Name: rapid and cost-effective rna extraction of rat pancreatic tissue
Uploaded: 2020-09-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid and Cost-Effective RNA Extraction of Rat Pancreatic Tissue at JoVE.com

Den nåværende studien ble økonomisk støttet av Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Grant No. 93-01-01-7178\03-07-2014). Vi takker Mr. Zomorodian og Mr. Rostami ved Institutt for e-læring i medisinske vitenskaper, Virtual School og Center of Excellence i e-læring, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for redigering av videoen.

Etisk godkjenning for denne studien ble innhentet fra Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Godkjenningsnummer: 93-01-01-7178\03-07-2014). approval
MERK: Bruk hannSprague–Dawley rotter som veier 250 g. Plasser hetteglasset som inneholder en sliver av bukspyttkjertelvev nedsenket i RNA stabiliserende reagens i en flytende nitrogentank ved -80 °C og bruk RNA ekstraksjonsreagensoppløsning for å opprettholde integriteten til RNA.
1. Fjerning av rot...

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S., Aubin, R. A., Bura, C. A., Curran, I. H., Matula, T. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ensuring+recovery+of+intact+RNA+from+rat+pancreas.">Ensuring recovery of intact RNA from rat pancreas.</a> Molecular Biotechnology. 6 (3), 359-362 (1996).</li><li>Hernandez, G. E., Mondala, T. S., Head, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+a+novel+room+temperature+RNA+storage+medium+for+compatibility+in+microarray+gene+expression+analysis.">Assessing a novel room temperature RNA storage medium for compatibility in microarray gene expression analysis.</a> Biotechniques. 47 (2), 667 (2009).</li><li>Mullin, A. E., Soukatcheva, G., Verchere, C. B., Chantler, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+in+situ+ductal+perfusion+to+facilitate+isolation+of+high-quality+RNA+from+mouse+pancreas.">Application of in situ ductal perfusion to facilitate isolation of high-quality RNA from mouse pancreas.</a> Biotechniques. 40 (5), 617 (2006).</li><li>Li, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+method+using+TRIzol+reagent+and+liquid+nitrogen+produces+high-quality+RNA+from+rat+pancreas.">A modified method using TRIzol reagent and liquid nitrogen produces high-quality RNA from rat pancreas.</a> Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 158 (2), 253-261 (2009).</li><li>Griffin, M., Abu-El-Haija, M., Abu-El-Haija, M., Rokhlina, T., Uc, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+and+versatile+method+for+obtaining+high+quality+rna+from+pancreas.">A simplified and versatile method for obtaining high quality rna from pancreas.</a> Biotechniques. 52 (5), 332 (2012).</li><li>Jun, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+optimization+for+extracting+high-quality+RNA+from+the+human+pancreas+tissue.">Method optimization for extracting high-quality RNA from the human pancreas tissue.</a> Translation Oncology. 11 (3), 800-807 (2018).</li><li>Green, M. R., Sambrook, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+win+the+battle+with+RNase.">How to win the battle with RNase.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. (2), 101857 (2019).</li><li>Li, D. -. S., Yuan, Y. -. H., Tu, H. -. J., Dai, L. -. j. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+islet+isolation+from+mouse+pancreas.">A protocol for islet isolation from mouse pancreas.</a> Nature Protocols. 4 (11), 1649 (2009).</li><li>Armstrong, J. A., Schulz, J. R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+gel+electrophoresis.">Agarose gel electrophoresis.</a> Current Protocol: Essential Laboratory Techniques. (1), 1-20 (2008).</li><li>Aranda, P. S., LaJoie, D. M., Jorcyk, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bleach+gel:+a+simple+agarose+gel+for+analyzing+RNA+quality.">Bleach gel: a simple agarose gel for analyzing RNA quality.</a> Electrophoresis. 33 (2), 366-369 (2012).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+cloning:+a+laboratory+manual.">Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual.</a> Cold spring harbor laboratory press. , (1989).</li><li>Potenza, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybridase+activity+of+human+ribonuclease-1+revealed+by+a+real-time+fluorometric+assay.">Hybridase activity of human ribonuclease-1 revealed by a real-time fluorometric assay.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (10), 2906-2913 (2006).</li><li>Jackson, D., Lewis, F., Taylor, G., Boylston, A., Quirke, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+extraction+of+DNA+and+RNA+and+analysis+by+the+polymerase+chain+reaction.">Tissue extraction of DNA and RNA and analysis by the polymerase chain reaction.</a> Journal of Clinical Pathology. 43 (6), 499-504 (1990).</li><li>Quesada, I., Tudur&#237;, E., Ripoll, C., Nadal, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+of+the+pancreatic+&#945;-cell+and+glucagon+secretion:+role+in+glucose+homeostasis+and+diabetes.">Physiology of the pancreatic &#945;-cell and glucagon secretion: role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.</a> Journal of Endocrinology. 199 (1), 5-19 (2008).</li><li>Quertinmont, E., Nicaise, C., Gustot, T., Deviere, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+Homogenization+with+the+MagNA+Lyser+Instrument+for+Total+RNA+Extraction+Using+the+TriPure+Reagent.">Tissue Homogenization with the MagNA Lyser Instrument for Total RNA Extraction Using the TriPure Reagent.</a> Liver (mg). 100 (100), 100 (2004).</li><li>Dastgheib, S., Irajie, C., Assaei, R., Koohpeima, F., Mokarram, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+RNA+extraction+from+rat+pancreatic+tissue.">Optimization of RNA extraction from rat pancreatic tissue.</a> Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences. 39 (3), 282 (2014).</li></ol>

I molekylærbiologi er det viktig å oppnå RNA av høy kvalitet. Tilstedeværelsen av ribonukle enzymer i celler og vev forringer raskt RNA og gjør ekstraksjonskomplekset. RNases er stabile enzymer som fungerer uten noen samtidige faktorer. Små mengder RNase er tilstrekkelig til å ødelegge RNA. Når rottepanasittvevet fjernes fra bukhulen, er det nødvendig å desinfisere kirurgiske instrumentene ved sterke vaskemidler, skyll dem grundig og legg dem i en ovn i minst 4 timer ved 240 °C for å inaktivere RNases før ...

Strukturelle gendata kan transkriberes til et funksjonelt produkt gjennom genuttrykk. RNA-analyse brukes til å oppdage forskjeller i genuttrykk på tvers av ulike forhold. Det finnes en rekke metoder for å trekke ut nukleinsyrer som følger: guanidiniumthiocyanat, ekstraksjon via fenolklorform, cellulosebasert kromatografi, ekstraksjon av silikamatriser og anionutveksling1,,2.
Riktig påvisning av genuttrykk påvirkes av integriteten til RNA isolert fra vev; Derfor er det viktig å evaluere integriteten til RNA isolert fra vev før ytterligere tester utføres fordi komplementære molekylære tester på lav kvalitet RNA kan sette diagnostiske applikasjonsresultater i fare. Dermed er høy integritet RNA nødvendig for molekylære biologiske tester med ulike diagnostiske applikasjoner: kvantitativ RT-PCR, mikro-arrays, ribonuclease beskyttelse analyse, nordlige blot analyse, RNA kartlegging, og cDNA bibliotek konstruksjon3,,4.
RNA blir ganske ustabil etter å ha blitt holdt i lang tid. Lange mRNA-fragmenter over 10 kb er spesielt utsatt for nedbrytning5,6. Dermed må forskerne vurdere ulike faktorer som påvirker integriteten til renset RNA. Renheten av RNA må beskyttes mot RNases, proteiner, genomisk DNA og enzymatisk hemmerkontaminering. I tillegg må det beste og akseptable absorpsjonsforholdet mellom RNA og UV (260/280) være innenfor området 1,8-2,0 med minimal fragmentering over elektroforese. Nylig utviklede laboratorieteknikker har gjort det mulig for forskere å evaluere integriteten til molekylær analyseprøve mer praktisktalt 7,8.
Det er mye vanskeligere å trekke ut uskadet RNA fra bukspyttkjertelvev enn andre typer vev på grunn av den høye mengden ribonucleases (RNases). Men eksisterende ekstraksjonsmetoder, nemlig rask utstøting av bukspyttkjertelvevet fra bukhulen og homogenisering ved lave temperaturer for å hindre RNases, har vist seg ineffektive7,,8,,9,,10,,11,,12,,13,,14.
Formålet med den nåværende komparative eksperimentelle studien er å endre og sammenligne eksisterende metoder for å bestemme de mest effektive metodene. For dette formål ble ulike protokoller for RNA-utvinning endret og sammenlignet. Det var spesielt rettet mot å bestemme den minst kostbare metoden som krever et minimum av bukspyttkjertelvev.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>116801</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atoclave</td>
			<td>Teb Zaim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Iran</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>107024</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>60-00-4</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrophoresis tank</td>
			<td>Payapajoohesh</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Iran</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf microTube</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Taiwan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EtBr</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>E 8751</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>81870</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Tube</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Taiwan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>344198</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>344206</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homogenizer-sunicator</td>
			<td>Microson XL 2000</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>19516</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>1867-66-9</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar Flow Hood</td>
			<td>Jal Tajhiz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Iran</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mgnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>Labrotechnik</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Tips</td>
			<td>Extragene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Taiwan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>85022106</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na AC</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>567422</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>109137</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>Teb Zaim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Iran</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PH meter</td>
			<td>Knick</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA Later/RNA stabilization reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>76104</td>
			<td>USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical instrument</td>
			<td>Agn Thos</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>German made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes</td>
			<td>AvaPezeshk</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Iran</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TriPure reagent/RNA extraction reagent</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11667157001</td>
			<td>USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex</td>
			<td>Labinco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Netherland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Memmert</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zylazine</td>
			<td>sigma</td>
			<td>7361-61-7</td>
			<td>Germany</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid and cost-effective rna extraction of rat pancreatic tissue

Uavhengig av ekstraksjonsmetoden utføres optimalisert RNA-ekstraksjon av vev og cellelinjer i fire faser: 1) homogenisering, 2) effektiv denaturation av proteiner fra RNA, 3) ribonuclease inaktivering, og 4) fjerning av forurensning fra DNA, proteiner og karbohydrater. Det er imidlertid svært arbeidskrevende å opprettholde integriteten til RNA når det er høye nivåer av RNase i vevet. Spontan autolyse gjør det svært vanskelig å trekke ut RNA fra bukspyttkjertelvev uten å skade den. Dermed er det nødvendig med en praktisk RNA-ekstraksjonsmetode for å opprettholde integriteten til bukspyttkjertelvev under ekstraksjonsprosessen. En eksperimentell og komparativ studie av eksisterende protokoller ble utført ved å oppnå 20-30 mg rotte bukspyttkjertelvev på mindre enn 2 minutter og trekke ut RNA. Resultatene ble vurdert ved elektroforese. Eksperimentene ble utført tre ganger for generalisering av resultatene. Nedsenking av pankreasvev i RNA-stabiliseringsreagens ved -80 °C i 24 timer ga høy integritet RNA, da RNA-ekstraksjonsreagensen ble brukt som reagens. Resultatene som ble oppnådd var sammenlignbare med resultatene fra kommersielle sett med spin kolonnebindinger.

Evaluering av integriteten til RNA i RNA-ekstraksjonsreagensen i henhold til en rutinemessig og modifisert kirurgisk protokoll uten RNA-stabiliseringsreagens Uakseptable bånd ble observert etter ekstraksjon av RNA med RNA-ekstraksjonsreagensen fra en rutinemessig kirurgisk protokoll. Lane 1 viser RNA fra leveren som en kontroll. Lane 2 viser degradert status for 28S/18S rRNA-bånd totalt RNA hentet fra en rutinemessig kirurgisk protokoll. Når mengden av bukspyttkjertelvev ble redusert til 50 mg (lan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid and Cost-Effective RNA Extraction of Rat Pancreatic Tissue at JoVE.com

Rapid and Cost-Effective RNA Extraction of Rat Pancreatic Tissue

Renheten og integriteten til den isolerte RNA er et viktig skritt i RNA-avhengige analyser. Her presenterer vi en praktisk, rask og billig metode for å trekke ut RNA fra en liten mengde uskadet bukspyttkjertelvev.

Rask og kostnadseffektiv RNA-ekstraksjon av rottepanasittvev

Regardless of the extraction method, optimized RNA extraction of tissues and cell lines are carried out in four stages: 1) homogenization, 2) effective ...

Hei alle sammen. Vi har designet, en enkel, rask i klassen beskrivende metode for effektiv RNA utvinning fra bukspyttkjertelvev. Den største fordelen med denne metoden er en optimalisert prosedyre for å trekke ut RNA fra minimum mengde vev på grunn av autolyse. Hei igjen. Demonstrere prosedyren vil bli gjort av Sanaz Dastghaib, det er min PHD student i vårt laboratorium ved Biochemistry Department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.First forberede kirurgi sted, sette alle krav under panseret. For å inaktivere RNase sterilisere alle operasjonsinstrumentene i en ovn. Injiser ketamin-xylazin intraperitonealt 80/8 mg per kilo. Tilsett 1 cc.RNA stabiliseringsreagens i riktig mikrorør for å bebo aktivering av endonukleær i eksisterte vev. Plasser rotten umiddelbart på operasjonsbrettet. Hodet bort kirurgen for et midtlinjet snitt. Deretter steriliserer du hele bukoverflaten med 70% alkohol for å fjerne. Kutt huden for operasjonen. Omforme snitt ble gjort for å åpne magen fra kjønnsområdet til forbena. Vend bukorganene til venstre side, for å eksponere bukspyttkjertelen. Finn forsiktig bukspyttkjertelvevet, som spres i bukhulen. Finn området under visning for å finne ut bukspyttkjertelen uten å forveksles med fettvevet. Fjern umiddelbart 20 til 30 milligram bukspyttkjertel fra bukhulen på mindre enn to minutter. Sett det fjernede vevet i mikrorøret veldig raskt og kutt det med astridekutteren for å trenge inn i RNA-stabiliseringsreagensen til separert vev. Plasser mikrorøret i nitrogentanken for å fryse umiddelbart. Alle deres mikrorør bør holdes i 80

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Biochemistry

Optimized Protocol for the Extraction of Proteins from the Human Mitral Valve

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit the large-scale identification and quantification of the proteins present in complex biological systems.The knowledge gained from a proteomic approach can potentially lead to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying diseases, allowing for the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic disease markers, and, hopefully, of therapeutic targets. However, the cardiac mitral valve represents a very challenging sample for proteomic analysis because of the low cellularity in proteoglycan and collagen-enriched extracellular matrix. This makes it challenging to extract proteins for a global proteomic analysis. This work describes a protocol that is compatible with subsequent protein analysis, such as quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting. This can allow for the correlation of data concerning protein expression with data on quantitative mRNA expression and non-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Indeed, these approaches, when performed together, will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases, from mRNA to post-translational protein modification. Thus, this method can be relevant to researchers interested in the study of cardiac valve physiopathology.

The protein composition of the human mitral valve is still partially unknown, because its analysis is complicated by low cellularity and therefore by low protein biosynthesis. This work provides a protocol to efficiently extract protein for the analysis of the mitral valve proteome.

Optimalisert protokoll for ekstraksjon av proteiner fra Human Mitral Valve

Analysis of the cellular proteome can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases due to the development of technologies that permit ...

Mouse Adipose Tissue Collection and Processing for RNA Analysis

Compared to other tissues, white adipose tissue has a considerably less RNA and protein content for downstream applications such as real-time PCR and Western Blot, since it mostly contains lipids. RNA isolation from adipose tissue samples is also challenging as extra steps are required to avoid these lipids. Here, we present a procedure to collect three anatomically different white adipose tissues from mice, to process these samples and perform RNA isolation. We further describe the synthesis of cDNA and gene expression experiments using real-time PCR. The hereby described protocol allows the reduction of contamination from the animal's hair and blood on fat pads as well as cross-contamination between different fat pads during tissue collection. It has also been optimized to ensure adequate quantity and quality of the RNA extracted. This protocol can be widely applied to any mouse model where adipose tissue samples are required for routine experiments such as real-time PCR but is not intended for isolation from primary adipocytes cell culture.

The purpose of this paper is to present a step-by-step procedure to collect different white adipose tissues from mice, process the fat samples and extract RNA.

Musen fettvev samling og bearbeiding for RNA analyse

Compared to other tissues, white adipose tissue has a considerably less RNA and protein content for downstream applications such as real-time PCR and ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation of protein synthesis is the key to cellular stress-response, and dysregulation is central to many disease states, such as cancer. For instance, although cellular stress leads to the inhibition of global translation by attenuating cap-dependent initiation, certain stress-response proteins are selectively translated in a cap-independent manner. Discreet RNA regulatory elements, such as cellular internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), allow for the translation of these specific mRNAs. Identification of such mRNAs, and the characterization of their regulatory mechanisms, have been a key area in molecular biology. Toeprinting is a method for the study of RNA structure and function as it pertains to translation initiation. The goal of toeprinting is to assess the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form stable complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions, in order to determine which sequences, structural elements, or accessory factors are involved in ribosome binding&#8212;a pre-cursor for efficient translation initiation. Alongside other techniques, such as western analysis and polysome profiling, toeprinting allows for a robust characterization of mechanisms for the regulation of translation initiation.

Toeprinting aims to measure the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form translation initiation complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions. This protocol describes a method for toeprinting mammalian RNA and can be used to study both cap-dependent and IRES-driven translation.

Toeprinting analyse av oversettelse innvielsen komplekse formasjon på pattedyr mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Rapid Isolation of the Mitoribosome from HEK Cells

The human mitochondria possess a dedicated set of ribosomes (mitoribosomes) that translate 13 essential protein components of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Since all proteins synthesized by human mitoribosomes are integral membrane proteins, human mitoribosomes are tethered to the mitochondrial inner membrane during translation. Compared to the cytosolic ribosome the mitoribosome has a sedimentation coefficient of 55S, half the rRNA content, no 5S rRNA and 36 additional proteins. Therefore, a higher protein-to-RNA ratio and an atypical structure make the human mitoribosome substantially distinct from its cytosolic counterpart.
Despite the central importance of the mitoribosome to life, no protocols were available to purify the intact complex from human cell lines. Traditionally, mitoribosomes were isolated from mitochondria-rich animal tissues that required kilograms of starting material. We reasoned that mitochondria in dividing HEK293-derived human cells grown in nutrient-rich expression medium would have an active mitochondrial translation, and, therefore, could be a suitable source of material for the structural and biochemical studies of the mitoribosome. To investigate its structure, we developed a protocol for large-scale purification of intact mitoribosomes from HEK cells. Herein, we introduce nitrogen cavitation method as a faster, less labor-intensive and more efficient alternative to traditional mechanical shear-based methods for cell lysis. This resulted in preparations of the mitoribosome that allowed for its structural determination to high resolution, revealing the composition of the intact human mitoribosome and its assembly intermediates. Here, we follow up on this work and present an optimized and more cost-effective method requiring only ~1010 cultured HEK cells. The method can be employed to purify human mitoribosomal translating complexes, mutants, quality control assemblies and mitoribosomal subunits intermediates. The purification can be linearly scaled up tenfold if needed, and also applied to other types of cells.

Mitochondria have specialized ribosomes that diverged from their bacterial and cytoplasmic counterparts. Here we show how mitoribosomes can be obtained from their native compartment in HEK cells. The method involves isolation of mitochondria from suspension cells and consequent purification of mitoribosomes.

Rask isolering av Mitoribosome fra HEK celler

The human mitochondria possess a dedicated set of ribosomes (mitoribosomes) that translate 13 essential protein components of the oxidative ...

Capture and Identification of RNA-binding Proteins by Using Click Chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome Capture (CARIC) Strategy

A comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is key to understanding the posttranscriptional regulatory network in cells. A widely used strategy for RBP capture exploits the polyadenylation [poly(A)] of target RNAs, which mostly occurs on eukaryotic mature mRNAs, leaving most binding proteins of non-poly(A) RNAs unidentified. Here we describe the detailed procedures of a recently reported method termed click chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome capture (CARIC), which enables the transcriptome-wide capture of both poly(A) and non-poly(A) RBPs by combining the metabolic labeling of RNAs, in vivo UV cross-linking, and bioorthogonal tagging.

Capture and Identification of RNA-binding Proteins by Using Click Chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome Capture CARIC Strategy

A detailed protocol for applying the click chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome capture (CARIC) strategy to identify proteins binding to both coding and noncoding RNAs is presented.

Fangst og identifikasjon av RNA-bindende proteiner ved hjelp av Klikk kjemi-assistert RNA-interactome Capture (CARIC) strategi

A comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is key to understanding the posttranscriptional regulatory network in cells. A widely used ...

Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis

Taiwanese green propolis is rich in prenylated flavonoids and exhibits a broad range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer ones. The bioactive compounds of Taiwanese green propolis are propolins, namely C, D, F, and G. The concentration of propolins in Taiwanese green propolis varies depending on the season and geographic location. Thus, it is critical to establish a standard and repeatable procedure for determining the quality of Taiwanese green propolis. Here, we present a protocol that uses ethanol-based extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, and an antibacterial activity analysis to characterize Taiwanese green propolis quality. This method indicates that 95% and 99.5% ethanol extractions achieve the maximum dry matter yields from Taiwanese green propolis, thereby yielding the highest concentrations of propolins that have antibacterial properties. According to these findings, the present protocol is deemed reliable and repeatable for determining the quality of Taiwanese green propolis.

We present a protocol for using ethanol as a solvent to extract and characterize Taiwanese green propolis that exhibits antibacterial activity.

Utvinning og analyse av taiwanske grønne Propolis

Taiwanese green propolis is rich in prenylated flavonoids and exhibits a broad range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and ...

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is a member of the innate immune response proteins and recognizes the double-stranded secondary structure of viral RNAs. When bound to viral double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), PKR undergoes dimerization and subsequent autophosphorylation. Phosphorylated PKR (pPKR) becomes active and induces phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2&#945;) to suppress global translation. Increasing evidence suggests that PKR can be activated under physiological conditions such as during the cell cycle or under various stress conditions without infection. However, our understanding of the RNA activators of PKR is limited due to the lack of a standardized experimental method to capture and analyze PKR-interacting dsRNAs. Here, we present an experimental protocol to specifically enrich and analyze PKR bound RNAs during the cell cycle using HeLa cells. We utilize the efficient crosslinking activity of formaldehyde to fix PKR-RNA complexes and isolate them via immunoprecipitation. PKR co-immunoprecipitated RNAs can then be further processed to generate a high-throughput sequencing library. One major class of PKR-interacting cellular dsRNAs is mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs), which can exist as intermolecular dsRNAs through complementary interaction between the heavy-strand and the light-strand RNAs. To study the strandedness of these duplex mtRNAs, we also present a protocol for strand-specific qRT-PCR. Our protocol is optimized for the analysis of PKR-bound RNAs, but it can be easily modified to study cellular dsRNAs or RNA-interactors of other dsRNA binding proteins.

We present experimental approaches for studying RNA-interactors of double-stranded RNA binding protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) during the mammalian cell cycle using HeLa cells. This method utilizes formaldehyde to crosslink RNA-PKR complexes and immunoprecipitation to enrich PKR-bound RNAs. These RNAs can be further analyzed through high-throughput sequencing or qRT-PCR.

Studere RNA interaktører av Protein Kinase RNA-aktivert under pattedyr cellen syklus

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is a member of the innate immune response proteins and recognizes the double-stranded secondary structure of viral ...

Extremely Rapid and Specific Metabolic Labelling of RNA In Vivo with 4-Thiouracil (Ers4tU)

The nucleotide analogue, 4-thiouracil (4tU), is readily taken up by cells and incorporated into RNA as it is transcribed in vivo, allowing isolation of the RNA produced during a brief period of labelling. This is done by attaching a biotin moiety to the incorporated thio group and affinity purifying, using streptavidin coated beads. Achieving a good yield of pure, newly synthesized RNA that is free of pre-existing RNA makes shorter labelling times possible and permits increased temporal resolution in kinetic studies. This is a protocol for very specific, high yield purification of newly synthesized RNA. The protocol presented here describes how RNA is extracted from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the protocol for purification of thiolated RNA from total RNA should be effective using RNA from any organism once it has been extracted from the cells. The purified RNA is suitable for analysis by many widely used techniques, such as reverse transcriptase-qPCR, RNA-seq and SLAM-seq. The specificity, sensitivity and flexibility of this technique allow unparalleled insights into RNA metabolism.

Extremely Rapid and Specific Metabolic Labelling of RNA In Vivo with 4-Thiouracil Ers4tU

The use of thiolated uracil to sensitively and specifically purify newly transcribed RNA from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Ekstremt rask og spesifikk metabolsk merking av RNA in vivo med 4-Thiouracil (Ers4tU)

The nucleotide analogue, 4-thiouracil (4tU), is readily taken up by cells and incorporated into RNA as it is transcribed in vivo, allowing isolation of ...

Ganglioside Extraction, Purification and Profiling

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues. They are found on all vertebrate cells and tissues but are especially abundant in the brain. Expressed primarily on the outer leaflet of the plasma membranes of cells, they modulate the activities of cell surface proteins via lateral association, act as receptors in cell-cell interactions and are targets for pathogens and toxins. Genetic dysregulation of ganglioside biosynthesis in humans results in severe congenital nervous system disorders. Because of their amphipathic nature, extraction, purification, and analysis of gangliosides require techniques that have been optimized by many investigators in the 80 years since their discovery. Here, we describe bench-level methods for the extraction, purification, and preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of major gangliosides from tissues and cells that can be completed in a few hours. We also describe methods for larger scale isolation and purification of major ganglioside species from brain. Together, these methods provide analytical and preparative scale access to this class of bioactive molecules.

Gangliosides are sialic acid-bearing glycosphingolipids that are particularly abundant in the brain. Their amphipathic nature requires organic/aqueous extraction and purification techniques to ensure optimal recovery and accurate analyses. This article provides overviews of analytic and preparative scale ganglioside extraction, purification, and thin layer chromatography analysis.

Ganglioside utvinning, rensing og profilering

Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues. They are found on all vertebrate cells and tissues but are especially ...

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the structure and function of an RNA can be modulated by various trans-acting factors, such as proteins, metabolites or other RNAs. Frameshifting RNA molecules, for instance, are regulatory RNAs located in coding regions, which direct translating ribosomes into an alternative open reading frame, and thereby act as gene switches. They may also adopt different folds after binding to proteins or other trans-factors. To dissect the role of RNA-binding proteins in translation and how they modulate RNA structure and stability, it is crucial to study the interplay and mechanical features of these RNA-protein complexes simultaneously.&#160;This work illustrates how to employ single-molecule-fluorescence-coupled optical tweezers to explore the conformational and thermodynamic landscape of RNA-protein complexes at a high resolution. As an example, the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting element with the trans-acting factor short isoform of zinc-finger antiviral protein is elaborated. In addition, fluorescence-labeled ribosomes were monitored using the confocal unit, which would ultimately enable the study of translation elongation. The fluorescence coupled OT assay can be widely applied to explore diverse RNA-protein complexes or trans-acting factors regulating translation and could facilitate studies of RNA-based gene regulation.

This protocol presents a complete experimental workflow for studying RNA-protein interactions using optical tweezers. Several possible experimental setups are outlined including the combination of optical tweezers with confocal microscopy.