Name: a bacterial oral feeding assay with antibiotic-treated mosquitoes
Uploaded: 2020-09-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue apoyado por la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de China (Grant No. 81902094, 81600497), y el Proyecto del Plan de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Provincia de Hunan (2019RS1036).

1. Disección de la parte media y aislamiento de bacterias cultivables
<ol><li>Preparen el mosquito para la disección.<ol>
<li>Recoger los mosquitos 7-9 días después de la aparición con un aspirador. Anestesia a los mosquitos recogidos sometiéndolos a una temperatura de 4oC durante 3-5 min y mantén a los mosquitos anestesiados en un plato de Petri helado hasta la disección.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Esterilice los instrumentos de laboratorio y la superficie del mosquito.<ol>
<li>Est...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+gut+inhabitants+on+vectorial+capacity+of+mosquitoes.">Role of gut inhabitants on vectorial capacity of mosquitoes.</a> Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 55 (2), 69 (2018).</li><li>Jupatanakul, N., Sim, S., Dimopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+insect+microbiome+modulates+vector+competence+for+arboviruses.">The insect microbiome modulates vector competence for arboviruses.</a> Viruses. 6 (11), 4294-4313 (2014).</li><li>Moro, C. V., Tran, F. H., Raharimalala, F. N., Ravelonandro, P., Mavingui, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+of+culturable+bacteria+including+Pantoea+in+wild+mosquito+Aedes+albopictus.">Diversity of culturable bacteria including Pantoea in wild mosquito Aedes albopictus.</a> BMC Microbiology. 13 (1), 70 (2013).</li><li>Chouaia, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+evidence+for+multiple+infections+as+revealed+by+typing+of+Asaia+bacterial+symbionts+of+four+mosquito+species.">Molecular evidence for multiple infections as revealed by typing of Asaia bacterial symbionts of four mosquito species.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (22), 7444-7450 (2010).</li><li>Terenius, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midgut+bacterial+dynamics+in+Aedes+aegypti.">Midgut bacterial dynamics in Aedes aegypti.</a> FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 80 (3), 556-565 (2012).</li><li>Bando, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-specific+diversity+of+Serratia+marcescens+in+Anopheles+mosquito+midgut+defines+Plasmodium+transmission+capacity.">Intra-specific diversity of Serratia marcescens in Anopheles mosquito midgut defines Plasmodium transmission capacity.</a> Scientific Reports. 3, 1641 (2013).</li><li>Telang, A., Skinner, J., Nemitz, R. Z., McClure, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metagenome+and+culture-based+methods+reveal+candidate+bacterial+mutualists+in+the+Southern+house+mosquito+(Diptera:+Culicidae).">Metagenome and culture-based methods reveal candidate bacterial mutualists in the Southern house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae).</a> Journal of Medical Entomology. 55 (5), 1170-1181 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., Gilbreath, T. M., Kukutla, P., Yan, G., Xu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+gut+microbiome+across+life+history+of+the+malaria+mosquito+Anopheles+gambiae+in+Kenya.">Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya.</a> PloS One. 6 (9), (2011).</li><li>Xiao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mesh-Duox+pathway+regulates+homeostasis+in+the+insect+gut.">A Mesh-Duox pathway regulates homeostasis in the insect gut.</a> Nature Microbiology. 2 (5), 17020 (2017).</li><li>Gu&#233;gan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+impacts+of+anthropogenic+stressors+on+Aedes+albopictus+mosquito+vector+microbiota.">Short-term impacts of anthropogenic stressors on Aedes albopictus mosquito vector microbiota.</a> FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 94 (12), 188 (2018).</li><li>Valzania, L., Coon, K. L., Vogel, K. J., Brown, M. R., Strand, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-induced+transcription+factor+signaling+is+essential+for+larval+growth+of+the+mosquito+Aedes+aegypti.">Hypoxia-induced transcription factor signaling is essential for larval growth of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (3), 457-465 (2018).</li><li>Coon, K. L., Vogel, K. J., Brown, M. R., Strand, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquitoes+rely+on+their+gut+microbiota+for+development.">Mosquitoes rely on their gut microbiota for development.</a> Molecular Ecology. 23 (11), 2727-2739 (2014).</li><li>de O Gaio, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+midgut+bacteria+to+blood+digestion+and+egg+production+in+Aedes+aegypti+(diptera:+culicidae)(L).">Contribution of midgut bacteria to blood digestion and egg production in Aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae)(L).</a> Parasites &amp; Vectors. 4 (1), 105 (2011).</li><li>Ramirez, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocal+tripartite+interactions+between+the+Aedes+aegypti+midgut+microbiota,+innate+immune+system+and+dengue+virus+influences+vector+competence.">Reciprocal tripartite interactions between the Aedes aegypti midgut microbiota, innate immune system and dengue virus influences vector competence.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (3), 1561 (2012).</li><li>Dong, Y., Morton, J. C., Ramirez, J. L., Souza-Neto, J. A., Dimopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+entomopathogenic+fungus+Beauveria+bassiana+activate+toll+and+JAK-STAT+pathway-controlled+effector+genes+and+anti-dengue+activity+in+Aedes+aegypti.">The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana activate toll and JAK-STAT pathway-controlled effector genes and anti-dengue activity in Aedes aegypti.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 42 (2), 126-132 (2012).</li><li>Anglero-Rodriguez, Y. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Aedes+aegypti-associated+fungus+increases+susceptibility+to+dengue+virus+by+modulating+gut+trypsin+activity.">An Aedes aegypti-associated fungus increases susceptibility to dengue virus by modulating gut trypsin activity.</a> Elife. 6, 28844 (2017).</li><li>Wu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+gut+commensal+bacterium+promotes+mosquito+permissiveness+to+arboviruses.">A gut commensal bacterium promotes mosquito permissiveness to arboviruses.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 25 (1), 101-112 (2019).</li><li>M&#246;hlmann, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+gut+bacteria+on+the+infection+and+transmission+of+pathogenic+arboviruses+by+biting+midges+and+mosquitoes.">Impact of gut bacteria on the infection and transmission of pathogenic arboviruses by biting midges and mosquitoes.</a> Microbial Ecology. , (2020).</li><li>Llorca, M., Gros, M., Rodr&#237;guez-Mozaz, S., Barcel&#243;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sample+preservation+for+the+analysis+of+antibiotics+in+water.">Sample preservation for the analysis of antibiotics in water.</a> Journal of Chromatography. A. 1369, 43-51 (2014).</li><li>Berendsen, B., Elbers, I., Stolker, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+stability+of+antibiotics+in+matrix+and+reference+solutions+using+a+straightforward+procedure+applying+mass+spectrometric+detection.">Determination of the stability of antibiotics in matrix and reference solutions using a straightforward procedure applying mass spectrometric detection.</a> Food Additives &amp; Contaminants: Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure &amp; Risk Assessment. 28 (12), 1657-1666 (2011).</li><li>Hill, C. L., Sharma, A., Shouche, Y., Severson, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+midgut+microflora+and+dengue+virus+impact+on+life+history+traits+in+Aedes+aegypti.">Dynamics of midgut microflora and dengue virus impact on life history traits in Aedes aegypti.</a> Acta Tropica. 140, 151-157 (2014).</li><li>Eng, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifaceted+functional+implications+of+an+endogenously+expressed+tRNA+fragment+in+the+vector+mosquito+Aedes+aegypti.">Multifaceted functional implications of an endogenously expressed tRNA fragment in the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12 (1), 0006186 (2018).</li><li>Kajla, M. K., Barrett-Wilt, G. A., Paskewitz, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacteria:+A+novel+source+for+potent+mosquito+feeding-deterrents.">Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents.</a> Science Advances. 5 (1), 6141 (2019).</li><li>Gon&#231;alves, G. G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+MALDI-TOF+MS+to+identify+the+culturable+midgut+microbiota+of+laboratory+and+wild+mosquitoes.">Use of MALDI-TOF MS to identify the culturable midgut microbiota of laboratory and wild mosquitoes.</a> Acta Tropica. 200, 105174 (2019).</li><li>Kuss, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+microbiota+promote+enteric+virus+replication+and+systemic+pathogenesis.">Intestinal microbiota promote enteric virus replication and systemic pathogenesis.</a> Science. 334 (6053), 249-252 (2011).</li><li>Rani, A., Sharma, A., Rajagopal, R., Adak, T., Bhatnagar, R. 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Las investigaciones sobre las interacciones huésped-microbio han encontrado que diferentes microbios intestinales afectan su fisiología huésped a través de mecanismos divergentes. Este artículo presenta el método para investigar el papel respectivo del microbio intestinal del mosquito, incluyendo la disección de la mitad del mosquito en la bles, el cultivo de bacterias intestinales cultivables, el tratamiento antibiótico y la reintroducción de las bacterias de interés.
Para un tratam...

Los mosquitos se consideran los vectores más importantes de las enfermedades patógenas humanas, transmitiendo más de un centenar de patógenos, incluyendo el virus del Zika, el virus del Dengue y los parásitos Plasmodium 1. Cuando los mosquitos toman una comida de sangre para adquirir nutrientes para la oviposición, pueden ingerir accidentalmente patógenos de un huésped infectado a través del tracto digestivo2. Es importante destacar que el medio mosquito, que desempeña un papel fundamental tanto en la digestión de las comidas en sangre como en la entrada de patógenos, alberga un microbioma altamente dinámico3.
Varios estudios han caracterizado la microbiota de mosquitos criada en laboratorio y recogida en el campo utilizando un método dependiente del cultivo o un ensayo de secuenciación de bacterias4,,5,,6. Especies como Pantoea, Serratia, Klebsiella, Elizabethkingiay Enterococcus se suelen aislar de los mosquitos en diversos estudios5,7,8,9. Curiosamente, la microbiota intestinal de los mosquitos fluctúa dinámicamente tanto en la diversidad comunitaria como en la cantidad de especies bacterianas, afectadas por la etapa de desarrollo, las especies, el origen geográfico y el comportamiento de alimentación4. Los estudios muestran que la alimentación sanguínea aumenta dramáticamente la carga bacteriana total con una rápida expansión de las especies de Enterobacteriaceae y una reducción de la diversidad general10,11. Además, la microbiota intestinal del mosquito de la etapa larval generalmente se erradica cuando el insecto sufre metamorfosis durante la pupación y eclosión; por lo tanto, los mosquitos adultos recién surgidos necesitan repoblar su microbiota4.
La microbiota intestinal modula la fisiología de los insectos en diversos aspectos, como la absorción de nutrientes, la inmunidad, el desarrollo, la reproducción y la competencia vectorial12. Las larvas de mosquitos estribicos no se desarrollan más allá de la primera estrella, mientras que un suministro oral de bacterias rescata el desarrollo, lo que indica que el microbio intestinal del mosquito es esencial para el desarrollo larvario13,14. Además, el agotamiento de las bacterias intestinales retrasa la digestión de las comidas en la sangre y la absorción de nutrientes, afecta la maduración de los ovocitos y disminuye la oviposición15. Además, los mosquitos con microflora intestinal provocan respuestas inmunitarias más altas en comparación con los mosquitos tratados con antibióticos, con una expresión de péptido antimicrobiano constantemente elevada contra otros patógenos para infectar a16. Por lo general, los antibióticos se administran por vía oral para eliminar las bacterias del intestino de la sartén en estos estudios, y luego se llevan a cabo experimentos para comparar la diferencia entre los mosquitos oxenicos y los mosquitos con microbios commensales. Sin embargo, el mosquito midgut alberga una comunidad diversa de microbios, y cada especie de bacteria podría ejercer un efecto distintivo hacia la fisiología anfitriona.
La microbiota de mosquitos regula la competencia vectorial con efectos divergentes. La colonización por Proteus aislada de mosquitos derivados del campo de las zonas endémicas de dengue confiere la expresión de péptidos antimicrobianos reguladas y la resistencia contra la infección por el virus del dengue16. El hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana activa la vía inmune Toll y JAK-STAT contra la infección por arbovirus17. Por el contrario, el hongo Talaromyces aislado de Aedes aegypti midgut facilita la infección por el virus del dengue mediante la modulación de la actividad de tripsina intestinal18. Además, Serratia marcescens promueve la transmisión del arbovirus a través de una proteína secretora llamada SmEnhancin, que digiere la capa de mucina en el epitelio intestinal de los mosquitos19.
Este procedimiento proporciona un método sistemático e intuitivo para la disección del pasto del mosquito, el aislamiento de colonias de bacterias cultivables, la identificación de las especies de bacterias y la reintroducción a través de la alimentación oral. Proporciona resultados representativos de la alimentación de la sangre con una bacteria commensal, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum,sobre el desarrollo del ovario de mosquitos y la oviposición.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >A2383</td>
			<td >Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate has been used to prepare adenosine triphosphate (ATP) standard solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Aedes aegypti</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Female mosquitoes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Anticoagulant tube</td>
			<td>BD Vacutainer</td>
			<td>363095</td>
			<td>Collect fresh blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F601620-0010</td>
			<td>1.5 ml, Natural, Graduated, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cotton balls</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Disposable Tissue Grinding Pestle</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F619072-0001</td>
			<td>70 mm Long, Conical, Blue, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>Paini</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute it to 75% ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Forceps</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>F11029</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hemotek Membrane Feeding System</td>
			<td>Hemotek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Components of the feeding system, including&#160; Hemotek temperature controller, feeder-housing assembly, metal feeder assembled.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Incubator shaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ZQZY-78AN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Inoculation Loops</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F619312-0001</td>
			<td>10 &#956;l, Yellow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LB Agar Powder</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A507003</td>
			<td>Tryptone 10.0 g&#65307; Yeast Extract 5.0 g&#65307; NaCl 10.0 g&#65307; Agar 15.0 g.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LB Broth Powder</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A507002</td>
			<td>Tryptone 10.0 g&#65307; Yeast Extract 5.0 g&#65307; NaCl 10.0 g.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Paper cup</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place mosquito</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Parafilm</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F104002</td>
			<td>4 inx 125 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F611203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Penicillin G procaine salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A606248</td>
			<td>White powder. Soluble in water, soluble in methanol, slightly soluble in water, ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Single Channal Pipettor</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Streptomycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A610494</td>
			<td>Streptomycin sulfate is a glucosamine antibiotic that interferes with the synthesis of prokaryotic proteins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A502792</td>
			<td>Soluble in water, ethanol and methanol, slightly soluble in glycerol and pyridine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit</td>
			<td>TIANGEN</td>
			<td>DP302</td>
			<td>Extract DNA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Utility Fabric-Mosquito Netting White</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scintic Industries</td>
			<td>S1-0246</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.5ml EP tube</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F600620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10X PBS buffer</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>E607016</td>
			<td>This product is a 10X solution. Please dilute it 10 times before use. The pH value is 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a bacterial oral feeding assay with antibiotic-treated mosquitoes

El mosquito midgut alberga un microbioma altamente dinámico que afecta el metabolismo del huésped, la reproducción, la aptitud física y la competencia vectorial. Se han realizado estudios para investigar el efecto de los microbios intestinales en su conjunto; sin embargo, diferentes microbios podrían ejercer efectos distintos hacia el huésped. Este artículo proporciona la metodología para estudiar el efecto de cada microbio intestinal específico del mosquito y el mecanismo potencial.
Este protocolo contiene dos partes. La primera parte introduce cómo diseccionar el mosquito en la parte media del intestino, aislar colonias de bacterias cultivables e identificar especies de bacterias. La segunda parte proporciona el procedimiento para generar mosquitos tratados con antibióticos y reintroducir una especie específica de bacterias.

Las vías medias de los mosquitos tratados con antibióticos y sin antibióticos fueron sacados para la extracción de ADN, y qPCR se realizó con imprimaciones bacterianas universales. La Figura 1 muestra la expresión de RRNA bacteriana 16S en el grupo de control y en el grupo de tratamiento antibiótico. Los resultados muestran que alrededor del 98% de las bacterias intestinales se han eliminado, y la esterilización intestinal de penicilina y estreptomicina fue exitosa.
Co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes

Un ensayo de alimentación oral bacteriana con mosquitos tratados con antibióticos

Este artículo presenta un protocolo para investigar el efecto de las bacterias intestinales de mosquitos individuales, incluyendo el aislamiento y la identificación de microbios cultivables de mosquitos en la mitad del intestino, agotamiento de antibióticos de bacterias intestinales de mosquitos, y reintroducir una especie específica de bacterias.

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been ...

Mosquito midgut alberga una compleja comunidad de microbios que afectan el metabolismo del huésped, la reproducción, la aptitud física y la competencia veterinaria. Con cada microbio intestinal es un efecto diferente. Este video introduce el procedimiento para estudiar el papel respectivo de cada cepa bacteriana o fisiología del huésped.Para adquirir un cultivo de colonias bacterianas intestinales, disecciona el dorso en condiciones estériles. Aterrizar el punto medio diseccionado, serotologinar, y extenderse sobre la placa de agar. Escoja colonias individuales de la placa e identifique las especies de bacterias a través de su secuencia de 16 genes SRNA.Alimentar a los mosquitos con COD Emboss que contiene antibióticos durante tres días consecutivos para eliminar la microbiota intestinal. La eficacia del tratamiento con antibióticos puede confirmarse diseccionando el encuse de mosquito aséptico para el ensayo de la unidad formadora de colonias antes de los extremistas subsiguientes. Luego reintroducir especies de bacterias específicas que previamente se aislaron del intestino del mosquito a través del ensayo de alimentación oral.El efecto de las bacterias en la fisiología del huésped podría evaluarse comparando los mosquitos no tratados, los mosquitos tratados con antibióticos y la restricción específica de los mosquitos. Disección de la parte media y el aislamiento de bacterias cultivables. Para empezar, recoge los mosquitos en jaula con un aspirador y celda de los mosquitos en la caja de recolección.Anestesiar a los mosquitos sometiendo a una temperatura de 4 grados durante tres a cinco minutos. Mantenga los mosquitos anestesiados colocándolos en un plato de Petri helado. Desinfecte el banco, el microscopio de disección y los fórceps pulverizando un 75% de etanol para evitar la contaminación por bacterias del medio ambiente.La superficie esteriliza al mosquito enroscándolo y sacudiéndolo en 75%etanol durante tres minutos y enjuáguelo dos veces con el tampón PBS. Bisect el mosquito por separado en un portaobjetos de vidrio estéril que contenga su gota de PBS. Retire con cuidado las patas, las alas y la cabeza del mosquito con fórceps.Sujeta el pecho del mosquito y la última sección del abdomen fue fórceps y desmonta para aislar el tracto digestivo. Use fórceps para extraer el cultivo y el tubo malpighiano del tracto digestivo. El cultivo se coloca en el pnterior de la parte media y protuberancias después de ingerir agua azucarada.Los tubos malpighianos son un grupo de tubos excretores delgados en la unión de la parte media y la parte posterior. Coloque el maquillaje diseccionado en el tubo EP con 200 microlitros estériles PBS buffer y molerlo con el pastor de molienda estéril en el banco limpio. Cereal para cargar el homogeneización a tres delirios de tempo a 50 microlitros de cada delirio a la placa de agar LB y placa desesperada.Incubar la placa como 37 grados durante uno o dos días hasta que las colonias individuales sean factibles. Escoja colonias individuales en un matraz cónico de 150 mililitros que contenga un medio de sujetadores de 50 mililitros lb. agitar las bacterias a 37 grados durante la noche.Identificación de especies. Extraiga ADN TOTO mediante un kit de construcción de ADN genómico bacteriano y amplifique 16 SRDNA por PCR. Recuperación y purificación de fragmentos de ADN de productos de PCR por electroforesis de gel de Ambrose y el kit de recuperación de impulsión.Se realizó la secuenciación de ADN en los fragmentos de ADN purificado para tener una secuencia de cadena de bacterias alcanzada. Realizar la búsqueda de granallado a una consulta de la secuencia de 16 genes SRNA de identificar las bacterias contra las bacterias y la arquea y la base de datos. La identificación al nivel de la especie se definió como mayor o igual que 99%16 SRDNA similar a la entrada de banco del equipo más cercana.El aislado se asignó al género correspondiente, cuando es 16 secuencia SRDNA, la similitud era menor que 99% y mayor o igual a 95%tratamiento antibiótico y re-introducción de bacterias. pesar la cantidad necesaria de penicilina de sacarosa y estreptomicina para prepararnos 10%solución de sacarosa, incluyendo probar 20 unidades de penicilina y los 20 microgramos de estreptomicina por mililitro. Infíltrate en las bolas de algodón en la solución de sacarosa que contiene antibióticos y colóquela sobre la parte superior de la taza de papel que contiene el mosquito.Cubra la bola de algodón con un plato Petri de 10 centímetros para evitar que un paseo marítimo se evapore. Sustituya las bolas de algodón dos veces al día y alimente al mosquito durante tres días consecutivos. Los mosquitos se dividen en dos grupos.El primer grupo se colocó en una taza de mosquito sin ningún tratamiento, cualquier médico de bolas de algodón con 10%Así que la cruz se dio diariamente. El segundo grupo fue tratado con antibióticos y sirvió durante tres días. En cada grupo, los mosquitos Sergei fueron diseccionados.El Mika fue extraído para la extracción total de ADN y el QPCR se realizó utilizando imprimaciones de bacterias universales, figura uno muestra la expresión de 16 ARNs en el grupo de control y grupo de tratamiento antibiótico. Los resultados muestran que el costo o realización de penicilina y estreptomicina fue exitoso. preparar la solución bacteriana, mide una solución bacteriana en el virus con un espectrofotómetro, añadir una suspensión de bacterias OT en el tubo EP.Centrifugar la suspensión a 5.000 RCA durante cinco minutos a cuatro grados Deseche el sobrenadante, lave el palé de bacterias intenta con tampón PBS estéril. Re-suspender el palet bacteriano con 200 microlitros estériles PBS buffer Añadir 600 microlitros, 10% solución de sacarosa, 200 microlitros ATP y 200 microlitros suspensión bacteriana en un nuevo tubo AP y mezclar bien. Alternativamente, las bacterias pueden ser re-suspendidas en calor en activar la sangre.Preparación de la sangre activada por calentamiento. clot sangre fresca con tubo anticoagulante, tomar de dos a tres mililitros de sangre fresca. centrífuga a 1000 durante 10 minutos a cuatro grados para separar el plasma y las células sanguíneas.Recoger el plasma en un nuevo tubo EP y aquí activar activado a 56 grados durante una hora. Lave Blast house a través de sus tiempos con tampón PBS estéril. Enjuague la casa de la explosión suspendida con el plasma activado por calefacción.Montar membrana y sistema de alimentación. Tire de la enfermedad de la película al máximo. arreglar con el anillo de plástico y la parafilmación del lugar de trabajo para evitar que las fugas agreguen lentamente la solución bacteriana preparada a la unidad alimentadora, al máximo monedero.Para evitar que la burbuja cayera desde una dirección y sellar la unidad alimentadora. Conecte la fuente de alimentación. Espere hasta que la temperatura alcance los 37 grados Instalado la unidad alimentador con solución bacteriana en el alimentador.Antes de alimentar a los mosquitos bacterias se deben detener durante 24 horas para metabolizar los antibióticos. Para la unidad de alimentación en la taza de papel con mosquitos, luego deje alimentar durante 90 minutos. Los mosquitos totalmente alentados podrían ser recogidos para más estudios.Resultados representativos. La figura dos nos muestra el galardón promedio por mosquito. Después de la alimentación de la trama de antibióticos tratados los mosquitos vemos meningosepticum.La figura tres muestra la expresión de una variante de genes relacionados con el desarrollo 24 horas después de la comida de sangre que contiene el meningosepticum C. Los resultados muestran que no hay ningún cambio significativo en la producción de huevos del grupo de control y el grupo de desvanecimiento. Gracias por su interés en las bacterias o un ensayo de alimentación con mosquitos tratados con antibióticos.

a-bacterial-oral-feeding-assay-with-antibiotic-treated-mosquitoes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This video protocol demonstrates a method used by the James laboratory to microinject DNA constructs into Anopheles stephensi embryos for the generation of transformed mosquitoes. Techniques for preparing microinjection needles, collecting and preparing embryos and performing the microinjection are illustrated.

Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes are vectors for malaria inhabiting India and throughout Asia. This video demonstrates the technique for performing microinjections of this species with transgenes that will confer resistance to the malaria to the mosquito. Much of the methodology demonstrated in this video is applicable to microinjection techniques of other mosquito species.

La inyección de una. Los embriones stephensi para generar la malaria resistente a los mosquitos

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

Investigación

Biología

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission.   Population replacement strategy, the idea that transgenic mosquitoes can be released into the wild to control disease transmission, is introduced, as well as the concept of genetic drive and the design criterion for an effective genetic drive system. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically-modified organisms into the wild are also discussed.

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission. Population replacement strategy, the idea that transgenic mosquitoes can be released into the wild to control disease transmission, is introduced as well as the concept of genetic drive and the design criterion for an effective genetic drive system. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically-modified organisms into the wild are also discussed.

Cómo prevenir la propagación de la malaria y el dengue Con mosquitos genéticamente modificados

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission.   Population ...

Protocols for Oral Infection of Lepidopteran Larvae with Baculovirus

Baculoviruses are widely used both as protein expression vectors and as insect pest control agents. This video shows how lepidopteran larvae can be infected with polyhedra by droplet feeding and diet plug-based bioassays. This accompanying Springer Protocols section provides an overview of the baculovirus lifecycle and use of baculoviruses as insecticidal agents, including discussion of the pros and cons for use of baculoviruses as insecticides, and progress made in genetic enhancement of baculoviruses for improved insecticidal efficacy.

In this video, we demonstrate oral infection techniques of lepidopteran larvae with baculovirus in order to determine insecticidal efficiency.

Protocolos para la infección oral de larvas de lepidópteros con Baculovirus

Baculoviruses are widely used both as protein expression vectors and as insect pest control agents. This video shows how lepidopteran larvae can be ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

RNAi mediada por Gene y Derribo<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Ensayo de diuresis en Mujeres Adultas<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em&gt; Los mosquitos

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, several traits are typically characterized using molecular assays to aid in epidemiological studies. These traits include species identification, insecticide resistance, parasite infection status, and host preference. Since populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex are morphologically indistinguishable, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is traditionally used to identify species. Once the species is known, several downstream assays are routinely performed to elucidate further characteristics. For instance, mutations known as KDR in a para gene confer resistance against DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Plasmodium parasite DNA detection PCR assays are used to detect parasites present in mosquito tissues. Lastly, a combination of PCR and restriction enzyme digests can be used to elucidate host preference (e.g., human vs. animal blood) by screening the mosquito bloodmeal for host-specific DNA. We have developed a multi-detection assay (MDA) that combines all of the aforementioned assays into a single multiplex reaction genotyping 33SNPs for 96 or 384 samples at a time. Because the MDA includes multiple markers for species, Plasmodium detection, and host blood identification, the likelihood of generating false positives or negatives is greatly reduced from previous assays that include only one marker per trait. This robust and simple assay can detect these key mosquito traits cost-effectively and in a fraction of the time of existing assays.

Malaria transmitting mosquitoes have a number of epidemiologically important characteristics that can only be detected using molecular techniques. Utilizing a MALDI-TOF based SNP genotyping platform, we developed an assay for simultaneously detecting multiple key traits (species, insecticide resistance, parasite infection and host choice) of malaria vectors.

Un ensayo multi-detección para los mosquitos transmisores de la malaria

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, ...

High-fat Feeding Paradigm for Larval Zebrafish: Feeding, Live Imaging, and Quantification of Food Intake

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich meal, which consists of an emulsion of chicken egg yolk liposomes created by sonicating egg yolk in embryo media. Detailed instructions are provided to screen larvae for egg yolk consumption so that larvae that fail to feed will not confound experimental results. The chicken egg yolk liposomes can be spiked with fluorescent lipid analogs, including fatty acids and cholesterol, enabling both systemic and subcellular visualization of dietary lipid processing. Several methods are described to mount larvae that are conducive to short- and long-term live imaging with both upright and inverted objectives at high and low magnification. Additionally presented is an assay to quantify larval food intake by extracting the lipids of larvae fed fluorescent lipid analogs, spotting the lipids on a thin layer chromatography plate, and quantifying the fluorescence. Finally, critical aspects of the procedures, important controls, options for modifying the protocols to address specific experimental questions, and potential limitations are discussed. These techniques can be applied not only to focused, hypothesis driven inquiries, but also to a variety of screens and live imaging techniques to study dietary lipid metabolism and the control of food intake.

Zebrafish are emerging as a valuable model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. Described are protocols of lipid-rich larval feeds, live imaging of dietary fluorescent lipid analogs, and quantification of food intake. These techniques can be applied to a variety of screening, imaging, and hypothesis driven inquiry techniques.

La alimentación de las larvas de pez cebra paradigma para la alta en grasas: Alimentación, imágenes en vivo, y Cuantificación de la ingesta de alimentos

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich ...

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can be released into the field to either reduce population sizes through incompatible matings or to transform populations with mosquitoes that are refractory to virus transmission. For these strategies to succeed, the mosquitoes released into the field from the laboratory must be competitive with native mosquitoes. However, maintaining mosquitoes in the laboratory can result in inbreeding, genetic drift and laboratory adaptation which can reduce their fitness in the field and may confound the results of experiments. To test the suitability of different Wolbachia infections for deployment in the field, it is necessary to maintain mosquitoes in a controlled laboratory environment across multiple generations. We describe a simple protocol for maintaining Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory, which is suitable for both Wolbachia-infected and wild-type mosquitoes. The methods minimize laboratory adaptation and implement outcrossing to increase the relevance of experiments to field mosquitoes. Additionally, colonies are maintained under optimal conditions to maximize their fitness for open field releases.

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are being released into natural populations to suppress the transmission of arboviruses. We describe methods to rear Ae. aegypti with Wolbachia infections in the laboratory for experiments and field release, taking precautions to minimize laboratory adaptation and selection.

Mantener los mosquitos Aedes aegypti infectados con Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, ...

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best developed model systems of infection and innate immunity. While most work has focused on systemic infections, there has been a recent increase of interest in the mechanisms of gut immunocompetence to pathogens, which require methods to orally infect flies. Here we present a protocol to orally expose individual flies to an opportunistic bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a natural bacterial pathogen of D. melanogaster (Pseudomonas entomophila). The goal of this protocol is to provide a robust method to expose male and female flies to these pathogens. We provide representative results showing survival phenotypes, microbe loads, and bacterial shedding, which is relevant for the study of heterogeneity in pathogen transmission. Finally, we confirm that Dcy mutants (lacking the protective peritrophic matrix in the gut epithelium) and Relish mutants (lacking a functional immune deficiency (IMD) pathway), show increased susceptibility to bacterial oral infection. This protocol, therefore, describes a robust method to infect flies using the oral route of infection, which can be extended to the study of a variety genetic and environmental sources of variation in gut infection outcomes and bacterial transmission.

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

This protocol describes methods to orally expose and infect the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with bacterial pathogens, and to measure the number of infectious bacteria shed following gut infection. We further describe the effect of immune mutants on fly survival following oral bacterial infection.

Oral infección bacteriana y vertimiento en Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best developed model systems of infection and innate immunity. While most work has focused on systemic ...

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. Assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. We describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the Aedes aegypti vector of Zika, dengue and yellow fever,&#160;the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae and the northern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, on contact and via ingestion. As an example, we evaluated the toxicity of amitriptyline, a small molecule antagonist of G protein-coupled receptors, via larval, adult topical and adult blood-feeding assay. The protocols provide a starting point to investigate insecticide potential. Results are discussed in the context of additional experiments to explore product applications and mechanisms for delivery.

Protocols are described for assessing the toxicity of chemistries to immature and adult mosquitoes for development as new classes of larvicides, adulticides and endectocides. The protocols enable high-throughput testing of multiple chemistries at single-point dose and subsequent evaluation via dose response assay to determine toxicity on contact or via ingestion.

Protocolos para las pruebas de la toxicidad de la novela química insecticida para mosquitos

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...

Detection of Plasmodium Sporozoites in Anopheles Mosquitoes using an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Plasmodium sporozoites are the infective stage of malaria parasites that infect humans. The sporozoites residing in the salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes are transmitted to humans via mosquito bites during blood feeding. The presence of sporozoites in the mosquito salivary glands thus defines mosquito infectiousness. To determine whether an Anopheles mosquito carries Plasmodium sporozoites, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method has been the standard tool to detect the Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major surface protein of the sporozoites. In this method, the head along with the thorax of each mosquito is separated from the abdomen, homogenized, and subjected to a sandwich ELISA to detect the presence of CSP specific to Plasmodium falciparum and each of the two subtypes, VK210 and VK247, of Plasmodium vivax.This method has been used to study malaria transmission, including the seasonal dynamics of mosquito infection and the species of the major malaria vectors in the study sites.

Detection of Plasmodium Sporozoites in Anopheles Mosquitoes using an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

This protocol describes a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect salivary gland sporozoites in mosquitoes. Using easily available monoclonal antibodies, the method enables cost-effective, high-throughput detection of mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax. The method is suitable for malaria transmission research, including vector surveys.