Name: delivery of antibodies into the brain using focused scanning ultrasound
Uploaded: 2020-07-18T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound at JoVE.com

我们感谢Clem Jones AO博士的遗产，澳大利亚国家卫生和医学研究委员会[GNT1145580，GNT1176326]，金属基金会和昆士兰州政府（DSITI，科学，信息技术和创新部）的支持。

所有动物实验均获得昆士兰大学动物伦理委员会的批准。
1. 内部微气泡制备
<ol><li>称出1，2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱和1，2-二硬脂酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺-N-[氨基（聚乙二醇）-2000]（铵盐）的摩尔比为9：1。每1mL微泡溶液需要0.5mg脂质混合物。或者，脂质已经以氯仿购买，如果使用预溶解的脂质，则继续进行步骤1.3。</li>
	<li>将脂质溶解在玻璃烧杯中的少量氯仿中。</li>
	<l...

<ol>
	<li>Choi, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+and+transient+blood-brain+barrier+opening+in+the+hippocampus+of+Alzheimer's+double+transgenic+mice+using+focused+ultrasound.">Noninvasive and transient blood-brain barrier opening in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's double transgenic mice using focused ultrasound.</a> Ultrasonic Imaging. 30 (3), 189-200 (2008).</li><li>Lipsman, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+opening+in+Alzheimer's+disease+using+MR-guided+focused+ultrasound.">Blood-brain barrier opening in Alzheimer's disease using MR-guided focused ultrasound.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 2336 (2018).</li><li>Pandit, R., Chen, L., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier:+physiology+and+strategies+for+drug+delivery.">The blood-brain barrier: physiology and strategies for drug delivery.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. (19), 30238 (2019).</li><li>Golde, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+questions+for+Alzheimer's+disease+immunotherapy.">Open questions for Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy.</a> Alzheimers Research &amp; Therapy. 6 (1), 3 (2014).</li><li>Nisbet, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effects+of+scanning+ultrasound+and+a+tau-specific+single+chain+antibody+in+a+tau+transgenic+mouse+model.">Combined effects of scanning ultrasound and a tau-specific single chain antibody in a tau transgenic mouse model.</a> Brain. 140 (5), 1220-1230 (2017).</li><li>Janowicz, P. W., Leinenga, G., G&#246;tz, J., Nisbet, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound-mediated+blood-brain+barrier+opening+enhances+delivery+of+therapeutically+relevant+formats+of+a+tau-specific+antibody.">Ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening enhances delivery of therapeutically relevant formats of a tau-specific antibody.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 9255 (2019).</li><li>Leinenga, G., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scanning+ultrasound+removes+amyloid-beta+and+restores+memory+in+an+Alzheimer's+disease+mouse+model.">Scanning ultrasound removes amyloid-beta and restores memory in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 7 (278), 233 (2015).</li><li>Burgess, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+neural+stem+cells+to+the+brain+using+MRI-guided+focused+ultrasound+to+disrupt+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Targeted delivery of neural stem cells to the brain using MRI-guided focused ultrasound to disrupt the blood-brain barrier.</a> PLoS One. 6 (11), 27877 (2011).</li><li>Chen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focused+ultrasound-enhanced+intranasal+brain+delivery+of+brain-derived+neurotrophic+factor.">Focused ultrasound-enhanced intranasal brain delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 28599 (2016).</li><li>Leinenga, G., Langton, C., Nisbet, R., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasound+treatment+of+neurological+diseases+-+current+and+emerging+applications.">Ultrasound treatment of neurological diseases - current and emerging applications.</a> Nature Reviews Neurology. 12 (3), 161-174 (2016).</li><li>G&#246;tz, J., Halliday, G., Nisbet, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Pathogenesis+of+the+Tauopathies.">Molecular Pathogenesis of the Tauopathies.</a> Annual Reviews of Pathology. 14, 239-261 (2019).</li><li>Pandit, R., Leinenga, G., G&#246;tz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+ultrasound+treatment+of+tau+transgenic+mice+clears+neuronal+tau+by+autophagy+and+improves+behavioral+functions.">Repeated ultrasound treatment of tau transgenic mice clears neuronal tau by autophagy and improves behavioral functions.</a> Theranostics. 9 (13), 3754-3767 (2019).</li><li>Karakatsani, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+Focused+Ultrasound-Induced+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Opening+Reduces+Phosphorylated+Tau+from+The+rTg4510+Mouse+Model.">Unilateral Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Opening Reduces Phosphorylated Tau from The rTg4510 Mouse Model.</a> Theranostics. 9 (18), 5396-5411 (2019).</li><li>Valdez, M. A., Fernandez, E., Matsunaga, T., Erickson, R. P., Trouard, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+and+Diffusion+of+Macromolecule+Delivery+to+the+Brain+via+Focused+Ultrasound+using+Magnetic+Resonance+and+Multispectral+Fluorescence+Imaging.">Distribution and Diffusion of Macromolecule Delivery to the Brain via Focused Ultrasound using Magnetic Resonance and Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging.</a> Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. 46 (1), 122-136 (2020).</li></ol>

荧光标记的抗体可以使用聚焦超声和扫描模式下施加的微气泡一起传递到大脑。抗体递送、小胶质细胞形态和溶酶体肿大可通过超声扫描后的荧光显微镜检测。小胶质细胞可以吸收到其溶酶体抗体和抗原中，抗体在Fc受体介导的过程中结合4。
使用这种方法实现可重复的BBB开放和抗体递送有许多关键步骤。确保超声换能器和鼠标头部之间的良好耦合至关重要?...

治疗性超声是一种新兴技术，旨在以非侵入性方式治疗脑部疾病，部分原因是通过促进治疗剂进入大脑1，2，3。由于只有一小部分针对脑部疾病的治疗性抗体被大脑吸收并保留在大脑中4，因此治疗性超声提供了增加其摄取和靶向参与的可能性5，6。
在我们的实验室中，我们正在开发神经退行性疾病的治疗方法，其中各种形式的抗体使用微气泡通过血脑屏障（BBB）递送。为了实现这一点，超声波通过颅骨施加到大脑的多个位置，使用我们称之为扫描超声波（SUS）7的扫描模式。超声能量、静脉注射微气泡和脑脉管系统之间的机械相互作用在给定的超声处理体积中瞬时分离BBB的紧密连接，允许抗体和包括治疗剂在内的其他货物有效地穿过这一屏障7，8，9.此外，超声已被证明可以促进抗体从间质性大脑摄取到脑细胞中，例如神经元，其中抗体分布在整个细胞体中，甚至进入神经炎过程5，10。
阿尔茨海默病的特征是淀粉样蛋白β和tau病理学11，并且可以使用许多动物模型来剖析致病机制并验证治疗策略。SUS方法，通过这种方法，超声波以顺序模式应用于整个大脑，当在几个治疗过程中重复时，可以减少淀粉样蛋白β沉积淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白（APP）突变小鼠大脑中的淀粉样蛋白斑块病理学，并激活占据淀粉样蛋白的小胶质细胞，从而改善认知功能7。用超声和微气泡打开BBB也会降低pR5，K3和rTg4510 tau转基因小鼠的tau病理学5，12，13。重要的是，虽然小胶质细胞去除细胞外蛋白沉积物，但SUS诱导的神经间病变的潜在清除机制之一是神经元自噬的激活12。
在这里，我们概述了一个实验过程，通过该过程制备荧光标记的抗体，然后与内部基于脂质的微泡混合，然后向麻醉小鼠进行逆眶注射。眶后注射是尾静脉注射的替代方案，我们发现尾静脉注射同样有效且易于重复执行。紧随其后的是将SUS应用于大脑。为了确定治疗性抗体摄取，处死小鼠，然后量化大脑中增加的抗体浓度。作为脑稳态变化的代表，小胶质细胞吞噬活性通过组织学和体积3D重建确定。
产生的数据表明，抗体的超声递送是治疗神经退行性疾病的潜在有吸引力的方法。该协议可以类似地应用于其他候选药物，以及模型货物，例如定义大小的荧光标记葡聚糖14。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>850365C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethyleneglycol)-2000]</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>880128C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlexaFluor 647 antibody labeling kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A20186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD68 antibody</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec</td>
			<td>MCA1957GA</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>372978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coulter Counter (Multisizer 4e)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo FIsher</td>
			<td>A-11008</td>
			<td>Use 1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit IgG, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>A-11077</td>
			<td>Use 1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>head holder (model SG-4N, Narishige Japan)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iba1 antibody</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>019-19741</td>
			<td>Use 1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>#8547008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflow flow solution</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B43905</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Near infrared imaging system Odyssey Fc</td>
			<td>Licor</td>
			<td>2800-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octafluoropropane</td>
			<td>Arcadophta</td>
			<td>0229NC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene Glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TIPS (Therapy Imaging Probe System)</td>
			<td>Philips Research</td>
			<td>TIPS_007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Bitplane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

delivery of antibodies into the brain using focused scanning ultrasound

只有一小部分针对脑部疾病的治疗性抗体被大脑吸收。聚焦超声提供了通过血脑屏障（BBB）的短暂打开来增加抗体摄取和参与的可能性。在我们的实验室中，我们正在开发神经退行性疾病的治疗方法，其中使用微气泡将各种形式的抗体输送到BBB中，同时通过针对多个点的颅骨进行聚焦超声应用，我们称之为扫描超声（SUS）。微气泡和超声对血管的机械效应通过瞬时分离紧密连接来增加BBB的细胞旁转运，并增强囊泡介导的转运，使抗体和治疗剂能够有效地交叉。此外，超声还有助于将抗体从间质大脑摄取到脑细胞中，例如抗体分布在整个细胞体中的神经元，甚至进入神经炎过程。在我们的研究中，制备荧光标记的抗体，与内部制备的基于脂质的微气泡混合，并在SUS应用于大脑之前立即注射到小鼠中。然后量化大脑中增加的抗体浓度。为了解释正常脑稳态的改变，小胶质细胞吞噬作用可用作细胞标志物。产生的数据表明，抗体的超声递送是治疗神经退行性疾病的一种有吸引力的方法。

使用该协议，荧光标记的抗体被传递到大脑并且可以被检测到，以及小胶质细胞的激活。可以得出的结论是，使用聚焦超声和微气泡显着增强了抗体的大脑摄取，并且在扫描模式下使用时可以将抗体传递到小鼠的整个大脑或半球。 图1 显示了用于打开BBB的TIPS超声应用设备（标记的不同组件）。 图2 显示了库尔特计数器测量的尺寸和浓度的代表性结果，...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound at JoVE.com

Delivery of Antibodies into the Brain Using Focused Scanning Ultrasound

这里介绍的是一种方案，用于局部或整个小鼠大脑短暂打开血脑屏障（BBB），以传递荧光标记的抗体并激活小胶质细胞。还提出了一种通过组织学检测抗体递送和小胶质细胞活化的方法。

使用聚焦扫描超声将抗体输送到大脑中

Only a small fraction of therapeutic antibodies targeting brain diseases are taken up by the brain. Focused ultrasound offers a possibility to increase ...

Only a small fraction of therapeutic antibodies are taken up by the brain. Using our method, antibodies are delivered into the brain by transiently opening the blood-brain barrier. This technique allows us to deliver antibodies into the mouse brain in a noninvasive manner.To perform quality control of the micro bubbles using a cell counter, remove the micro bubble solution from the amalgamator and use a 19 gauge needle to pierce the septum of the micro bubble solution vial. Use a one milliliter syringe equipped with a 19 gauge needle to dilute 100 microliters of the micro bubbles in five milliliters of filtered flow solution and pipette 100 microliters of the diluted micro bubble solution in 10 milliliters of filtered flow solution in a cuvette. Lock the cuvette in place on the cell counter platform and make sure that a 30 micron aperture will be used for the sample acquisition.In the software, load the standard operating method and select edit standard operating method and concentration. Enter 5, 000 times for the dilution and click apply and OK.Click edit info to select a suitable filename. Select preview and verify that the micro bubble sample concentration is less than 10%Select start and OK to begin the sample acquisition.After the measurement, rinse the aperture of the cell counter with filtered flow solution. Sonicate the cuvette of diluted micro bubble solution for 30 seconds in a water bath. Measure the sonicated micro bubble solution as demonstrated and click edit info to label the data as blank.After measuring the blank, subtract the final readout from the initial readout to exclude any particles that are not micro bubbles. To label the sections with fluorescent anti-mouse IgG antibody, label one milligram of mouse IgG antibody with Alexa Flour 647 in 0.1 molar sodium bicarbonate buffer according to the manufacturer's instructions for 15 minutes at room temperature. At the end of the incubation, load the fluorescently labeled antibody solution onto a spin column and purify the antibody by centrifugation.Then use a spectrophotometer to measure the protein concentration. To set up the focused scanning ultrasound system, add a five millimeter space to the water bolus to position the ultrasound focus nine millimeters below the bottom of the water bolus. Fill the water bolus with approximately 300 milliliters of degassed deionized water and place the annular array into the filled water bolus.Use a dental mirror to check that there are no air bubbles on the surface and launch the application software. In the waveform menu, select set waveform duty cycle and set the pulse repetition frequency to 10 Hertz, the duty cycle to 10%the focus to 80 millimeters, the center frequency to one megahertz, the amplitude to 0.65 megapascals, and the mechanical index to 0.65. Press set to define the waveform and store the waveform in memory.After selecting the treatment plan, open the scan tab in the motion controller window and enter start, stop, and increment values for motion in the X dimension and start, stop, and increment values for motion in the Y direction. To define the actions for the treatment sites, click event and open the script editing window. Select a list of actions that will be executed in the order selected at each treatment site and set the movement type to raster grid.In the events tab, select add actions and move the move synchronously start trigger ARB wait and stop trigger ARB actions to the script panel. Then click wait action and select a wait time of 6, 000 milliseconds. To prepare an animal for the analysis, after confirming a lack of response to toe pinch in an anesthetized mouse, use a permanent marker to label the center of the head, then glue plastic wrap to the bottom of a small weigh boat with the bottom cutoff and fill the weigh boat with ultrasound gel.For focused ultrasound treatment, invert the vial of micro bubbles and gently load one microliter of the solution per gram of the mouse's body weight into a 29 gauge insulin syringe. Add 100 microliters of fluorescently labeled antibody to the syringe and gently invert and roll the syringe between thumb and index finger to mix the antibody and the micro bubbles within the syringe. Carefully and slowly retro-orbitally inject 150 microliters of the micro bubble and antibody solution into the mouse and set a timer for two minutes.Apply ophthalmic ointment, then place the mouse in the head holder and fix its nose in the holder. Place the small ultrasound gel-filled weigh boat on top of the head and lower the water bolus until it sits on top of the ultrasound gel within the weigh boat. Then use the joystick to visually align the transducer focus within the center of the head.When the timer goes off, in the motion tab of the software, select reset origin and select a complete scan. When the treatment is complete, apply ophthalmic ointment to the animal's eyes and place the mouse in a warmed recovery chamber. Here, representative results from the culture counter measurements of the size and concentration that can be obtained when the micro bubbles are produced correctly are shown.Antibody uptake by the brain can be easily visualized in the whole brain or tissue sections using an infrared scanner or fluorescent microscopy of the sections. As demonstrated in these images, representative staining for microglia markers can be used to determine whether microglia become more phagocytic following the delivery of the antibody. It is important to ensure the welfare and safety of the animals especially when performing the retro-orbital injections and applying the transducer above the heads of the mice.This method allows the application of various scanning patterns to target different regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus, cortex, or individual brain hemispheres. This technique can be used to develop new therapies and drugs that penetrate the blood-brain barrier and to study the mechanism of the blood-brain barrier formation and opening.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

超声引导下显微注射到小鼠前脑在子宫内在E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

科研

神经科学

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

高效的基因传递到多个中枢神经系统使用新界在子宫内电穿孔

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Stereotaxic Infusion of Oligomeric Amyloid-beta into the Mouse Hippocampus

低聚淀粉样蛋白-β的立体灌注到小鼠海马

Alzheimer&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the aging population. A key neuropathological feature of the disease is the ...

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

使用串行块面部扫描电子显微镜脑线粒体分析

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, ...

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

Mouse Microsurgery Infusion Technique for Targeted Substance Delivery into the CNS via the Internal Carotid Artery

鼠标显微注水技术进行有针对性的物质传递到中枢神经系统<i&gt;通过</i&gt;的颈内动脉

Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and, consequently, blood-brain barrier disruption diseases, require the delivery of exogenous ...

Delivery of Antibodies into the Murine Brain via Convection-enhanced Delivery

通过对流增强的传递将抗体输送到毛里脑

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a neurosurgical technique enabling effective perfusion of large brain volumes using a catheter system. Such an ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

近红外荧光和高分辨率扫描测量啮齿类动物大脑中蛋白质的表达

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

在鼠模型中使用聚焦超声波打开位置特定血脑屏障开口的台面方法

Stereotaxic surgery is the gold standard for localized drug and gene delivery to the rodent brain. This technique has many advantages over systemic ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

神经干细胞向大鼠和小鼠大脑的动脉内传递：对脑缺血的应用

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...

A High-Throughput Image-Guided Stereotactic Neuronavigation and Focused Ultrasound System for Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Rodents

高通量图像引导立体定向神经导航和聚焦超声系统，用于在啮齿动物中打开血脑屏障

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major hurdle for the treatment of various brain diseases. Endothelial cells, connected by tight junctions, form a ...