Name: optogenetic activation of afferent pathways in brain slices and modulation of responses by volatile anesthetics
Uploaded: 2020-07-23T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics at JoVE.com

저자는이 프로젝트에 대한 기술 지원 및 지침에 대해 Bryan Krause에게 감사드립니다.
이 연구는 국제 마취 연구 학회 (IMRA에서 AR), 국립 보건원 (R01 GM109086에서 MIB) 및 미국 위스콘신 주 매디슨에있는 위스콘신 대학교 의과 대학 마취학과의 지원을 받았습니다.

이 프로토콜에 설명 된 동물과 관련된 모든 절차는 University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine 및 Public Health Animal Care and Use Committee의 승인을 받았습니다.
1. 인터뉴런 아집단에서 형광 리포터 단백질을 발현하도록 육종 마우스
<ol><li>동형 접합성, Cre 의존성 td토마토 수컷 마우스를 동형 접합 SOM-Cre 암컷 또는 동형 접합 PV-Cre 암컷 마우스와 쌍을 이룹니다. 참고: 다른 특정 뉴런 ?...

<ol>
	<li>Baumgart, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+inhibits+synaptic+vesicle+exocytosis+through+reduced+Ca2++influx,+not+Ca2+-exocytosis+coupling.">Isoflurane inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis through reduced Ca2+ influx, not Ca2+-exocytosis coupling.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 112 (38), 11959-11964 (2015).</li><li>Herring, B. E., Xie, Z., Marks, J., Fox, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+inhibits+the+neurotransmitter+release+machinery.">Isoflurane inhibits the neurotransmitter release machinery.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 102 (2), 1265-1273 (2009).</li><li>Xie, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+anesthetics+with+neurotransmitter+release+machinery+proteins.">Interaction of anesthetics with neurotransmitter release machinery proteins.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 109 (3), 758-767 (2013).</li><li>Crick, F., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+consciousness.">A framework for consciousness.</a> Nature Neurosciences. 6 (2), 119-126 (2003).</li><li>Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., Tononi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+consciousness:+progress+and+problems.">Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems.</a> Nature Reviews Neurosciences. 17 (5), 307-321 (2016).</li><li>Dehaene, S., Changeux, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+theoretical+approaches+to+conscious+processing.">Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing.</a> Neuron. 70 (2), 200-227 (2011).</li><li>Friston, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+theory+of+cortical+responses.">A theory of cortical responses.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences. 360 (1456), 815-836 (2005).</li><li>Mashour, G. A., Hudetz, A. 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I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+cortical+network+activity+by+the+general+anesthetic+isoflurane.">Disruption of cortical network activity by the general anesthetic isoflurane.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 119 (4), 685-696 (2017).</li><li>Lee, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+frontal-parietal+communication+by+ketamine,+propofol,+and+sevoflurane.">Disruption of frontal-parietal communication by ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane.</a> Anesthesiology. 118 (6), 1264-1275 (2013).</li><li>Ferrarelli, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breakdown+in+cortical+effective+connectivity+during+midazolam-induced+loss+of+consciousness.">Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 107 (6), 2681-2686 (2010).</li><li>Ku, S. 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이 원고에서는 생체 외 뇌 절편에서 선택적으로 활성화 된 구 심성 경로에 대한 세포 내 및 세포 외 반응을 평가하기위한 프로토콜이 설명됩니다.
광유전학적 도구와 병렬 기록 체계를 사용하면 조사관이 먼 뇌 영역의 구심성 입력에 대한 지역 인구의 반응을 조사하는 동시에 표적 인터뉴런 개체군에서 동시에 기록할 수 있습니다. 광유전학 기술을 사용하면 구심성 돌출부의 ...

휘발성 마취제는 한 세기 이상 동안 다양한 임상 및 학술 환경에서 유비쿼터스하게 사용되어 왔습니다. 뚜렷한 종류의 마취제는 독특하고 종종 겹치지 않는 분자 표적 1,2,3을 가지고 있지만 거의 모두 무의식을 생성합니다. 그들의 행동 효과는 상당히 예측 가능하지만 마취제가 의식 상실을 유도하는 메커니즘은 거의 알려져 있지 않습니다. 마취제는 궁극적으로 피질 시상 회로에 대한 작용을 통해 의식의 수준과 내용 모두에 영향을 미쳐 피질 계층구조 4,5,6,7,8,9 전반에 걸친 정보 통합을 방해 할 수 있습니다. 보다 광범위하게는, 피질 시상 회로의 조절은 실험적으로10 또는 약리학적으로11 변화된 의식 상태에서 역할을 할 수 있으며, 또한 수면12 및 의식의 병태생리학적 장애(13,14)에 연루될 수 있다.
마취 중 의식 상실 및 복귀의 기저에 있는 메커니즘의 파악하기 어려운 것은 부분적으로 세포, 네트워크 및 시스템 수준15에서 마취제의 비선형적이고 시너지 효과가 있는 작용에 기인할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 이소플루란은 선택된 뇌 영역 내의 활동을 억제하고(16,17,18), 먼 뇌 영역(19,20,21,22,23) 사이의 연결을 손상시키며, 경로 특이적 방식으로 시냅스 반응을 감소시킨다(24,25) . 분자에서 시스템 수준에 이르기까지 마취제의 어떤 효과가 의식 상실에 영향을 미치기에 필요하거나 충분한지는 불분명하다. 비 침습적 기술 19,20,26을 사용한 의식에 대한 실질적인 임상 조사 외에도 실험자는 의식 경험을 서브 서브 한 뚜렷한 세포 및 네트워크 상호 작용을 풀려고 노력하는 것이 중요합니다.
손상되지 않은 뇌에서 발견되는 복잡한 상호 작용을 단순화함으로써 생체 외 뇌 조각은 뇌의 동적 시스템의 고립 된 구성 요소를 연구 할 수있게합니다9. 감소된 슬라이스 준비는 국소 신경 회로의 비교적 손상되지 않은 해부학적 구조의 이점과 체외 조작의 다양성을 결합합니다. 그러나 최근까지 방법 론적 제약으로 인해 뇌 조각에서 장거리 입력의 시냅스 및 회로 특성에 대한 연구가 배제되었습니다27,28; 코르티코시상 섬유 관의 구불구불한 경로는 전기 자극에 의해 독립적인 구심성 경로의 활성화를 거의 불가능하게 만들었습니다.
뇌 슬라이스 준비에 대한 마취제의 효과를 조사하는 것은 추가적인 과제를 제시합니다. 온전한 호흡기 및 순환계가 없으면 마취제를 목욕에 적용해야 하며 농도는 추정된 효과 부위 농도와 신중하게 일치해야 합니다. 많은 정맥 마취제의 경우 조직의 느린 평형 속도로 인해 전통적인 약리학 적 조사가 힘들어집니다29,30. 생체 외 제제에서 휘발성 가스 마취제의 효과를 조사하는 것은 더 다루기 쉽지만 도전 과제도 제시합니다. 이들은 흡입된 분압 선량을 수성 농도로 전환시키는 것, 및 인공 뇌 척수액(31)을 통해 조직으로의 약물의 변형된 전달 시스템의 필요성을 포함한다.
여기에서는 연구자가 생체 외 뇌 절편으로의 약물 전달을 위해 휘발성 마취 이소플루란의 잘 문서화된 물리화학적 특성을 활용하고, 높은 시공간 해상도로 관심 피질 영역에 대한 경로 및 층별 입력을 활성화하고, 선택된 뉴런 집단에서 동시 층류 기록 및 표적 패치 클램프 기록을 수행할 수 있는 방법이 설명됩니다. 이러한 절차를 결합하여 조사자는 시냅스에서 로컬 네트워크 수준에 이르기까지 여러 관찰 가능한 전기 생리 학적 반응 특성에서 휘발성 마취제로 인한 변화를 측정 할 수 있습니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5x broadfield objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>MPLFLN2.5X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40x water immersion objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>LUMPLFLN40XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2/5% CO2 mixture</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Z02OX95R2003045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A16 probe</td>
			<td>NeuroNexus</td>
			<td>A16x1-2mm-100-177-A16</td>
			<td>16-channel probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV2-hSyn-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP</td>
			<td>Karl Deisseroth Lab, UNC Vector Core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic gas monitor (POET II)</td>
			<td>Criticare</td>
			<td>602-3A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP, Magnesium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>007914</td>
			<td>Cre-dependent tdTomato mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6;129P2-Pvalbtm1(cre)Arbr/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>008069</td>
			<td>PV-Cre mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Belly Dancer Shaker</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1210H86-TS</td>
			<td>for equilibration of sealed gas bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine solution</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for silver chloriding patch clamp electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bupivicaine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSC20010</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass (patch clamp recordings)</td>
			<td>King Precision Glass, Inc.</td>
			<td>KG-33</td>
			<td>Borosilicate, ID: 1.1mm, OD: 1.7mm, Length: 90.0mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass (viral injections)</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/X</td>
			<td>3.5&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control of junior micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>SM8</td>
			<td>for control of junior micromanipulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control of manipulators and shifting table</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>SM7</td>
			<td>for control of multichannel electrode and shifting table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1440A + Clampex 10</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1440A</td>
			<td>Digitizer and software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-3603 tubing</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14171208</td>
			<td>for delivery of 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture to incubation chamber + application of pressure during patch clamping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSE57060</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERP-27 EEG Reference/Patch Panel</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filling needle</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>50821912</td>
			<td>for filling patch clamp pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cube for imaging EYFP</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-MRFPHQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09801E</td>
			<td>lay over slice template during preparation of tissue block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flaming/Brown micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td>2.5x2.5 Box filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas dispersion tube</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS3953312C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass syringe (100 mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z314390</td>
			<td>for filling gas-sealed bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gluconic Acid, Potassium Salt (K-gluconate)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSG37020</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSG32040</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTP, Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headstage-probe adaptor</td>
			<td>NeuroNexus</td>
			<td>A16-OM16</td>
			<td>adaptor to connect 16-channel probe to headstage input</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic Forceps</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>76192-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSH75030</td>
			<td>ACSF,intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HS-16 Headstage</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-1389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (70%)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>101223-746</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Junior micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>210-100 000 0090-R</td>
			<td>for manipulation of patch clamp electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Light Source Control Module</td>
			<td>Mightex</td>
			<td>BLS-PL02_US</td>
			<td>optogenetic light source control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lynx-8 Amplifier</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lynx-8 Power Supply</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSM24300</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mCherry, Texas Red filter cube</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>49008</td>
			<td>for imaging tdTomato fluorescent reporter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette holder</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9044962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsyringe pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>UMP3-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiClamp 700A</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices/Axon Instruments</td>
			<td>700A</td>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen (for air table)</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>NI200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>501460083</td>
			<td>stretched over horseshoe of flattened platinum wire, slice rest on top of this during recordings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon, cut from pantyhose</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>small piece to create slice platform in incubation chamber, single fibers to create platinum harp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC1697520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>307</td>
			<td>For transferring tissue to rig</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>BT124000</td>
			<td>2 cm, flattened, to make platinum harp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polygon400</td>
			<td>Mightex</td>
			<td>DSI-E-0470-0617-000</td>
			<td>optogenetic light delivery system, comes with PolyScan2 software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSP41000</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSP41200</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sapphire blade (for vibratome)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>100492-502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.</td>
			<td>sc-361445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sealed gas bag</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>109236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shifting table for microscope</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>380FMU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate (HCO3-)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSS22060</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSS23020</td>
			<td>ACSF, intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ssttm2.1(cre)Zjh/J (SOM-IRES-Cre)</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>013044</td>
			<td>SOM-Cre mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 902</td>
			<td>Dual Small Animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>886833</td>
			<td>to fix tissue block to specimen stage during slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drill</td>
			<td>RAM Products Inc.</td>
			<td>DIGITALMICROTORQUE</td>
			<td>Microtorque II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (1 mL) with LuerLock tip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td>for application of pressure during patch clamping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (1 mL) with slip tip</td>
			<td>WW Grainger, Inc.</td>
			<td>19G384</td>
			<td>for filling patch clamp pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Filters</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>66064-414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibrating microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wypall towels</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>19-042-427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optogenetic activation of afferent pathways in brain slices and modulation of responses by volatile anesthetics

마취제는 부분적으로 시상 피질 회로에 대한 행동을 통해 의식에 영향을 미칩니다. 그러나 휘발성 마취제가 이러한 회로의 별개의 세포 및 네트워크 구성 요소에 영향을 미치는 정도는 불분명합니다. 생체 외 뇌 조각은 조사자가 복잡한 네트워크의 개별 구성 요소를 조사하고 유발 된 반응에 대한 휘발성 마취제의 효과의 기저에있는 잠재적 메커니즘을 풀 수있는 수단을 제공합니다. 뇌 절편에서 잠재적인 세포 유형 및 경로 특이적 약물 효과를 분리하려면 조사자가 구심성 섬유 경로를 독립적으로 활성화하고, 겹치지 않는 세포 집단을 식별하고, 수용액의 조직에 휘발성 마취제를 적용할 수 있어야 합니다. 이 프로토콜에서는 생체 외 뇌 절편에서 신피질에 대한 두 개의 독립적 인 구 심성 경로에 대한 광유전 적으로 유발 된 반응을 측정하는 방법이 설명됩니다. 세포 외 반응은 분석 네트워크 활성에 대해 기록되고 표적화 된 전체 세포 패치 클램프 기록은 소마토스타틴 및 파브 알부민 양성 인터 뉴런에서 수행됩니다. 세포 및 네트워크 반응을 조절하기 위해 인공 뇌 척수액을 통한 생리학적으로 관련된 농도의 이소플루란의 전달이 설명된다.

프로토콜에 설명된 단계의 타임라인이 그림 1에 나와 있습니다. 고차 피질 영역 또는 비일차 시상 핵으로부터 도착하는 피질 입력은 비일차 시각 피질(24)의 층 1에서 부분적으로 겹치는 말단 필드를 갖는다. 독립적인 시상피질 또는 피질피질 구심성 경로를 분리하기 위해 ChR2 및 eYFP 형광 리포터를 포함하는 바이러스 벡터를 Po 또는 Cg에 주입했습니다. 주사 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics at JoVE.com

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

생체 외 뇌 조각은 구 심성 입력에 대한 유발 반응에 대한 휘발성 마취제의 효과를 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 광유전학은 시상피질 및 피질 피질 구심성을 비원발성 신피질에 독립적으로 활성화하는 데 사용되며 시냅스 및 네트워크 반응은 이소플루란으로 조절됩니다.

뇌 조각에서 구 심성 경로의 광유전 적 활성화 및 휘발성 마취제에 의한 반응의 조절

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

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Hypothalamic 마우스 뇌 슬라이스의 GFP 태그 뉴런의 영상 칼슘 응답

Despite an enormous increase in our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the encoding of information in the brain, a central question concerning the ...

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Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

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Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

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전체 셀 전류 두뇌 분할 영역에서 GABA의 퍼프 응용 프로그램에 의해 유도 된

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Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

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마우스 뇌 슬라이스에 장거리 입력의 광유전학 자극을 위한 Vivo intracerebral 입체 전착성 주사

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

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개발 뇌에서 모터 피질의 비 침습적 변조 및 로봇 매핑

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...