Name: a bacterial oral feeding assay with antibiotic-treated mosquitoes
Uploaded: 2020-09-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

Detta arbete stöddes av National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81902094, 81600497), och Science and Technology Plan Project of Hunan-provinsen (2019RS1036).

1. Midgut dissekering och cultivable bakterier isolering
<ol><li>Förbered myggan för dissektion.<ol>
<li>Samla myggorna 7–9 dagar efter uppkomsten med en aspirator. Söva de insamlade myggorna genom att utsätta dem för en temperatur på 4 °C i 3–5 min och håll myggorna sövda i en iskall Petriskål fram till dissekering.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Sterilisera laboratorieinstrument och myggytan.<ol>
<li>Sterilisera experimentbänken, dissekera mikroskop, tång, och glas slide genom...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+gut+inhabitants+on+vectorial+capacity+of+mosquitoes.">Role of gut inhabitants on vectorial capacity of mosquitoes.</a> Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 55 (2), 69 (2018).</li><li>Jupatanakul, N., Sim, S., Dimopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+insect+microbiome+modulates+vector+competence+for+arboviruses.">The insect microbiome modulates vector competence for arboviruses.</a> Viruses. 6 (11), 4294-4313 (2014).</li><li>Moro, C. V., Tran, F. H., Raharimalala, F. N., Ravelonandro, P., Mavingui, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+of+culturable+bacteria+including+Pantoea+in+wild+mosquito+Aedes+albopictus.">Diversity of culturable bacteria including Pantoea in wild mosquito Aedes albopictus.</a> BMC Microbiology. 13 (1), 70 (2013).</li><li>Chouaia, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+evidence+for+multiple+infections+as+revealed+by+typing+of+Asaia+bacterial+symbionts+of+four+mosquito+species.">Molecular evidence for multiple infections as revealed by typing of Asaia bacterial symbionts of four mosquito species.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (22), 7444-7450 (2010).</li><li>Terenius, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midgut+bacterial+dynamics+in+Aedes+aegypti.">Midgut bacterial dynamics in Aedes aegypti.</a> FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 80 (3), 556-565 (2012).</li><li>Bando, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-specific+diversity+of+Serratia+marcescens+in+Anopheles+mosquito+midgut+defines+Plasmodium+transmission+capacity.">Intra-specific diversity of Serratia marcescens in Anopheles mosquito midgut defines Plasmodium transmission capacity.</a> Scientific Reports. 3, 1641 (2013).</li><li>Telang, A., Skinner, J., Nemitz, R. Z., McClure, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metagenome+and+culture-based+methods+reveal+candidate+bacterial+mutualists+in+the+Southern+house+mosquito+(Diptera:+Culicidae).">Metagenome and culture-based methods reveal candidate bacterial mutualists in the Southern house mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae).</a> Journal of Medical Entomology. 55 (5), 1170-1181 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., Gilbreath, T. M., Kukutla, P., Yan, G., Xu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+gut+microbiome+across+life+history+of+the+malaria+mosquito+Anopheles+gambiae+in+Kenya.">Dynamic gut microbiome across life history of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Kenya.</a> PloS One. 6 (9), (2011).</li><li>Xiao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mesh-Duox+pathway+regulates+homeostasis+in+the+insect+gut.">A Mesh-Duox pathway regulates homeostasis in the insect gut.</a> Nature Microbiology. 2 (5), 17020 (2017).</li><li>Gu&#233;gan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+impacts+of+anthropogenic+stressors+on+Aedes+albopictus+mosquito+vector+microbiota.">Short-term impacts of anthropogenic stressors on Aedes albopictus mosquito vector microbiota.</a> FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 94 (12), 188 (2018).</li><li>Valzania, L., Coon, K. L., Vogel, K. J., Brown, M. R., Strand, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-induced+transcription+factor+signaling+is+essential+for+larval+growth+of+the+mosquito+Aedes+aegypti.">Hypoxia-induced transcription factor signaling is essential for larval growth of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (3), 457-465 (2018).</li><li>Coon, K. L., Vogel, K. J., Brown, M. R., Strand, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquitoes+rely+on+their+gut+microbiota+for+development.">Mosquitoes rely on their gut microbiota for development.</a> Molecular Ecology. 23 (11), 2727-2739 (2014).</li><li>de O Gaio, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+midgut+bacteria+to+blood+digestion+and+egg+production+in+Aedes+aegypti+(diptera:+culicidae)(L).">Contribution of midgut bacteria to blood digestion and egg production in Aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae)(L).</a> Parasites &amp; Vectors. 4 (1), 105 (2011).</li><li>Ramirez, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocal+tripartite+interactions+between+the+Aedes+aegypti+midgut+microbiota,+innate+immune+system+and+dengue+virus+influences+vector+competence.">Reciprocal tripartite interactions between the Aedes aegypti midgut microbiota, innate immune system and dengue virus influences vector competence.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 6 (3), 1561 (2012).</li><li>Dong, Y., Morton, J. C., Ramirez, J. L., Souza-Neto, J. A., Dimopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+entomopathogenic+fungus+Beauveria+bassiana+activate+toll+and+JAK-STAT+pathway-controlled+effector+genes+and+anti-dengue+activity+in+Aedes+aegypti.">The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana activate toll and JAK-STAT pathway-controlled effector genes and anti-dengue activity in Aedes aegypti.</a> Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 42 (2), 126-132 (2012).</li><li>Anglero-Rodriguez, Y. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Aedes+aegypti-associated+fungus+increases+susceptibility+to+dengue+virus+by+modulating+gut+trypsin+activity.">An Aedes aegypti-associated fungus increases susceptibility to dengue virus by modulating gut trypsin activity.</a> Elife. 6, 28844 (2017).</li><li>Wu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+gut+commensal+bacterium+promotes+mosquito+permissiveness+to+arboviruses.">A gut commensal bacterium promotes mosquito permissiveness to arboviruses.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 25 (1), 101-112 (2019).</li><li>M&#246;hlmann, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+gut+bacteria+on+the+infection+and+transmission+of+pathogenic+arboviruses+by+biting+midges+and+mosquitoes.">Impact of gut bacteria on the infection and transmission of pathogenic arboviruses by biting midges and mosquitoes.</a> Microbial Ecology. , (2020).</li><li>Llorca, M., Gros, M., Rodr&#237;guez-Mozaz, S., Barcel&#243;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sample+preservation+for+the+analysis+of+antibiotics+in+water.">Sample preservation for the analysis of antibiotics in water.</a> Journal of Chromatography. A. 1369, 43-51 (2014).</li><li>Berendsen, B., Elbers, I., Stolker, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+stability+of+antibiotics+in+matrix+and+reference+solutions+using+a+straightforward+procedure+applying+mass+spectrometric+detection.">Determination of the stability of antibiotics in matrix and reference solutions using a straightforward procedure applying mass spectrometric detection.</a> Food Additives &amp; Contaminants: Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure &amp; Risk Assessment. 28 (12), 1657-1666 (2011).</li><li>Hill, C. L., Sharma, A., Shouche, Y., Severson, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+midgut+microflora+and+dengue+virus+impact+on+life+history+traits+in+Aedes+aegypti.">Dynamics of midgut microflora and dengue virus impact on life history traits in Aedes aegypti.</a> Acta Tropica. 140, 151-157 (2014).</li><li>Eng, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifaceted+functional+implications+of+an+endogenously+expressed+tRNA+fragment+in+the+vector+mosquito+Aedes+aegypti.">Multifaceted functional implications of an endogenously expressed tRNA fragment in the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12 (1), 0006186 (2018).</li><li>Kajla, M. K., Barrett-Wilt, G. A., Paskewitz, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacteria:+A+novel+source+for+potent+mosquito+feeding-deterrents.">Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents.</a> Science Advances. 5 (1), 6141 (2019).</li><li>Gon&#231;alves, G. G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+MALDI-TOF+MS+to+identify+the+culturable+midgut+microbiota+of+laboratory+and+wild+mosquitoes.">Use of MALDI-TOF MS to identify the culturable midgut microbiota of laboratory and wild mosquitoes.</a> Acta Tropica. 200, 105174 (2019).</li><li>Kuss, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+microbiota+promote+enteric+virus+replication+and+systemic+pathogenesis.">Intestinal microbiota promote enteric virus replication and systemic pathogenesis.</a> Science. 334 (6053), 249-252 (2011).</li><li>Rani, A., Sharma, A., Rajagopal, R., Adak, T., Bhatnagar, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+diversity+analysis+of+larvae+and+adult+midgut+microflora+using+culture-dependent+and+culture-independent+methods+in+lab-reared+and+field-collected+Anopheles+stephensi-an+Asian+malarial+vector.">Bacterial diversity analysis of larvae and adult midgut microflora using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods in lab-reared and field-collected Anopheles stephensi-an Asian malarial vector.</a> BMC Microbiology. 9 (1), (2009).</li><li>Apte-Deshpande, A., Paingankar, M., Gokhale, M. D., Deobagkar, D. 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Forskning om värd-mikrob interaktioner har funnit att olika gut mikrober påverkar deras värd fysiologi via olika mekanismer. Denna artikel introducerar metoden för att undersöka respektive roll mygga gut mikrob, inklusive dissekera mygga midgut, culturing cultivable tarmbakterier, antibiotikabehandling, och återinföra bakterier av intresse.
För framgångsrik antibiotikabehandling måste följande detaljer beaktas vid genomförandet av experimentet. I detta protokoll behandlades myggor ...

Myggor anses vara de viktigaste vektorerna av mänskliga patogena sjukdomar, som överför över hundra patogener inklusive Zika virus, Denguevirus, och Plasmodium parasiter1. När myggor tar en blodmåltid för att förvärva näringsämnen för oviposition, kan de oavsiktligt inta patogener från en infekterad värd via matsmältningskanalen2. Viktigt, mygga midgut, som spelar en central roll i både blod måltid matsmältning och patogen entré, hamnar en mycket dynamisk mikrobiom3.
Flera studier har karakteriserat lab-uppfödda och fältuppsamlade mygga mikrobiota med antingen en odlingsberoende metod eller en bakterier sekvensering assay4,5,6. Arter inklusive Pantoea, Serratia, Klebsiella, Elizabethkingia, och Enterococcus är vanligen isolerade från myggor i olikastudier 5,7,8,9. Intressant nog mygga gut mikrobiota fluktuerar dynamiskt i både samhället mångfald och mängden bakterier arter, påverkas av utvecklingsstadiet, arter, geografiskt ursprung, och utfodring beteende4. Studier visar att blodmatning dramatiskt ökar den totala bakteriebelastningen med snabb expansion av arter från Enterobacteriaceae och en minskning av den totala mångfalden10,11. Dessutom utrotas myggeminfektionsflovanta av larvstadiet vanligtvis när insekten genomgår metamorfos under pupation och eclosion; således, nyuppträdda vuxna myggor måste återbefolka sin mikrobiota4.
Gut mikrobiota modulerar insekt fysiologi i olika aspekter, inklusive näringsämne absorption, immunitet, utveckling, reproduktion, och vektor kompetens12. Axenic mygglarver misslyckas med att utvecklas bortom den första instar medan en bakterie oral leverans räddar utvecklingen, vilket tyder på att mygga tarmmikroben är avgörande för larvutveckling13,14. Förutom, utarmning av tarmbakterier retards blod måltid matsmältning och näringsämne absorption, påverkar oocyte mognad, och minskar oviposition15. Dessutom mygg med gut mikroflora framkalla högre immunsvar jämfört med antibiotikabehandlade myggor, med ständigt förhöjda antimikrobiella peptiduttryck mot andra patogener att infektera16. Antibiotika är vanligtvis oralt administreras för att ta bort pan gut bakterier i dessa studier, och sedan experiment utförs för att jämföra skillnaden mellan axenic myggor och myggor med commensal mikrober. Men mygga midgut hyser en mångsidig gemenskap av mikrober, och varje bakterie art kan utöva en tydlig effekt mot värden fysiologi.
Myggfloran reglerar vektorkompetens med divergerande effekter. Kolonisering av Proteus isolerad från fält-härledda myggor av denguefeber-endemiska områden ger upregulated antimikrobiell peptid uttryck och resistens mot denguevirusinfektion16. Den entomopathogenic svampen Beauveria bassiana aktiverar Toll och JAK-STAT immun väg mot arbovirus infektion17. Däremot svampen Talaromyces isolerade från Aedes aegypti midgut underlättar denguevirusinfektion genom modulering gut trypsin aktivitet18. Dessutom, Serratia marcescens främjar arbovirus överföring genom en sekretorisk protein som kallas SmEnhancin, som smälter mucin lagret på tarmepitelet av myggor19.
Detta förfarande ger en systematisk och intuitiv metod för dissekering av mygga midgut, isolering av cultivable bakterier kolonier, identifiering av bakterien arter, och återintroduktion via oral utfodring. Det ger representativa resultat av blod utfodring med en commensal bakterie, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, på mygga äggstocken utveckling och oviposition.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td >Sigma</td>
			<td >A2383</td>
			<td >Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate has been used to prepare adenosine triphosphate (ATP) standard solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Aedes aegypti</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Female mosquitoes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Anticoagulant tube</td>
			<td>BD Vacutainer</td>
			<td>363095</td>
			<td>Collect fresh blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F601620-0010</td>
			<td>1.5 ml, Natural, Graduated, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cotton balls</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Disposable Tissue Grinding Pestle</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F619072-0001</td>
			<td>70 mm Long, Conical, Blue, Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>Paini</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dilute it to 75% ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Forceps</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>F11029</td>
			<td>Dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hemotek Membrane Feeding System</td>
			<td>Hemotek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Components of the feeding system, including&#160; Hemotek temperature controller, feeder-housing assembly, metal feeder assembled.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Incubator shaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ZQZY-78AN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Inoculation Loops</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F619312-0001</td>
			<td>10 &#956;l, Yellow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LB Agar Powder</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A507003</td>
			<td>Tryptone 10.0 g&#65307; Yeast Extract 5.0 g&#65307; NaCl 10.0 g&#65307; Agar 15.0 g.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >LB Broth Powder</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A507002</td>
			<td>Tryptone 10.0 g&#65307; Yeast Extract 5.0 g&#65307; NaCl 10.0 g.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Paper cup</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Place mosquito</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Parafilm</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F104002</td>
			<td>4 inx 125 ft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Petri dish</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F611203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Penicillin G procaine salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A606248</td>
			<td>White powder. Soluble in water, soluble in methanol, slightly soluble in water, ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Single Channal Pipettor</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Streptomycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A610494</td>
			<td>Streptomycin sulfate is a glucosamine antibiotic that interferes with the synthesis of prokaryotic proteins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A502792</td>
			<td>Soluble in water, ethanol and methanol, slightly soluble in glycerol and pyridine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >TIANamp Bacteria DNA Kit</td>
			<td>TIANGEN</td>
			<td>DP302</td>
			<td>Extract DNA&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Utility Fabric-Mosquito Netting White</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scintic Industries</td>
			<td>S1-0246</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.5ml EP tube</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>F600620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10X PBS buffer</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>E607016</td>
			<td>This product is a 10X solution. Please dilute it 10 times before use. The pH value is 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a bacterial oral feeding assay with antibiotic-treated mosquitoes

Mygga midgut hamnar en mycket dynamisk mikrobiomet som påverkar värdmetabolism, reproduktion, fitness och vektorkompetens. Studier har utförts för att undersöka effekten av gut mikrober som helhet; olika mikrober kunde dock utöva tydliga effekter mot värden. Denna artikel ger metodiken för att studera effekten av varje specifik mygga gut mikrob och den potentiella mekanismen.
Det här protokollet innehåller två delar. Den första delen introducerar hur man dissekerar mygga midgut, isolera cultivable bakterier kolonier, och identifiera bakterier arter. Den andra delen ger förfarandet för att generera antibiotikabehandlade myggor och återinföra en specifik bakterieart.

Midguts av myggor behandlas med antibiotika och utan antibiotika togs ut för DNA extraktion, och qPCR utfördes med universella bakteriella primers. Figur 1 visar uttrycket av bakteriell 16S rRNA i kontrollgruppen och antibiotikabehandling gruppen. Resultaten visar att cirka 98% av tarmbakterierna har tagits bort, och tarmsterilisering av penicillin och streptomycin var framgångsrik.
Med de beskrivna metoderna isolerades och identifierades bakteriestammar. C. meningosept...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

A Bacterial Oral Feeding Assay with Antibiotic-Treated Mosquitoes

En bakteriell oral utfodring assay med antibiotikabehandlade myggor

Denna artikel presenterar ett protokoll för att undersöka effekten av enskilda mygga tarmbakterier, inklusive isolering och identifiering av mygga midgut cultivable mikrober, antibiotika utarmning av mygga tarmbakterier, och återinföra en specifik bakterie arter.

The mosquito midgut harbors a highly dynamic microbiome that affects the host metabolism, reproduction, fitness, and vector competence. Studies have been ...

Mosquito midgut hamnar en komplex gemenskap av mikrober som påverkar värdmetabolism, reproduktion, fitness, och veterinär kompetens. Med varje gut mikrob är en annan effekt. Denna video introducerar förfarandet för att studera respektive roll för varje bakterie stam eller värd fysiologi.För att förvärva en kultur av tarmbakteriella kolonier dissekerar mygga midgut under sterilt tillstånd. Jorda dissekt midgut, serotologinate, och sprids över agar plattan. Plocka enstaka kolonier från plattan, och identifiera bakteriearter via deras 16 SRNA-gensekvens.Mata myggorna med COD Emboss som innehåller antibiotika i på varandra följande av tre dagar för att ta bort tarmfloran. Effektiviteten av antibiotikabehandling kan bekräftas genom att dissekera midgut av aseptiska mygga för kolonibildande enhet assay före efterföljande extremister. Sedan återinföra specifika bakterier arter som tidigare isolerats från mygga gut via oral utfodring assay.Bakteriernas inverkan på värdfysiologin skulle kunna utvärderas genom att jämföra de obehandlade myggorna, de antibiotikabehandlade myggorna och myggorna återinförde specifik återhållsamhet. Midgut dissekering och de odlingsbara bakterier isolering. Till att börja med samlar myggorna i bur med en aspirator och cell myggorna i uppsamlingslådan.Bedöva myggorna genom att utsätta för en temperatur på 4 grader i tre till fem minuter. Håll myggorna sövda genom att placera dem i en iskall Petriskål. Desinficera bänken, dissekera mikroskop, och tlyktor genom att spruta 75%etanol för att undvika kontaminering av bakterier från miljön.Ytbehandla myggan sterilisera genom tejpning och skakning dem i 75%etanol i tre minuter och skölj två gånger med PBS buffert. Bisekt myggan separat på en steril glasrutschbana som innehåller din droppe PBS. Ta försiktigt bort benen, vingarna och huvudet på myggan med hjälp av tsnare.Kläm myggans bröst och den sista delen av buken var tämpningar och dra isär för att isolera matsmältningskanalen. Använd forceps för att ta bort grödan och det malpighian röret från matsmältningskanalen. Grödan är placerad vid pnterior av midgut och utbuktningar efter intagande av socker vatten.Malpighian rör är grupp av slanka utsöndringsrör på korsningen av midgut och hindgut. Placera den dissekerade makeupen i EP-röret med 200 mikroliters steril PBS-buffert och slipa den med den sterila slippastoren i den rena bänken. Spannmål för att ladda homogenatet till tre tempo vanföreställningar vid 50 mikroliter av varje villfarelse till LB agar plattan och desperat platta.Inkubera plattan som 37 grader i en till två dagar tills enstaka kolonier är genomförbara. Plocka enstaka kolonier i en 150 milliliter konisk kolv som innehåller 50 milliliter lb behåar medium. skaka bakterierna i 37 grader över natten.Artidentifikation. Extrahera TOTO DNA genom bakteriell genomisk DNA konstruktion kit och förstärka 16 SRDNA av PCR. Återvinning och rening av DNA-fragment från PCR-produkter av Ambrose gelelektrofores och den drösåtervinningssatsen.Utförde DNA-sekvensering på de renade DNA-fragmenten för att ha en uppnådd bakterie kedjar ordnar. Kör blast sökning till en fråga 16 SRNA gensekvens identifiera bakterier mot bakterier och arkéer och databas. Identifiering till artnivån definierades som större än eller lika med 99%16 SRDNA-sekvenslikhet med närmaste lagbankpost.Isolatet tilldelades den till motsvarande, släkte när är 16 SRDNA sekvens, likhet var mindre än 99%och större än eller lika med 95%antibiotika behandling och bakterien återintroduktion. väga den erforderliga mängden sackaros penicillin och streptomycin för att förbereda oss 10%sackaroslösning, inklusive att försöka 20 enheter penicillin och 20 mikrogram streptomycin per milliliter. Infiltrera bomullstussarna i sackaroslösningen som innehåller antibiotika och placera den över toppen av pappersmuggen som innehåller mygga.Täck bomullstussen med en 10 centimeter Petriskål för att förhindra att en vattnet avdunstar. Byt ut bomullstussarna två gånger dagen och mata myggan i på varandra följande tre dagar. Myggor är indelade i två grupper.Den första gruppen placerades i en myggkopp utan någon behandling, någon bomullstuss läkare med 10%Så kors gavs dagligen. Den andra gruppen behandlades med antibiotika och servera i tre dagar. I varje grupp dissekerades Sergei myggor.Mikan extraherades för total DNA-extraktion och QPCR utfördes med hjälp av universella bakterieprimrar, figur ett visar uttrycket av 16 SRNA i kontrollgruppen och antibiotikabehandlingsgruppen. Resultaten visar att kostnaden eller förverkligandet av penicillin och streptomycin var framgångsrik. förbereda bakteriell lösning, mäter en bakterie lösning i viruset med en spektrofotometer, tillsätt en OT bakterier suspension i EP-röret.Centrifugera suspensionen vid 5, 000 RCA i fem minuter i fyra grader Kassera supernatanten, tvätta bakteriepallen försöker med steril PBS-buffert. Åter upphäva bakteriell pall med 200 mikroliters steril PBS buffert Lägg 600 microliter, 10%sackaroslösning, 200 microliter ATP och 200 microliter bakteriell suspension i en ny AP-röret och blanda väl. Alternativt kan bakterierna åter suspenderas i värme i aktivera ditt blod.Förberedelse av uppvärmning aktiverat blod. koagulera färskt blod med antikoagulantia röret, ta två till tre milliliter färskt blod. centrifug vid 1000 i 10 minuter i fyra grad för att separera plasma och blodkroppar.Samla in plasman i ett nytt EP-rör och häri aktiveras aktiveras i 56 grader i en timme. Tvätta Blast hus genom dina tider med steril PBS buffert. Skölj suspenderat spränghus med uppvärmning aktiverad plasma.Montera membran och utfodring system. Dra filmsjukan maximalt. fixera med plastringen och arbetsplatsens parafilm för att undvika att läcka långsamt tillsätter den beredda bakterielösningen till matarenheten, till maximal plånbok.För att undvika att bubblan föll från en riktning och försegla matarenheten. Anslut strömförsörjningen. Vänta tills temperaturen når 37 grader Monterat matarenheten med bakterielösning på mataren.Innan utfodring bakterier myggor bör stoppas i 24 timmar för att metabolisera antibiotika. För matarenheten på papperskoppen med myggor, låt sedan utfodring i 90 minuter. Fullt uppmuntras myggor skulle kunna plockas ut för vidare studier.Representativa resultat. Figur två visar oss den genomsnittliga utmärkelsen per mygga. Efter tomt utfodring av antibiotika behandlas myggorna vi ser meningosepticum.Figur tre visar uttrycket av en variant utveckling relaterade gener 24 timmar efter blod måltid som innehåller C meningosepticum. Resultaten visar att det inte sker någon betydande förändring i kontrollgruppens och fadinggruppens äggproduktion. Tack för ditt intresse för bakterier eller en utfodring uppsats med antibiotika behandlade myggor.

a-bacterial-oral-feeding-assay-with-antibiotic-treated-mosquitoes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This video protocol demonstrates a method used by the James laboratory to microinject DNA constructs into Anopheles stephensi embryos for the generation of transformed mosquitoes. Techniques for preparing microinjection needles, collecting and preparing embryos and performing the microinjection are illustrated.

Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes are vectors for malaria inhabiting India and throughout Asia. This video demonstrates the technique for performing microinjections of this species with transgenes that will confer resistance to the malaria to the mosquito. Much of the methodology demonstrated in this video is applicable to microinjection techniques of other mosquito species.

Injektion av ett. stephensi embryon till Generera malaria resistenta myggor

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission.   Population replacement strategy, the idea that transgenic mosquitoes can be released into the wild to control disease transmission, is introduced, as well as the concept of genetic drive and the design criterion for an effective genetic drive system. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically-modified organisms into the wild are also discussed.

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission. Population replacement strategy, the idea that transgenic mosquitoes can be released into the wild to control disease transmission, is introduced as well as the concept of genetic drive and the design criterion for an effective genetic drive system. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically-modified organisms into the wild are also discussed.

Förhindra spridning av malaria och denguefeber att använda genetiskt modifierade myggor

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission.   Population ...

Protocols for Oral Infection of Lepidopteran Larvae with Baculovirus

Baculoviruses are widely used both as protein expression vectors and as insect pest control agents. This video shows how lepidopteran larvae can be infected with polyhedra by droplet feeding and diet plug-based bioassays. This accompanying Springer Protocols section provides an overview of the baculovirus lifecycle and use of baculoviruses as insecticidal agents, including discussion of the pros and cons for use of baculoviruses as insecticides, and progress made in genetic enhancement of baculoviruses for improved insecticidal efficacy.

In this video, we demonstrate oral infection techniques of lepidopteran larvae with baculovirus in order to determine insecticidal efficiency.

Protokoll för oral infektion av ordningen fjärilar larver med baculovirus

Baculoviruses are widely used both as protein expression vectors and as insect pest control agents. This video shows how lepidopteran larvae can be ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

RNAi-mediated gene Knockdown och<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Diures Analys hos vuxna kvinnliga<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em&gt; Myggor

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, several traits are typically characterized using molecular assays to aid in epidemiological studies. These traits include species identification, insecticide resistance, parasite infection status, and host preference. Since populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex are morphologically indistinguishable, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is traditionally used to identify species. Once the species is known, several downstream assays are routinely performed to elucidate further characteristics. For instance, mutations known as KDR in a para gene confer resistance against DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Plasmodium parasite DNA detection PCR assays are used to detect parasites present in mosquito tissues. Lastly, a combination of PCR and restriction enzyme digests can be used to elucidate host preference (e.g., human vs. animal blood) by screening the mosquito bloodmeal for host-specific DNA. We have developed a multi-detection assay (MDA) that combines all of the aforementioned assays into a single multiplex reaction genotyping 33SNPs for 96 or 384 samples at a time. Because the MDA includes multiple markers for species, Plasmodium detection, and host blood identification, the likelihood of generating false positives or negatives is greatly reduced from previous assays that include only one marker per trait. This robust and simple assay can detect these key mosquito traits cost-effectively and in a fraction of the time of existing assays.

Malaria transmitting mosquitoes have a number of epidemiologically important characteristics that can only be detected using molecular techniques. Utilizing a MALDI-TOF based SNP genotyping platform, we developed an assay for simultaneously detecting multiple key traits (species, insecticide resistance, parasite infection and host choice) of malaria vectors.

En Multi-detektion analys för Malaria Överföring Myggor

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, ...

High-fat Feeding Paradigm for Larval Zebrafish: Feeding, Live Imaging, and Quantification of Food Intake

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich meal, which consists of an emulsion of chicken egg yolk liposomes created by sonicating egg yolk in embryo media. Detailed instructions are provided to screen larvae for egg yolk consumption so that larvae that fail to feed will not confound experimental results. The chicken egg yolk liposomes can be spiked with fluorescent lipid analogs, including fatty acids and cholesterol, enabling both systemic and subcellular visualization of dietary lipid processing. Several methods are described to mount larvae that are conducive to short- and long-term live imaging with both upright and inverted objectives at high and low magnification. Additionally presented is an assay to quantify larval food intake by extracting the lipids of larvae fed fluorescent lipid analogs, spotting the lipids on a thin layer chromatography plate, and quantifying the fluorescence. Finally, critical aspects of the procedures, important controls, options for modifying the protocols to address specific experimental questions, and potential limitations are discussed. These techniques can be applied not only to focused, hypothesis driven inquiries, but also to a variety of screens and live imaging techniques to study dietary lipid metabolism and the control of food intake.

Zebrafish are emerging as a valuable model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. Described are protocols of lipid-rich larval feeds, live imaging of dietary fluorescent lipid analogs, and quantification of food intake. These techniques can be applied to a variety of screening, imaging, and hypothesis driven inquiry techniques.

Fettrik Utfodring Paradigm för Larvernas Zebrafish: Feeding, Live avbildning och kvantifiering av matkonsumtionen

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich ...

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can be released into the field to either reduce population sizes through incompatible matings or to transform populations with mosquitoes that are refractory to virus transmission. For these strategies to succeed, the mosquitoes released into the field from the laboratory must be competitive with native mosquitoes. However, maintaining mosquitoes in the laboratory can result in inbreeding, genetic drift and laboratory adaptation which can reduce their fitness in the field and may confound the results of experiments. To test the suitability of different Wolbachia infections for deployment in the field, it is necessary to maintain mosquitoes in a controlled laboratory environment across multiple generations. We describe a simple protocol for maintaining Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory, which is suitable for both Wolbachia-infected and wild-type mosquitoes. The methods minimize laboratory adaptation and implement outcrossing to increase the relevance of experiments to field mosquitoes. Additionally, colonies are maintained under optimal conditions to maximize their fitness for open field releases.

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are being released into natural populations to suppress the transmission of arboviruses. We describe methods to rear Ae. aegypti with Wolbachia infections in the laboratory for experiments and field release, taking precautions to minimize laboratory adaptation and selection.

Att upprätthålla Aedes aegypti myggor infekterade med Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, ...

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best developed model systems of infection and innate immunity. While most work has focused on systemic infections, there has been a recent increase of interest in the mechanisms of gut immunocompetence to pathogens, which require methods to orally infect flies. Here we present a protocol to orally expose individual flies to an opportunistic bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a natural bacterial pathogen of D. melanogaster (Pseudomonas entomophila). The goal of this protocol is to provide a robust method to expose male and female flies to these pathogens. We provide representative results showing survival phenotypes, microbe loads, and bacterial shedding, which is relevant for the study of heterogeneity in pathogen transmission. Finally, we confirm that Dcy mutants (lacking the protective peritrophic matrix in the gut epithelium) and Relish mutants (lacking a functional immune deficiency (IMD) pathway), show increased susceptibility to bacterial oral infection. This protocol, therefore, describes a robust method to infect flies using the oral route of infection, which can be extended to the study of a variety genetic and environmental sources of variation in gut infection outcomes and bacterial transmission.

Oral Bacterial Infection and Shedding in Drosophila melanogaster

This protocol describes methods to orally expose and infect the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster with bacterial pathogens, and to measure the number of infectious bacteria shed following gut infection. We further describe the effect of immune mutants on fly survival following oral bacterial infection.

Muntliga bakterieinfektion och Shedding i Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the best developed model systems of infection and innate immunity. While most work has focused on systemic ...

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. Assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. We describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the Aedes aegypti vector of Zika, dengue and yellow fever,&#160;the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae and the northern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, on contact and via ingestion. As an example, we evaluated the toxicity of amitriptyline, a small molecule antagonist of G protein-coupled receptors, via larval, adult topical and adult blood-feeding assay. The protocols provide a starting point to investigate insecticide potential. Results are discussed in the context of additional experiments to explore product applications and mechanisms for delivery.

Protocols are described for assessing the toxicity of chemistries to immature and adult mosquitoes for development as new classes of larvicides, adulticides and endectocides. The protocols enable high-throughput testing of multiple chemistries at single-point dose and subsequent evaluation via dose response assay to determine toxicity on contact or via ingestion.

Protokoll för testning av romanen insektsbekämpning kemier mygg toxicitet

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...

Detection of Plasmodium Sporozoites in Anopheles Mosquitoes using an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Plasmodium sporozoites are the infective stage of malaria parasites that infect humans. The sporozoites residing in the salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquitoes are transmitted to humans via mosquito bites during blood feeding. The presence of sporozoites in the mosquito salivary glands thus defines mosquito infectiousness. To determine whether an Anopheles mosquito carries Plasmodium sporozoites, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method has been the standard tool to detect the Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major surface protein of the sporozoites. In this method, the head along with the thorax of each mosquito is separated from the abdomen, homogenized, and subjected to a sandwich ELISA to detect the presence of CSP specific to Plasmodium falciparum and each of the two subtypes, VK210 and VK247, of Plasmodium vivax.This method has been used to study malaria transmission, including the seasonal dynamics of mosquito infection and the species of the major malaria vectors in the study sites.

Detection of Plasmodium Sporozoites in Anopheles Mosquitoes using an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

This protocol describes a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect salivary gland sporozoites in mosquitoes. Using easily available monoclonal antibodies, the method enables cost-effective, high-throughput detection of mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax. The method is suitable for malaria transmission research, including vector surveys.