Name: optogenetic activation of afferent pathways in brain slices and modulation of responses by volatile anesthetics
Uploaded: 2020-07-23T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics at JoVE.com

Forfatterne takker Bryan Krause for teknisk support og vejledning om dette projekt.
Dette arbejde blev støttet af International Anesthesia Research Society (IMRA til AR), National Institutes of Health (R01 GM109086 til MIB) og Institut for Anæstesiologi, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.

Alle procedurer, der involverer dyr beskrevet i denne protokol, blev godkendt af University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Avlsmus til at udtrykke fluorescerende reporterprotein i interneuron subpopulationer
<ol><li>Par homozyogøs, Cre-afhængig tdTomato hanmus med enten homozygot SOM-Cre hun eller homozygot PV-Cre hunmus. BEMÆRK: Andre specifikke neuronale populationer kan målrettes ved hjælp af de relevante Cre-linjer.</li...

<ol>
	<li>Baumgart, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+inhibits+synaptic+vesicle+exocytosis+through+reduced+Ca2++influx,+not+Ca2+-exocytosis+coupling.">Isoflurane inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis through reduced Ca2+ influx, not Ca2+-exocytosis coupling.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 112 (38), 11959-11964 (2015).</li><li>Herring, B. E., Xie, Z., Marks, J., Fox, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+inhibits+the+neurotransmitter+release+machinery.">Isoflurane inhibits the neurotransmitter release machinery.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 102 (2), 1265-1273 (2009).</li><li>Xie, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+anesthetics+with+neurotransmitter+release+machinery+proteins.">Interaction of anesthetics with neurotransmitter release machinery proteins.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 109 (3), 758-767 (2013).</li><li>Crick, F., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+consciousness.">A framework for consciousness.</a> Nature Neurosciences. 6 (2), 119-126 (2003).</li><li>Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., Tononi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+consciousness:+progress+and+problems.">Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems.</a> Nature Reviews Neurosciences. 17 (5), 307-321 (2016).</li><li>Dehaene, S., Changeux, J. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamus+Modulates+Consciousness+Via+Layer-Specific+Control+of+Cortex.">Thalamus Modulates Consciousness Via Layer-Specific Control of Cortex.</a> Neuron. 105 (4), 0896 (2020).</li><li>Carhart-Harris, R. L., Friston, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=REBUS+and+the+Anarchic+Brain:+Toward+a+Unified+Model+of+the+Brain+Action+of+Psychedelics.">REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics.</a> Pharmacological Reviews. 71 (3), 316-344 (2019).</li><li>Mak-McCully, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+cortical+and+thalamic+activity+during+non-REM+sleep+in+humans.">Coordination of cortical and thalamic activity during non-REM sleep in humans.</a> Nature communications. 8 (1), 15499 (2017).</li><li>Alkire, M. T., Hudetz, A. G., Tononi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consciousness+and+anesthesia.">Consciousness and anesthesia.</a> Science. 322 (5903), 876-880 (2008).</li><li>Sanders, R. D., Maze, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noradrenergic+trespass+in+anesthetic+and+sedative+states.">Noradrenergic trespass in anesthetic and sedative states.</a> Anesthesiology. 117 (5), 945-947 (2012).</li><li>Hemmings, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+Comprehensive+Understanding+of+Anesthetic+Mechanisms+of+Action:+A+Decade+of+Discovery.">Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Anesthetic Mechanisms of Action: A Decade of Discovery.</a> Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 40 (7), 464-481 (2019).</li><li>Nourski, K. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+Predictive+Coding+across+Awareness+States+under+Anesthesia:+An+Intracranial+Electrophysiology+Study.">Auditory Predictive Coding across Awareness States under Anesthesia: An Intracranial Electrophysiology Study.</a> Journal of Neurosciences. 38 (39), 8441-8452 (2018).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propofol+disrupts+functional+interactions+between+sensory+and+high-order+processing+of+auditory+verbal+memory.">Propofol disrupts functional interactions between sensory and high-order processing of auditory verbal memory.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 33 (10), 2487-2498 (2012).</li><li>Hentschke, H., Raz, A., Krause, B. M., Murphy, C. A., Banks, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+cortical+network+activity+by+the+general+anesthetic+isoflurane.">Disruption of cortical network activity by the general anesthetic isoflurane.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 119 (4), 685-696 (2017).</li><li>Lee, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+frontal-parietal+communication+by+ketamine,+propofol,+and+sevoflurane.">Disruption of frontal-parietal communication by ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane.</a> Anesthesiology. 118 (6), 1264-1275 (2013).</li><li>Ferrarelli, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breakdown+in+cortical+effective+connectivity+during+midazolam-induced+loss+of+consciousness.">Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 107 (6), 2681-2686 (2010).</li><li>Ku, S. W., Lee, U., Noh, G. J., Jun, I. G., Mashour, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+inhibition+of+frontal-to-parietal+feedback+connectivity+is+a+neurophysiologic+correlate+of+general+anesthesia+in+surgical+patients.">Preferential inhibition of frontal-to-parietal feedback connectivity is a neurophysiologic correlate of general anesthesia in surgical patients.</a> PLoS.One. 6 (10), 25155 (2011).</li><li>Lee, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+Properties+in+Transitions+of+Consciousness+during+Propofol-induced+Sedation.">Network Properties in Transitions of Consciousness during Propofol-induced Sedation.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 16791 (2017).</li><li>Murphy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propofol+anesthesia+and+sleep:+a+high-density+EEG+study.">Propofol anesthesia and sleep: a high-density EEG study.</a> Sleep. 34 (3), 283-291 (2011).</li><li>Murphy, C., Krause, B., Banks, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+effects+of+isoflurane+on+cortico-cortical+feedback+afferent+responses+in+murine+non-primary+neocortex.">Selective effects of isoflurane on cortico-cortical feedback afferent responses in murine non-primary neocortex.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 123 (4), 488-496 (2019).</li><li>Raz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+effect+of+isoflurane+on+top-down+versus+bottom-up+pathways+in+sensory+cortex.">Preferential effect of isoflurane on top-down versus bottom-up pathways in sensory cortex.</a> Frontiers in System Neurosciences. 8, 191 (2014).</li><li>Schrouff, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+functional+integration+decreases+during+propofol-induced+loss+of+consciousness.">Brain functional integration decreases during propofol-induced loss of consciousness.</a> Neuroimage. 57 (1), 198-205 (2011).</li><li>Petreanu, L., Mao, T., Sternson, S. M., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subcellular+organization+of+neocortical+excitatory+connections.">The subcellular organization of neocortical excitatory connections.</a> Nature. 457 (7233), 1142-1145 (2009).</li><li>Cruikshank, S. J., Urabe, H., Nurmikko, A. V., Connors, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathway-Specific+Feedforward+Circuits+between+Thalamus+and+Neocortex+Revealed+by+Selective+Optical+Stimulation+of+Axons.">Pathway-Specific Feedforward Circuits between Thalamus and Neocortex Revealed by Selective Optical Stimulation of Axons.</a> Neuron. 65 (2), 230-245 (2010).</li><li>Gredell, J. A., Turnquist, P. A., MacIver, M. B., Pearce, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+diffusion+and+partition+coefficients+of+propofol+in+rat+brain+tissue:+implications+for+studies+of+drug+action+in+vitro.">Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of propofol in rat brain tissue: implications for studies of drug action in vitro.</a> BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 93 (6), 810-817 (2004).</li><li>Benkwitz, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+EC50+amnesic+concentration+of+etomidate+and+its+diffusion+profile+in+brain+tissue:+implications+for+in+vitro+studies.">Determination of the EC50 amnesic concentration of etomidate and its diffusion profile in brain tissue: implications for in vitro studies.</a> Anesthesiology. 106 (1), 114-123 (2007).</li><li>Franks, N. P., Lieb, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+actions+of+volatile+general+anaesthetics+at+molecular+and+cellular+levels.">Selective actions of volatile general anaesthetics at molecular and cellular levels.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesia. 71 (1), 65-76 (1993).</li><li>Honemann, C. W., Washington, J., Honemann, M. C., Nietgen, G. W., Durieux, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partition+coefficients+of+volatile+anesthetics+in+aqueous+electrolyte+solutions+at+various+temperatures.">Partition coefficients of volatile anesthetics in aqueous electrolyte solutions at various temperatures.</a> Anesthesiology. 89 (4), 1032-1035 (1998).</li><li>Au - Segev, A., Au - Garcia-Oscos, F., Au - Kourrich, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-cell+Patch-clamp+Recordings+in+Brain+Slices.">Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (112), e54024 (2016).</li><li>Lin, J. Y., Lin, M. Z., Steinbach, P., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+engineered+channelrhodopsin+variants+with+improved+properties+and+kinetics.">Characterization of engineered channelrhodopsin variants with improved properties and kinetics.</a> Biophysical Journal. 96 (5), 1803-1814 (2009).</li><li>Lin, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+user's+guide+to+channelrhodopsin+variants:+features,+limitations+and+future+developments.">A user's guide to channelrhodopsin variants: features, limitations and future developments.</a> Experimental Physiology. 96 (1), 19-25 (2011).</li><li>Banks, M. I., Pearce, R. 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I dette manuskript beskrives en protokol til evaluering af intra- og ekstracellulære reaktioner på selektivt aktiverede afferente veje i ex vivo hjerneskiver.
Brugen af optogenetiske værktøjer og parallelle registreringsordninger gør det muligt for efterforskere at undersøge lokalbefolkningens reaktioner på afferente input fra fjerne hjerneområder, mens de samtidig optager fra målrettede populationer af interneuroner. Brugen af optogenetisk teknologi gør det muligt at bevare og aktiv...

Flygtige anæstetika er blevet brugt allestedsnærværende i en række kliniske og akademiske omgivelser i mere end et århundrede. Forskellige klasser af anæstetika har unikke, ofte ikke-overlappende molekylære mål 1,2,3, men næsten alle producerer bevidstløshed. Mens deres adfærdsmæssige virkninger er ret forudsigelige, er de mekanismer, hvormed anæstetika fremkalder bevidsthedstab, stort set ukendte. Anæstetika kan i sidste ende påvirke både bevidsthedsniveauet og indholdet via handlinger på kortikothalamiske kredsløb, hvilket forstyrrer integrationen af information i hele det kortikale hierarki 4,5,6,7,8,9. Mere bredt kan modulering af kortikothalamiske kredsløb spille en rolle i eksperimentelt10 eller farmakologisk11 ændrede bevidsthedstilstande og kan også være impliceret i søvn 12 og i patofysiologiske bevidsthedsforstyrrelser13,14.
Undvigelsen af de mekanismer, der ligger til grund for tab og tilbagevenden af bevidsthed under anæstesi, kan delvist tilskrives ikke-lineære, synergistiske handlinger af anæstetika på celle-, netværks- og systemniveau15. Isofluran undertrykker for eksempel aktivitet inden for de udvalgte hjerneområder 16,17,18, forringer forbindelsen mellem fjerne hjerneområder 19,20,21,22,23 og mindsker synaptiske reaktioner på en vejspecifik måde 24,25 . Hvilke virkninger af anæstetika, fra molekylært til systemniveau, der er nødvendige eller tilstrækkelige til at påvirke bevidsthedstab, forbliver uklart. Ud over væsentlige kliniske undersøgelser af bevidsthed ved hjælp af ikke-invasive teknikker 19,20,26 er det vigtigt, at eksperimentelle søger at adskille de forskellige cellulære og netværksinteraktioner, der understøtter den bevidste oplevelse.
Ved at forenkle de komplekse interaktioner, der findes i den intakte hjerne, tillader ex vivo hjerneskiver studiet af isolerede komponenter i hjernens dynamiske systemer9. Et reduceret skivepræparat kombinerer fordelene ved relativt intakte anatomiske strukturer i lokale neurale kredsløb med alsidigheden af in vitro-manipulationer. Indtil for nylig har metodologiske begrænsninger imidlertid udelukket undersøgelsen af synaptiske og kredsløbsegenskaber af langtrækkende input i hjerneskiver27,28; Den snoede vej af kortikothalamiske fiberkanaler gjorde aktivering af uafhængige afferente veje næsten umulig ved elektrisk stimulering.
Undersøgelse af virkningerne af bedøvelsesmidler på hjerneskivepræparaterne giver yderligere udfordringer. Uden et intakt åndedræts- og kredsløbssystem skal bedøvelsesmidler påføres bad, og koncentrationerne skal nøje afstemmes med de estimerede koncentrationer på effektstedet. For mange intravenøse bedøvelsesmidler gør den langsomme ækvilibreringshastighed i vævet traditionelle farmakologiske undersøgelser besværlige29,30. Det er mere håndterbart at undersøge virkningerne af flygtige gasbedøvelsesmidler i ex vivo-præparater, men det giver også udfordringer. Disse omfatter konvertering af inhalerede partialtrykdoser til vandige koncentrationer og behovet for et modificeret leveringssystem af lægemidlet til vævet via kunstig cerebral spinalvæske31.
Her beskrives metoder, hvormed forskere kan udnytte de veldokumenterede fysisk-kemiske egenskaber af det flygtige bedøvelsesmiddel isofluran til lægemiddellevering til ex vivo hjerneskiver, aktivere vej- og lagspecifikke input til et kortikalt interesseområde med høj spatiotemporal opløsning og udføre samtidige laminære optagelser og målrettede patch clamp-optagelser fra udvalgte populationer af neuroner. Kombineret giver disse procedurer efterforskere mulighed for at måle flygtige anæstetiske inducerede ændringer i flere observerbare elektrofysiologiske responsegenskaber, fra det synaptiske til det lokale netværksniveau.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5x broadfield objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>MPLFLN2.5X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40x water immersion objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>LUMPLFLN40XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2/5% CO2 mixture</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Z02OX95R2003045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A16 probe</td>
			<td>NeuroNexus</td>
			<td>A16x1-2mm-100-177-A16</td>
			<td>16-channel probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV2-hSyn-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP</td>
			<td>Karl Deisseroth Lab, UNC Vector Core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic gas monitor (POET II)</td>
			<td>Criticare</td>
			<td>602-3A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP, Magnesium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>007914</td>
			<td>Cre-dependent tdTomato mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6;129P2-Pvalbtm1(cre)Arbr/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>008069</td>
			<td>PV-Cre mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Belly Dancer Shaker</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1210H86-TS</td>
			<td>for equilibration of sealed gas bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine solution</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for silver chloriding patch clamp electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bupivicaine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSC20010</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass (patch clamp recordings)</td>
			<td>King Precision Glass, Inc.</td>
			<td>KG-33</td>
			<td>Borosilicate, ID: 1.1mm, OD: 1.7mm, Length: 90.0mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass (viral injections)</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/X</td>
			<td>3.5&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control of junior micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>SM8</td>
			<td>for control of junior micromanipulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control of manipulators and shifting table</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>SM7</td>
			<td>for control of multichannel electrode and shifting table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1440A + Clampex 10</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1440A</td>
			<td>Digitizer and software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-3603 tubing</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14171208</td>
			<td>for delivery of 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture to incubation chamber + application of pressure during patch clamping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSE57060</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERP-27 EEG Reference/Patch Panel</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filling needle</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>50821912</td>
			<td>for filling patch clamp pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cube for imaging EYFP</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-MRFPHQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09801E</td>
			<td>lay over slice template during preparation of tissue block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flaming/Brown micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td>2.5x2.5 Box filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas dispersion tube</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS3953312C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass syringe (100 mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z314390</td>
			<td>for filling gas-sealed bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gluconic Acid, Potassium Salt (K-gluconate)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSG37020</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSG32040</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTP, Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headstage-probe adaptor</td>
			<td>NeuroNexus</td>
			<td>A16-OM16</td>
			<td>adaptor to connect 16-channel probe to headstage input</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic Forceps</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>76192-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSH75030</td>
			<td>ACSF,intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HS-16 Headstage</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-1389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (70%)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>101223-746</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Junior micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>210-100 000 0090-R</td>
			<td>for manipulation of patch clamp electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Light Source Control Module</td>
			<td>Mightex</td>
			<td>BLS-PL02_US</td>
			<td>optogenetic light source control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lynx-8 Amplifier</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lynx-8 Power Supply</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSM24300</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mCherry, Texas Red filter cube</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>49008</td>
			<td>for imaging tdTomato fluorescent reporter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette holder</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9044962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsyringe pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>UMP3-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiClamp 700A</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices/Axon Instruments</td>
			<td>700A</td>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen (for air table)</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>NI200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>501460083</td>
			<td>stretched over horseshoe of flattened platinum wire, slice rest on top of this during recordings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon, cut from pantyhose</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>small piece to create slice platform in incubation chamber, single fibers to create platinum harp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC1697520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>307</td>
			<td>For transferring tissue to rig</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>BT124000</td>
			<td>2 cm, flattened, to make platinum harp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polygon400</td>
			<td>Mightex</td>
			<td>DSI-E-0470-0617-000</td>
			<td>optogenetic light delivery system, comes with PolyScan2 software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSP41000</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSP41200</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sapphire blade (for vibratome)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>100492-502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.</td>
			<td>sc-361445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sealed gas bag</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>109236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shifting table for microscope</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>380FMU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate (HCO3-)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSS22060</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSS23020</td>
			<td>ACSF, intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ssttm2.1(cre)Zjh/J (SOM-IRES-Cre)</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>013044</td>
			<td>SOM-Cre mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 902</td>
			<td>Dual Small Animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>886833</td>
			<td>to fix tissue block to specimen stage during slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drill</td>
			<td>RAM Products Inc.</td>
			<td>DIGITALMICROTORQUE</td>
			<td>Microtorque II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (1 mL) with LuerLock tip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td>for application of pressure during patch clamping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (1 mL) with slip tip</td>
			<td>WW Grainger, Inc.</td>
			<td>19G384</td>
			<td>for filling patch clamp pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Filters</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>66064-414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibrating microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wypall towels</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>19-042-427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optogenetic activation of afferent pathways in brain slices and modulation of responses by volatile anesthetics

Anæstetika påvirker bevidstheden delvist via deres handlinger på thalamokortiske kredsløb. I hvilket omfang flygtige anæstetika påvirker forskellige cellulære og netværkskomponenter i disse kredsløb, er imidlertid stadig uklart. Ex vivo hjerneskiver giver et middel, hvormed efterforskere kan undersøge diskrete komponenter i komplekse netværk og adskille potentielle mekanismer, der ligger til grund for virkningerne af flygtige anæstetika på fremkaldte reaktioner. For at isolere potentielle celletype- og vejspecifikke lægemiddeleffekter i hjerneskiver skal efterforskere være i stand til uafhængigt at aktivere afferente fiberveje, identificere ikke-overlappende populationer af celler og anvende flygtige anæstetika på vævet i vandig opløsning. I denne protokol beskrives metoder til måling af optogenetisk fremkaldte reaktioner på to uafhængige afferente veje til neocortex i ex vivo hjerneskiver. Ekstracellulære reaktioner registreres for at analysere netværksaktivitet, og målrettede helcelleplasterklemmeoptagelser udføres i somatostatin- og parvalbumin-positive interneuroner. Levering af fysiologisk relevante koncentrationer af isofluran via kunstig cerebral spinalvæske til modulering af cellulære og netværksresponser er beskrevet.

En tidslinje over trin beskrevet i protokollen er vist i figur 1. Kortikale input, der ankommer fra højere ordens kortikale områder eller fra ikke-primære thalamiske kerner, har delvist overlappende terminalfelter i lag 1 af ikke-primær visuel cortex24. For at isolere uafhængige thalamokortikale eller kortikokortikale afferente veje blev en viral vektor indeholdende ChR2 og en eYFP fluorescerende reporter injiceret i enten Po eller Cg. Celler inden for injektions...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics at JoVE.com

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Ex vivo hjerneskiver kan bruges til at studere virkningerne af flygtige anæstetika på fremkaldte reaktioner på afferente input. Optogenetik anvendes til uafhængigt at aktivere thalamokortikale og kortikokortikale afferenter til ikke-primær neocortex, og synaptiske og netværksresponser moduleres med isofluran.

Optogenetisk aktivering af afferente veje i hjerneskiver og modulering af reaktioner ved flygtige anæstetika

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices

Imaging Calcium respons i GFP-mærkede neuroner i hypothalamus musehjerne Slices

Despite an enormous increase in our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the encoding of information in the brain, a central question concerning the ...

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Dobbelte Elektrofysiologiske Optagelser af synaptisk-evoked astrogliale og Neuronal respons i Akut hippocampusskiver

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Optogenetic Aktivering af zebrafisk somatosensoriske Neuroner med Chef-tdTomato

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo optogenetic Stimulering af Rodent centralnervesystemet

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo optogenetic Dissektion af Frygt Kredsløb i Brain Skiver

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices

Hele-celle strømninger induceret af Puff anvendelse af GABA i hjernen skiver

Pharmacological administration is commonly used when conducting whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices. One of the best methods of drug ...

Recording and Modulation of Epileptiform Activity in Rodent Brain Slices Coupled to Microelectrode Arrays

Optagelse og graduering af Epileptiform aktivitet i gnavere hjernen skiver koblet til mikroelektrode Arrays

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Real-time i Vitro overvågning af lugtstof Receptor aktivering af en lugtstof i fasen for damp

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

In vivo intracerebral Stereotaxiske injektioner til Optogenetisk stimulering af langtrækkende indgange i musehjerne skiver

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Ikke-invasiv modulation og robot kortlægning af motorisk cortex i udviklings hjernen

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...