large proteins do and therefore migrate further down the gel). After migration, the gel is placed in a renaturing buffer to allow proteins to regain their tertiary structure, necessary for enzymatic activity. The gel is then placed in a developing buffer designed to allow the protease to digest its substrate. The developing buffer also contains p-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) to activate the non-proteolytic pro-MMPs into active MMPs. The next step consists of staining the substrate (gelatin in our example). After washing the excess dye off the gel, areas of protease digestion appear as clear bands. The clearer the band, the more concentrated the protease it contains. Band staining intensity can then be determined by densitometry, using a software such as ImageJ, allowing for sample comparison.

This protocol describes an activity-based assay for detecting matrix metalloproteinases in culture supernatants or body fluids.

Detectie van Functionele matrix metalloproteinasen door zymografie

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing endopeptidases. They degrade proteins by cleavage of peptide bonds. More than twenty MMPs have been ...

Detection of Post-translational Modifications on Native Intact Nucleosomes by ELISA

The genome of eukaryotes exists as chromatin which contains both DNA and proteins. The fundamental unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains 146 base pairs of DNA associated with two each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H41. The N-terminal tails of histones are rich in lysine and arginine and are modified post-transcriptionally by acetylation, methylation, and other post-translational modifications (PTMs). The PTM configuration of nucleosomes can affect the transcriptional activity of associated DNA, thus providing a mode of gene regulation that is epigenetic in nature 2,3. We developed a method called nucleosome ELISA (NU-ELISA) to quantitatively determine global PTM signatures of nucleosomes extracted from cells. NU-ELISA is more sensitive and quantitative than western blotting, and is useful to interrogate the epiproteomic state of specific cell types. This video journal article shows detailed procedures to perform NU-ELISA analysis.

Nucleosome ELISA (NU-ELISA) is a sensitive and quantitative method to detect global patterns of post-translational modifications in preparations of native, intact nucleosomes. These modifications include methylations, acetylations, and phosphorylations at specific histone amino acid residues, and hence NU-ELISA provides a global proteomic assay of the overall chromatin modification states of specific cell types.

Detectie van post-translationele modificaties op native Intact Nucleosomen door middel van ELISA

The genome of eukaryotes exists as chromatin which contains both DNA and proteins. The fundamental unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains 146 ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Viruses that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many aspects of host cell function are commandeered by viruses, usually by the expression of viral gene products that recruit host cell proteins and machineries. Moreover, viruses engineer specific membrane organelles or tag on to mobile vesicles and motor proteins to target regions of the cell (during de novo infection, viruses co-opt molecular motor proteins to target the nucleus; later, during virus assembly, they will hijack cellular machineries that will help in the assembly of viruses). Less is understood on how viruses, in particular those with RNA genomes, coordinate the intracellular trafficking of both protein and RNA components and how they achieve assembly of infectious particles at specific loci in the cell. The study of RNA localization began in earlier work. Developing lower eukaryotic embryos and neuronal cells provided important biological information, and also underscored the importance of RNA localization in the programming of gene expression cascades. The study in other organisms and cell systems has yielded similar important information. Viruses are obligate parasites and must utilise their host cells to replicate. Thus, it is critical to understand how RNA viruses direct their RNA genomes from the nucleus, through the nuclear pore, through the cytoplasm and on to one of its final destinations, into progeny virus particles 1.
FISH serves as a useful tool to identify changes in steady-state localization of viral RNA. When combined with immunofluorescence (IF) analysis 22, FISH/IF co-analyses will provide information on the co-localization of proteins with the viral RNA3. This analysis therefore provides a good starting point to test for RNA-protein interactions by other biochemical or biophysical tests 4,5, since co-localization by itself is not enough evidence to be certain of an interaction. In studying viral RNA localization using a method like this, abundant information has been gained on both viral and cellular RNA trafficking events 6. For instance, HIV-1 produces RNA in the nucleus of infected cells but the RNA is only translated in the cytoplasm. When one key viral protein is missing (Rev) 7, FISH of the viral RNA has revealed that the block to viral replication is due to the retention of the HIV-1 genomic RNA in the nucleus 8. 
Here, we present the method for visual analysis of viral genomic RNA in situ. The method makes use of a labelled RNA probe. This probe is designed to be complementary to the viral genomic RNA. During the in vitro synthesis of the antisense RNA probe, the ribonucleotide that is modified with digoxigenin (DIG) is included in an in vitro transcription reaction. Once the probe has hybridized to the target mRNA in cells, subsequent antibody labelling steps (Figure 1) will reveal the localization of the mRNA as well as proteins of interest when performing FISH/IF.

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was developed to visually detect viral genomic RNA using fluorescence microscopy. A probe is made with specificity to the viral RNA that can then be identified using a combination of hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. This technique offers the advantage of identifying the localization of the viral RNA or DNA at steady-state, providing information on the control of intracellular virus trafficking events.

Detectie van virale RNA door fluorescentie<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridisatie (FISH)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

Analysis of Gene Function and Visualization of Cilia-Generated Fluid Flow in Kupffer's Vesicle

Internal organs such as the heart, brain, and gut develop left-right (LR) asymmetries that are critical for their normal functions1. Motile cilia are involved in establishing LR asymmetry in vertebrate embryos, including mouse, frog, and zebrafish2-6. These 'LR cilia' generate asymmetric fluid flow that is necessary to trigger a conserved asymmetric Nodal (TGF-&beta; superfamily) signaling cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm, which is thought to provide LR patterning information for developing organs7. Thus, to understand mechanisms underlying LR patterning, it is essential to identify genes that regulate the organization of LR ciliated cells, the motility and length of LR cilia and their ability to generate robust asymmetric flow.
In the zebrafish embryo, LR cilia are located in Kupffer's vesicle (KV)2,4,5. KV is comprised of a single layer of monociliated epithelial cells that enclose a fluid-filled lumen. Fate mapping has shown that KV is derived from a group of ~20-30 cells known as dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) that migrate at the dorsal blastoderm margin during epiboly stages8,9. During early somite stages, DFCs cluster and differentiate into ciliated epithelial cells to form KV in the tailbud of the embryo10,11. The ability to identify and track DFCs&mdash;in combination with optical transparency and rapid development of the zebrafish embryo&mdash;make zebrafish KV an excellent model system to study LR ciliated cells.
Interestingly, progenitors of the DFC/KV cell lineage retain cytoplasmic bridges between the yolk cell up to 4 hr post-fertilization (hpf), whereas cytoplasmic bridges between the yolk cell and other embryonic cells close after 2 hpf8. Taking advantage of these cytoplasmic bridges, we developed a stage-specific injection strategy to deliver morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) exclusively to DFCs and knockdown the function of a targeted gene in these cells12. This technique creates chimeric embryos in which gene function is knocked down in the DFC/KV lineage developing in the context of a wild-type embryo. To analyze asymmetric fluid flow in KV, we inject fluorescent microbeads into the KV lumen and record bead movement using videomicroscopy2. Fluid flow is easily visualized and can be quantified by tracking bead displacement over time.
Here, using the stage-specific DFC-targeted gene knockdown technique and injection of fluorescent microbeads into KV to visualize flow, we present a protocol that provides an effective approach to characterize the role of a particular gene during KV development and function.

Analysis of Gene Function and Visualization of Cilia-Generated Fluid Flow in Kupffer&#039;s Vesicle

Cilia-generated fluid flow in Kupffer&#x2019;s Vesicle (KV) controls left-right patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Here, we describe a technique to modulate gene function specifically in KV cells. In addition, we show how to deliver fluorescent beads into KV to visualize fluid flow.

Analyse van gen-functie en visualisatie van Cilia-gegenereerde Fluid Flow in Blaasjes Kupffer&#39;s

Internal organs such as the  heart, brain, and gut develop left-right (LR) asymmetries that are critical for  their normal functions1. Motile cilia are ...

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

A unique open reading frame (ORF) Z3276 was identified as a specific genetic marker for E. coli O157:H7. A qPCR assay was developed for detection of E. coli O157:H7 by targeting ORF Z3276. With this assay, we can detect as low as a few copies of the genome of DNA of E. coli O157:H7. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were confirmed by intensive validation tests with a large number of E. coli O157:H7 strains (n = 369) and non-O157 strains (n = 112). Furthermore, we have combined propidium monoazide (PMA) procedure with the newly developed qPCR protocol for selective detection of live cells from dead cells. Amplification of DNA from PMA-treated dead cells was almost completely inhibited in contrast to virtually unaffected amplification of DNA from PMA-treated live cells. Additionally, the protocol has been modified and adapted to a 96-well plate format for an easy and consistent handling of a large number of samples. This method is expected to have an impact on accurate microbiological and epidemiological monitoring of food safety and environmental source.

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

A qPCR assay was developed for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 targeting a unique genetic marker, Z3276. The qPCR was combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment for live cell detection. This protocol has been modified and adapted to a 96-well plate format for easy and consistent handling of numerous samples

Detectie van Levende<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; O157: H7 cellen door PMA-qPCR

A unique open reading frame (ORF) Z3276 was identified as a specific genetic marker for E. coli O157:H7. A qPCR assay was developed for detection of E. ...

Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3

Whole-mount immunofluorescence to detect activated Caspase 3 (Casp3 assay) is useful to identify cells undergoing either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. The whole-mount analysis provides spatial information in regard to tissue specificity of apoptosing cells, although sectioning and/or colabeling is ultimately required to pinpoint the exact cell types undergoing apoptosis. The whole-mount Casp3 assay is optimized for analysis of fixed embryos between the 4-cell stage and 32 hr-post-fertilization and is useful for a number of applications, including analysis of zebrafish mutants and morphants, overexpression of mutant and wild-type mRNAs, and exposure to chemicals. Compared to acridine orange staining, which can identify apoptotic cells in live embryos in a matter of hours, Casp3 and TUNEL assays take considerably longer to complete (2-4 days). However, because of the dynamic nature of apoptotic cell formation and clearance, analysis of fixed embryos ensures accurate comparison of apoptotic cells across multiple samples at specific time points. We have also found the Casp3 assay to be superior to analysis of apoptotic cells by the whole-mount TUNEL assay in regard to cost and reliability. Overall, the Casp3 assay represents a robust, highly reproducible assay in which to analyze apoptotic cells in early zebrafish embryos.

Certain genetic perturbations or exposure to toxins can disrupt normal developmental processes leading to death of specific cell types. The analysis of activated Caspase 3 by whole-mount immunofluorescence in zebrafish embryos reveals stage- and tissue-specific localization of cells specifically undergoing apoptosis.

Whole-mount immunofluorescence to detect activated Caspase 3 (Casp3 assay) is useful to identify cells undergoing either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

In Vivo 4-dimensionale Tracking van hematopoietische stamcellen en progenitorcellen in volwassen muis calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

Fecale Glucocorticoïd Analyse: Niet-invasieve bijnier Toezicht op Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is an optical imaging technique for high-contrast imaging. It is a powerful approach to visualize fluorescent fusion proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), to determine their expression, localization, and function. The subcellular localization of target proteins is important for identification, characterization, and functional analyses. Internalization is one of the predominant mechanisms controlling G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling to ensure the appropriate cellular responses to stimuli. Here, we describe an experimental method to detect the subcellular localization and internalization of GPCR in HEK293 cells with confocal microscopy. In addition, this experiment provides some details about cell culture and transfection. This protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available fluorescent markers and is applicable to the visualization of the subcellular localization of a majority of proteins, as well as of the internalization of GPCR. This technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate GPCR gene expression in mammalian cell lines and should facilitate studies on GPCR subcellular localization and internalization.

This protocol describes confocal microscopy detection of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) internalization in mammalian cells. It includes the basic cell culture, transfection, and confocal microscopy procedure and provides an efficient and easily interpretable method to detect the subcellular localization and internalization of fusion-expressed GPCR.

Detectie van ligand-geactiveerde G-proteïne gekoppelde receptor internalisatie door confocale microscopie

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is an optical imaging technique for high-contrast imaging. It is a powerful approach to visualize fluorescent ...