Name: optogenetic activation of afferent pathways in brain slices and modulation of responses by volatile anesthetics
Uploaded: 2020-07-23T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics at JoVE.com

Yazarlar, Bryan Krause'a bu projedeki teknik destek ve rehberlik için teşekkür eder.
Bu çalışma Uluslararası Anestezi Araştırma Derneği (IMRA'dan AR'ye), Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri (R01 GM109086'dan MIB'ye) ve Wisconsin Üniversitesi, Madison, WI, ABD Tıp Fakültesi ve Halk Sağlığı Anesteziyoloji Bölümü tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Bu protokolde açıklanan hayvanları içeren tüm prosedürler, Wisconsin-Madison Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi ve Halk Sağlığı Hayvan Bakımı ve Kullanımı Komitesi tarafından onaylanmıştır.
1. İnternöron alt popülasyonlarında floresan muhabir proteinini eksprese etmek için farelerin yetiştirilmesi
<ol><li>Homoziyog, Cre'e bağımlı tdDomates erkek fareyi homozigot SOM-Cre dişi veya homozigot PV-Cre dişi fare ile eşleştirin. NOT: Diğer spesifik nöronal popülasyon...

<ol>
	<li>Baumgart, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+inhibits+synaptic+vesicle+exocytosis+through+reduced+Ca2++influx,+not+Ca2+-exocytosis+coupling.">Isoflurane inhibits synaptic vesicle exocytosis through reduced Ca2+ influx, not Ca2+-exocytosis coupling.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 112 (38), 11959-11964 (2015).</li><li>Herring, B. E., Xie, Z., Marks, J., Fox, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+inhibits+the+neurotransmitter+release+machinery.">Isoflurane inhibits the neurotransmitter release machinery.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 102 (2), 1265-1273 (2009).</li><li>Xie, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+anesthetics+with+neurotransmitter+release+machinery+proteins.">Interaction of anesthetics with neurotransmitter release machinery proteins.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 109 (3), 758-767 (2013).</li><li>Crick, F., Koch, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+consciousness.">A framework for consciousness.</a> Nature Neurosciences. 6 (2), 119-126 (2003).</li><li>Koch, C., Massimini, M., Boly, M., Tononi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+consciousness:+progress+and+problems.">Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems.</a> Nature Reviews Neurosciences. 17 (5), 307-321 (2016).</li><li>Dehaene, S., Changeux, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+theoretical+approaches+to+conscious+processing.">Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing.</a> Neuron. 70 (2), 200-227 (2011).</li><li>Friston, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+theory+of+cortical+responses.">A theory of cortical responses.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences. 360 (1456), 815-836 (2005).</li><li>Mashour, G. A., Hudetz, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bottom-Up+and+Top-Down+Mechanisms+of+General+Anesthetics+Modulate+Different+Dimensions+of+Consciousness.">Bottom-Up and Top-Down Mechanisms of General Anesthetics Modulate Different Dimensions of Consciousness.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 11, 44 (2017).</li><li>Voss, L. J., Garcia, P. S., Hentschke, H., Banks, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+Effects+of+General+Anesthetics+on+Cortical+Network+Activity+Using+Ex+Vivo+Preparations.">Understanding the Effects of General Anesthetics on Cortical Network Activity Using Ex Vivo Preparations.</a> Anesthesiology. 130 (6), 1049-1063 (2019).</li><li>Redinbaugh, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamus+Modulates+Consciousness+Via+Layer-Specific+Control+of+Cortex.">Thalamus Modulates Consciousness Via Layer-Specific Control of Cortex.</a> Neuron. 105 (4), 0896 (2020).</li><li>Carhart-Harris, R. L., Friston, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=REBUS+and+the+Anarchic+Brain:+Toward+a+Unified+Model+of+the+Brain+Action+of+Psychedelics.">REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics.</a> Pharmacological Reviews. 71 (3), 316-344 (2019).</li><li>Mak-McCully, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+cortical+and+thalamic+activity+during+non-REM+sleep+in+humans.">Coordination of cortical and thalamic activity during non-REM sleep in humans.</a> Nature communications. 8 (1), 15499 (2017).</li><li>Alkire, M. T., Hudetz, A. G., Tononi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consciousness+and+anesthesia.">Consciousness and anesthesia.</a> Science. 322 (5903), 876-880 (2008).</li><li>Sanders, R. D., Maze, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noradrenergic+trespass+in+anesthetic+and+sedative+states.">Noradrenergic trespass in anesthetic and sedative states.</a> Anesthesiology. 117 (5), 945-947 (2012).</li><li>Hemmings, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+Comprehensive+Understanding+of+Anesthetic+Mechanisms+of+Action:+A+Decade+of+Discovery.">Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Anesthetic Mechanisms of Action: A Decade of Discovery.</a> Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 40 (7), 464-481 (2019).</li><li>Nourski, K. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+Predictive+Coding+across+Awareness+States+under+Anesthesia:+An+Intracranial+Electrophysiology+Study.">Auditory Predictive Coding across Awareness States under Anesthesia: An Intracranial Electrophysiology Study.</a> Journal of Neurosciences. 38 (39), 8441-8452 (2018).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propofol+disrupts+functional+interactions+between+sensory+and+high-order+processing+of+auditory+verbal+memory.">Propofol disrupts functional interactions between sensory and high-order processing of auditory verbal memory.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 33 (10), 2487-2498 (2012).</li><li>Hentschke, H., Raz, A., Krause, B. M., Murphy, C. A., Banks, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+cortical+network+activity+by+the+general+anesthetic+isoflurane.">Disruption of cortical network activity by the general anesthetic isoflurane.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 119 (4), 685-696 (2017).</li><li>Lee, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+frontal-parietal+communication+by+ketamine,+propofol,+and+sevoflurane.">Disruption of frontal-parietal communication by ketamine, propofol, and sevoflurane.</a> Anesthesiology. 118 (6), 1264-1275 (2013).</li><li>Ferrarelli, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breakdown+in+cortical+effective+connectivity+during+midazolam-induced+loss+of+consciousness.">Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 107 (6), 2681-2686 (2010).</li><li>Ku, S. W., Lee, U., Noh, G. J., Jun, I. G., Mashour, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+inhibition+of+frontal-to-parietal+feedback+connectivity+is+a+neurophysiologic+correlate+of+general+anesthesia+in+surgical+patients.">Preferential inhibition of frontal-to-parietal feedback connectivity is a neurophysiologic correlate of general anesthesia in surgical patients.</a> PLoS.One. 6 (10), 25155 (2011).</li><li>Lee, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Network+Properties+in+Transitions+of+Consciousness+during+Propofol-induced+Sedation.">Network Properties in Transitions of Consciousness during Propofol-induced Sedation.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 16791 (2017).</li><li>Murphy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propofol+anesthesia+and+sleep:+a+high-density+EEG+study.">Propofol anesthesia and sleep: a high-density EEG study.</a> Sleep. 34 (3), 283-291 (2011).</li><li>Murphy, C., Krause, B., Banks, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+effects+of+isoflurane+on+cortico-cortical+feedback+afferent+responses+in+murine+non-primary+neocortex.">Selective effects of isoflurane on cortico-cortical feedback afferent responses in murine non-primary neocortex.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesiology. 123 (4), 488-496 (2019).</li><li>Raz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+effect+of+isoflurane+on+top-down+versus+bottom-up+pathways+in+sensory+cortex.">Preferential effect of isoflurane on top-down versus bottom-up pathways in sensory cortex.</a> Frontiers in System Neurosciences. 8, 191 (2014).</li><li>Schrouff, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+functional+integration+decreases+during+propofol-induced+loss+of+consciousness.">Brain functional integration decreases during propofol-induced loss of consciousness.</a> Neuroimage. 57 (1), 198-205 (2011).</li><li>Petreanu, L., Mao, T., Sternson, S. M., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subcellular+organization+of+neocortical+excitatory+connections.">The subcellular organization of neocortical excitatory connections.</a> Nature. 457 (7233), 1142-1145 (2009).</li><li>Cruikshank, S. J., Urabe, H., Nurmikko, A. V., Connors, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathway-Specific+Feedforward+Circuits+between+Thalamus+and+Neocortex+Revealed+by+Selective+Optical+Stimulation+of+Axons.">Pathway-Specific Feedforward Circuits between Thalamus and Neocortex Revealed by Selective Optical Stimulation of Axons.</a> Neuron. 65 (2), 230-245 (2010).</li><li>Gredell, J. A., Turnquist, P. A., MacIver, M. B., Pearce, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+diffusion+and+partition+coefficients+of+propofol+in+rat+brain+tissue:+implications+for+studies+of+drug+action+in+vitro.">Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of propofol in rat brain tissue: implications for studies of drug action in vitro.</a> BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 93 (6), 810-817 (2004).</li><li>Benkwitz, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+EC50+amnesic+concentration+of+etomidate+and+its+diffusion+profile+in+brain+tissue:+implications+for+in+vitro+studies.">Determination of the EC50 amnesic concentration of etomidate and its diffusion profile in brain tissue: implications for in vitro studies.</a> Anesthesiology. 106 (1), 114-123 (2007).</li><li>Franks, N. P., Lieb, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+actions+of+volatile+general+anaesthetics+at+molecular+and+cellular+levels.">Selective actions of volatile general anaesthetics at molecular and cellular levels.</a> British Journal of Anaesthesia. 71 (1), 65-76 (1993).</li><li>Honemann, C. W., Washington, J., Honemann, M. C., Nietgen, G. W., Durieux, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partition+coefficients+of+volatile+anesthetics+in+aqueous+electrolyte+solutions+at+various+temperatures.">Partition coefficients of volatile anesthetics in aqueous electrolyte solutions at various temperatures.</a> Anesthesiology. 89 (4), 1032-1035 (1998).</li><li>Au - Segev, A., Au - Garcia-Oscos, F., Au - Kourrich, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-cell+Patch-clamp+Recordings+in+Brain+Slices.">Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (112), e54024 (2016).</li><li>Lin, J. Y., Lin, M. Z., Steinbach, P., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+engineered+channelrhodopsin+variants+with+improved+properties+and+kinetics.">Characterization of engineered channelrhodopsin variants with improved properties and kinetics.</a> Biophysical Journal. 96 (5), 1803-1814 (2009).</li><li>Lin, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+user's+guide+to+channelrhodopsin+variants:+features,+limitations+and+future+developments.">A user's guide to channelrhodopsin variants: features, limitations and future developments.</a> Experimental Physiology. 96 (1), 19-25 (2011).</li><li>Banks, M. I., Pearce, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+actions+of+volatile+anesthetics+on+GABAA+IPSCs:+dissociation+of+blocking+and+prolonging+effects.">Dual actions of volatile anesthetics on GABAA IPSCs: dissociation of blocking and prolonging effects.</a> Anesthesiology. 90 (1), 120-134 (1999).</li><li>Hagan, C. E., Pearce, R. A., Trudell, J. R., MacIver, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentration+measures+of+volatile+anesthetics+in+the+aqueous+phase+using+calcium+sensitive+electrodes.">Concentration measures of volatile anesthetics in the aqueous phase using calcium sensitive electrodes.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 81, 177-184 (1998).</li></ol>

Bu yazıda, ex vivo beyin dilimlerinde seçici olarak aktive olmuş afferent yollara intra ve hücre dışı yanıtları değerlendirmek için bir protokol tanımlanmıştır.
Optogenetik araçların ve paralel kayıt şemalarının kullanılması, araştırmacıların yerel popülasyonların uzak beyin bölgelerinden gelen afferent girdilere verdikleri yanıtları araştırmalarına izin verirken, aynı anda hedeflenen internöron popülasyonlarından kayıt yapmalarını sağlar. Optogenetik...

Uçucu anestezikler, bir yüzyıldan fazla bir süredir çeşitli klinik ve akademik ortamlarda her yerde kullanılmaktadır. Farklı anestezik sınıfları benzersiz, genellikle örtüşmeyen moleküler hedeflere sahiptir 1,2,3, ancak neredeyse hepsi bilinçsizlik üretir. Davranışsal etkileri oldukça öngörülebilir olsa da, anesteziklerin bilinç kaybına neden olduğu mekanizmalar büyük ölçüde bilinmemektedir. Anestezikler nihayetinde kortikotalamik devreler üzerindeki eylemler yoluyla bilincin hem seviyesini hem de içeriğini etkileyebilir ve kortikal hiyerarşi 4,5,6,7,8,9 boyunca bilginin entegrasyonunu bozabilir. Daha geniş anlamda, kortikotalamik devrelerin modülasyonu, deneysel olarak 10 veya farmakolojik olarak 11 değişmiş bilinç durumunda rol oynayabilir ve ayrıca uyku12 ve bilincin patofizyolojik bozukluklarında13,14 ile ilişkili olabilir.
Anestezi sırasında bilinç kaybı ve geri dönüşünün altında yatan mekanizmaların belirsizliği, kısmen anesteziklerin hücresel, ağ ve sistem düzeylerindeki lineer olmayan, sinerjik etkilerine bağlanabilir15. Örneğin, izofluran, seçilen beyin bölgelerindeki aktiviteyi baskılar 16,17,18, uzak beyin bölgeleri arasındaki bağlantıyı bozar 19,20,21,22,23 ve sinaptik yanıtları yola özgü bir şekilde azaltır 24,25 . Anesteziklerin moleküler düzeyden sistem düzeyine kadar hangi etkilerinin bilinç kaybını etkilemek için gerekli veya yeterli olduğu belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Non-invaziv teknikler 19,20,26 kullanılarak bilincin önemli klinik araştırmalarına ek olarak, deneycilerin bilinçli deneyime hizmet eden farklı hücresel ve ağ etkileşimlerini çözmeye çalışmaları önemlidir.
Bozulmamış beyinde bulunan karmaşık etkileşimleri basitleştirerek, ex vivo beyin dilimleri, beynin dinamik sistemlerinin izole bileşenlerinin incelenmesine izin verir9. Azaltılmış bir dilim preparatı, yerel sinir devrelerinin nispeten sağlam anatomik yapılarının faydalarını, in vitro manipülasyonların çok yönlülüğü ile birleştirir. Bununla birlikte, yakın zamana kadar, metodolojik kısıtlamalar, beyin dilimlerinde uzun menzilli girdilerin sinaptik ve devre özelliklerinin incelenmesini engellemiştir27,28; kortikotalamik lif yollarının kıvrımlı yolu, bağımsız afferent yolların aktivasyonunu elektriksel stimülasyonla imkansız hale getirdi.
Anestezik ajanların beyin dilimi preparatları üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması ek zorluklar ortaya koymaktadır. Sağlam bir solunum ve dolaşım sistemi yoksa, anestezik ajanlar banyo ile uygulanmalı ve konsantrasyonlar tahmini etki alanı konsantrasyonlarına dikkatlice eşleştirilmelidir. Birçok intravenöz anestezik ajan için, dokudaki denge hızının yavaş olması, geleneksel farmakolojik araştırmaları zahmetli hale getirmektedir29,30. Uçucu gaz anesteziklerinin ex vivo preparatlardaki etkilerinin araştırılması daha zordur, ancak aynı zamanda zorluklar da ortaya koymaktadır. Bunlar arasında solunan kısmi basınç dozlarının sulu konsantrasyonlara dönüştürülmesi ve ilacın yapay beyin omurilik sıvısı yoluyla dokuya modifiye edilmiş bir dağıtım sistemine duyulan ihtiyaç31 yer almaktadır.
Burada, araştırmacıların ex vivo beyin dilimlerine ilaç verilmesi için uçucu anestezik izofluran'ın iyi belgelenmiş fizikokimyasal özelliklerinden yararlanabilecekleri, yüksek uzaysal zamansal çözünürlüğe sahip kortikal bir ilgi alanına yol ve tabakaya özgü girdileri aktive edebilecekleri ve belirli nöron popülasyonlarından eşzamanlı laminer kayıtlar ve hedeflenmiş yama kelepçesi kayıtları yapabilecekleri yöntemler açıklanmaktadır. Kombine olarak, bu prosedürler araştırmacıların sinaptikten lokal ağ seviyesine kadar gözlemlenebilir elektrofizyolojik yanıt özelliklerinde uçucu anestezik kaynaklı değişiklikleri ölçmelerini sağlar.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5x broadfield objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>MPLFLN2.5X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40x water immersion objective lens</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>LUMPLFLN40XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2/5% CO2 mixture</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>Z02OX95R2003045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A16 probe</td>
			<td>NeuroNexus</td>
			<td>A16x1-2mm-100-177-A16</td>
			<td>16-channel probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV2-hSyn-hChR2(H134R)-EYFP</td>
			<td>Karl Deisseroth Lab, UNC Vector Core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic gas monitor (POET II)</td>
			<td>Criticare</td>
			<td>602-3A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP, Magnesium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9187</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>007914</td>
			<td>Cre-dependent tdTomato mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6;129P2-Pvalbtm1(cre)Arbr/J</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>008069</td>
			<td>PV-Cre mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Belly Dancer Shaker</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>1210H86-TS</td>
			<td>for equilibration of sealed gas bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine solution</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for silver chloriding patch clamp electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bupivicaine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSC20010</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass (patch clamp recordings)</td>
			<td>King Precision Glass, Inc.</td>
			<td>KG-33</td>
			<td>Borosilicate, ID: 1.1mm, OD: 1.7mm, Length: 90.0mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary glass (viral injections)</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/X</td>
			<td>3.5&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control of junior micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>SM8</td>
			<td>for control of junior micromanipulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Control of manipulators and shifting table</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>SM7</td>
			<td>for control of multichannel electrode and shifting table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1440A + Clampex 10</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1440A</td>
			<td>Digitizer and software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-3603 tubing</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14171208</td>
			<td>for delivery of 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture to incubation chamber + application of pressure during patch clamping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSE57060</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERP-27 EEG Reference/Patch Panel</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filling needle</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>50821912</td>
			<td>for filling patch clamp pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cube for imaging EYFP</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>U-MRFPHQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09801E</td>
			<td>lay over slice template during preparation of tissue block</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flaming/Brown micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td>2.5x2.5 Box filament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas dispersion tube</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS3953312C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass syringe (100 mL)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z314390</td>
			<td>for filling gas-sealed bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gluconic Acid, Potassium Salt (K-gluconate)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSG37020</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSG32040</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTP, Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td>intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headstage-probe adaptor</td>
			<td>NeuroNexus</td>
			<td>A16-OM16</td>
			<td>adaptor to connect 16-channel probe to headstage input</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic Forceps</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>76192-096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSH75030</td>
			<td>ACSF,intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HS-16 Headstage</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-893-1389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (70%)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>101223-746</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Junior micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>210-100 000 0090-R</td>
			<td>for manipulation of patch clamp electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Light Source Control Module</td>
			<td>Mightex</td>
			<td>BLS-PL02_US</td>
			<td>optogenetic light source control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lynx-8 Amplifier</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lynx-8 Power Supply</td>
			<td>Neuralynx</td>
			<td>Retired</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSM24300</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mCherry, Texas Red filter cube</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>49008</td>
			<td>for imaging tdTomato fluorescent reporter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette holder</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9044962</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsyringe pump</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>UMP3-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiClamp 700A</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices/Axon Instruments</td>
			<td>700A</td>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen (for air table)</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>NI200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>501460083</td>
			<td>stretched over horseshoe of flattened platinum wire, slice rest on top of this during recordings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon, cut from pantyhose</td>
			<td>Generic brand</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>small piece to create slice platform in incubation chamber, single fibers to create platinum harp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC1697520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>307</td>
			<td>For transferring tissue to rig</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum wire</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>BT124000</td>
			<td>2 cm, flattened, to make platinum harp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polygon400</td>
			<td>Mightex</td>
			<td>DSI-E-0470-0617-000</td>
			<td>optogenetic light delivery system, comes with PolyScan2 software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSP41000</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSP41200</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sapphire blade (for vibratome)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>100492-502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.</td>
			<td>sc-361445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sealed gas bag</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>109236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shifting table for microscope</td>
			<td>Luigs and Neumann</td>
			<td>380FMU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate (HCO3-)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSS22060</td>
			<td>ACSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Dot Scientific</td>
			<td>DSS23020</td>
			<td>ACSF, intracellular solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ssttm2.1(cre)Zjh/J (SOM-IRES-Cre)</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>013044</td>
			<td>SOM-Cre mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic instrument</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 902</td>
			<td>Dual Small Animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super glue</td>
			<td>Staples</td>
			<td>886833</td>
			<td>to fix tissue block to specimen stage during slice preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drill</td>
			<td>RAM Products Inc.</td>
			<td>DIGITALMICROTORQUE</td>
			<td>Microtorque II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (1 mL) with LuerLock tip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td>for application of pressure during patch clamping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (1 mL) with slip tip</td>
			<td>WW Grainger, Inc.</td>
			<td>19G384</td>
			<td>for filling patch clamp pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Filters</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>66064-414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibrating microtome</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wypall towels</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>19-042-427</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optogenetic activation of afferent pathways in brain slices and modulation of responses by volatile anesthetics

Anestezikler kısmen talamokortikal devreler üzerindeki eylemleri yoluyla bilinci etkiler. Bununla birlikte, uçucu anesteziklerin bu devrelerin farklı hücresel ve ağ bileşenlerini ne ölçüde etkilediği belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Ex vivo beyin dilimleri, araştırmacıların karmaşık ağların ayrı bileşenlerini araştırabilecekleri ve uçucu anesteziklerin uyarılmış yanıtlar üzerindeki etkilerinin altında yatan potansiyel mekanizmaları çözebilecekleri bir araç sağlar. Beyin dilimlerinde potansiyel hücre tipine ve yola özgü ilaç etkilerini izole etmek için, araştırmacılar afferent lif yollarını bağımsız olarak aktive edebilmeli, örtüşmeyen hücre popülasyonlarını tanımlayabilmeli ve sulu çözeltideki dokuya uçucu anestezikler uygulayabilmelidir. Bu protokolde, ex vivo beyin dilimlerinde neokortekse giden iki bağımsız afferent yola optogenetik olarak uyarılmış yanıtları ölçme yöntemleri açıklanmaktadır. Hücre dışı yanıtlar ağ aktivitesini analiz etmek için kaydedilir ve somatostatin ve parvalbümin pozitif internöronlarda hedeflenen tüm hücre yama kelepçesi kayıtları yapılır. Hücresel ve ağ yanıtlarını modüle etmek için fizyolojik olarak ilgili izofluran konsantrasyonlarının yapay beyin omurilik sıvısı yoluyla verilmesi tarif edilmiştir.

Protokolde açıklanan adımların zaman çizelgesi Şekil 1'de gösterilmiştir. Daha yüksek dereceli kortikal alanlardan veya primer olmayan talamik çekirdeklerden gelen kortikal girdiler, primer olmayan görsel korteks24'ün 1. katmanında kısmen örtüşen terminal alanlarına sahiptir. Bağımsız talamokortikal veya kortikokortikal afferent yolları izole etmek için, ChR2 içeren bir viral vektör ve Po veya Cg'ye bir eYFP floresan muhabiri enjekte edildi. E...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics at JoVE.com

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Ex vivo beyin dilimleri, uçucu anesteziklerin afferent girdilere uyarılmış yanıtlar üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için kullanılabilir. Optogenetik, talamokortikal ve kortikokortikal afferentleri primer olmayan neokortekse bağımsız olarak aktive etmek için kullanılır ve sinaptik ve ağ yanıtları izofluran ile modüle edilir.

Beyin Dilimlerinde Afferent Yolakların Optogenetik Aktivasyonu ve Uçucu Anesteziklerle Yanıtların Modülasyonu

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices

Hipotalamik Fare Beyin Dilimleri GFP etiketli Nöronlar in Görüntüleme Kalsiyum Cevapları

Despite an enormous increase in our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the encoding of information in the brain, a central question concerning the ...

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Akut Hipokampal Dilimler içinde Synaptically-uyarılmış astroglial ve Nöronal Cevaplarının İkili Elektrofizyolojik Kayıtlar

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Chef-tdTomato kullanarak Zebrafish Somatosensoriyel Nöron Optogenetic Etkinleştirme

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Kemirgen Santral Sinir Sistemi vivo optogenetic Stimülasyon içinde

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Beyin Dilimleri Korku Devre Ex Vivo optogenetic Diseksiyon

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Whole-cell Currents Induced by Puff Application of GABA in Brain Slices

GABA beyin dilimleri içinde uygulanması Puff tarafından indüklenen bütün hücreli akımları

Pharmacological administration is commonly used when conducting whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices. One of the best methods of drug ...

Recording and Modulation of Epileptiform Activity in Rodent Brain Slices Coupled to Microelectrode Arrays

Kayıt ve modülasyon Epileptiform aktivite elektrot dizilerin birleştiğinde kemirgen beyin dilimleri içinde

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Gerçek zamanlı olarak buharı aşamasında propil reseptör etkinleştirme bir propil tarafından in Vitro izlenmesi

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Fare Beyin Dilimlerinde Uzun Menzilli Girdilerin Optogenetik Stimülasyonu için Vivo İntraserebral Stereotaksik Enjeksiyonlarda

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Non-Invasive Modulation and Robotic Mapping of Motor Cortex in the Developing Brain

Gelişmekte olan beyin motor Cortex non-Invaziv modülasyon ve robotik haritalama

Mapping the motor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has potential to interrogate motor cortex physiology and plasticity but carries ...