Name: an emerging target paradigm to evoke fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles
Uploaded: 2020-08-25T13:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde støttes af et Discovery Grant til BDC fra Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC; RGPIN 311680) og et driftstilskud til BDC fra Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; MOP-93796). RAK blev støttet af en Ontario Graduate Scholarship, og ALC blev støttet af en NSERC CREATE tilskud. Det eksperimentelle apparat, der er beskrevet i dette manuskript, blev støttet af Canada Foundation for Innovation. Yderligere støtte kom fra Canada First Research Excellence Fund (BrainsCAN).

Alle procedurer blev godkendt af Health Science Research Ethics Board ved University of Western Ontario. Alle deltagere gav informeret samtykke, blev betalt for deres deltagelse og kunne til enhver tid trække sig ud af eksperimentet.
1. Forberedelse af deltager
BEMÆRK: En lille stikprøve af raske, unge deltagere blev undersøgt (3 kvinder, 2 mandlige; gennemsnitsalder: 26 år +/- 3,5). Alle deltagere var højrehåndede og havde normal eller korrigeret til normal sy...

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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+responses+on+neck+muscles+reveal+selective+gating+that+prevents+express+saccades.">Visual responses on neck muscles reveal selective gating that prevents express saccades.</a> Neuron. 42 (5), 831-841 (2004).</li><li>Wood, D. K., Gu, C., Corneil, B. D., Gribble, P. L., Goodale, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+visual+responses+reset+the+phase+of+low-frequency+oscillations+in+the+skeletomotor+periphery.">Transient visual responses reset the phase of low-frequency oscillations in the skeletomotor periphery.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 42 (3), 1919-1932 (2015).</li><li>Gu, C., Wood, D. K., Gribble, P. L., Corneil, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Trial-by-Trial+Window+into+Sensorimotor+Transformations+in+the+Human+Motor+Periphery.">A Trial-by-Trial Window into Sensorimotor Transformations in the Human Motor Periphery.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (31), 8273-8282 (2016).</li><li>Kozak, R. A., Kreyenmeier, P., Gu, C., Johnston, K., Corneil, B. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-species+comparison+of+anticipatory+and+stimulus-driven+neck+muscle+activity+well+before+saccadic+gaze+shifts+in+humans+and+nonhuman+primates.">Cross-species comparison of anticipatory and stimulus-driven neck muscle activity well before saccadic gaze shifts in humans and nonhuman primates.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 114 (2), 902-913 (2015).</li><li>Franklin, D. W., Reichenbach, A., Franklin, S., Diedrichsen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+evolution+of+spatial+computations+for+visuomotor+control.">Temporal evolution of spatial computations for visuomotor control.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (8), 2329-2341 (2016).</li><li>Krekelberg, B., Vatakis, A., Kourtzi, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implied+motion+from+form+in+the+human+visual+cortex.">Implied motion from form in the human visual cortex.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (6), 4373-4386 (2005).</li><li>Gribble, P. 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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccadic+reaction+time+in+the+monkey:+advanced+preparation+of+oculomotor+programs+is+primarily+responsible+for+express+saccade+occurrence.">Saccadic reaction time in the monkey: advanced preparation of oculomotor programs is primarily responsible for express saccade occurrence.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 76 (6), 3666-3681 (1996).</li></ol>

Mennesker har en bemærkelsesværdig evne, når det er nødvendigt, til at generere hurtige, visuelt guidede handlinger på latencies, der nærmer minimal afferent og efferent ledning forsinkelser. Vi har tidligere beskrevet stimulus-låste reaktioner (spejlreflekser) på overekstremiteterne som en ny foranstaltning for hurtige visuomotoriskereaktioner 6,9,10. Mens gavnligt i at give en trial-by-trial benchmark for det første a...

Når vi bemærker en besked på vores mobiltelefon, bliver vi bedt om at udføre en visuelt guidet rækkevidde for at hente vores telefon og læse beskeden. Visuelle funktioner såsom formen og størrelsen af telefonen er omdannet til motorkommandoer giver os mulighed for at nå målet. Sådanne visuomotoriske omdannelser kan undersøges under laboratorieforhold, som muliggør en høj grad af kontrol. Der er dog scenarier, hvor responstid er vigtig, f.eks. Laboratorieundersøgelser af hurtig visuomotorisk adfærd er ofte afhængige af fordrevne målparadigme, hvor de fordrivlede bevægelser ændres midt i flyvningen efter en vis ændring i målpositionen (f.eks. se ref.1,2). Mens sådanne online korrektioner kan forekomme i <150 ms3, er det vanskeligt at fastslå den nøjagtige timing af hurtig visuomotorouting ved hjælp af kinematik alene på grund af den lave-pass filtrering egenskaber af armen, og fordi hurtig visuomotorout udgang erstatter en bevægelse allerede i midten af flyvningen. Sådanne komplikationer fører til usikkerhed om de underlag, der ligger til grund for hurtige visuomotoriske reaktioner (se ref.4 til gennemsyn). Nogle undersøgelser tyder på, at subkortikale strukturer såsom den overlegne colliculus, snarere end fronto-parietal kortikale områder, kan indlede online korrektioner5.
Denne usikkerhed med hensyn til de underliggende neurale substrater kan skyldes, i det mindste delvist, manglen på en pålidelig biomarkør for produktionen af det hurtige visuomotoriske system. For nylig har vi beskrevet et mål for hurtige visuomotoriske reaktioner, der kan genereres fra statiske stillinger og registreres via elektromyografi (EMG). Stimulus-låste svar (SPEJLreflekser) er tid låst byger af EMGaktivitet,der går forud for frivillig bevægelse6,7, udvikler sig konsekvent ~ 100 ms efter stimulus debut. Som navnet antyder, er spejlrefleksler fremkaldt af stimulus debut, vedvarende, selv om en eventuel bevægelse tilbageholdes8 eller bevæger sig i den modsatte retning9. Desuden er spejlrefleksler fremkaldt af målforskydning i et dynamisk paradigme forbundet med kortere latenstid online korrektioner10. Spejlrefleksanordning udgør således en objektiv foranstaltning til systematisk at undersøge produktionen af et hurtigt visuomotorisk system, der er involveret i korte latency RT'er, da de kan genereres fra en statisk kropsholdning og fortolkes fra andre EMG-signaler, der ikke er relateret til den indledende fase af den hurtige visuomotoriske reaktion.
Målet med den nuværende undersøgelse er at præsentere en visuelt styret nå paradigme, der robust fremkalder spejlrefleksler. Tidligere undersøgelser af SLR har rapporteret mindre end 100% påvisning satser på tværs af deltagerne, selv når du bruger mere invasive intramuskulæreoptagelser 6,8,9. Lave detektionsrater og en afhængighed af invasive optagelser begrænser nytten af SLR-foranstaltninger i fremtidige undersøgelser af det hurtige visuomotoriske system ved sygdom eller i hele levetiden. Mens nogle emner kan simpelthen ikke udtrykke spejlrefleksler, stimuli og adfærdsmæssige paradigmer, der anvendes tidligere, kan ikke have været ideel til at fremkalde SLR. Tidligere rapporter om spejlrefleksler har typisk brugt paradigmer, hvor deltagerne genererer visuelt guidede når mod statisk, pludselig optræder mål6,9. Men, en hurtig visuomotor system er den mest sandsynlige behov for scenarier, hvor man skal hurtigt interagere med en faldende eller flyvende objekt, fører en til at spekulere på, om at flytte snarere end statisk stimuli bedre kan fremkalde spejlrefleksler. Derfor har vi tilpasset et bevægeligt målparadigme, der bruges til at studere øjenbevægelser11, og kombineret det med en pro/anti visuelt styret nå opgave, der anvendes til at undersøge SLR9. Sammenlignet med resultater fra paradigmer, deranvendes tidligere 6,8,9, blev det konstateret, at spejlrefleksler i den nye målparadigme udviklet sig hurtigere, nået højere størrelser, og var mere udbredt på tværs af vores deltager prøve. Samlet set fremmer det nye målparadigme udtryk for hurtige visuomotoriske reaktioner i en sådan grad, at objektive EMG-foranstaltninger kan gøres pålideligt med overfladeoptagelser, forstærkende undersøgelse inden for kliniske populationer og i hele levetiden. Yderligere, den nye målparadigme kan ændres på mange forskellige måder, fremme mere grundige undersøgelser af de sensoriske, kognitive, og motoriske faktorer, der fremmer eller ændrer hurtige visuomotoriske reaktioner.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli-8 Desktop Surface EMG System</td>
			<td>Delsys Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kinarm End-Point Robot</td>
			<td>Kinarm, Kingston, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Another reaching apparatus may be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB (version R2016a) Stateflow and Simulink applications</td>
			<td>The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PROPixx projector</td>
			<td>VPIXX Saint-Bruno, QC, Canada</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a custom built addon for the Kinarm. Other displays may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Resolution: 1920 x 1080. Standard viewing monitors may also be used.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an emerging target paradigm to evoke fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles

For at nå frem til et set objekt skal visuelle oplysninger omdannes til motorkommandoer. Visuelle oplysninger såsom objektets farve, form og størrelse behandles og integreres inden for mange hjerneområder, så i sidste ende videresendes til motorens periferi. I nogle tilfælde er der behov for en reaktion så hurtigt som muligt. Disse hurtige visuomotoriske transformationer, og deres underliggende neurologiske substrater, er dårligt forstået hos mennesker, da de har manglet en pålidelig biomarkør. Stimulus-låste responser (SPEJLrefleksangivelser) er korte latenstid (<100 ms) byger af elektromyografisk (EMG) aktivitet, der repræsenterer den første bølge af muskelrekruttering påvirket af visuel stimulus præsentation. Spejlrefleksler giver en kvantificerbar produktion af hurtige visuomotoriske transformationer, men spejlrefleksler er ikke blevet konsekvent observeret i alle forsøgspersoner i tidligere undersøgelser. Her beskriver vi et nyt, adfærdsmæssigt paradigme med den pludselige fremkomsten af et bevægeligt mål under en forhindring, der konsekvent fremkalder robuste spejlrefleksler. Menneskelige deltagere genereret visuelt guidede når mod eller væk fra det nye mål ved hjælp af en robot manipulandum, mens overfladeelektroder registreres EMG aktivitet fra pectoralis store muskel. I forhold til tidligere undersøgelser, der undersøgte spejlrefleksler ved hjælp af statiske stimuli, de spejlrefleksler fremkaldt med denne nye målparadigme var større, udviklet sig tidligere, og var til stede i alle deltagere. Nå reaktionstider (RTs) blev også fremskyndet i den nye mål paradigme. Dette paradigme giver mange muligheder for ændring, der kunne tillade systematisk undersøgelse af virkningen af forskellige sensoriske, kognitive, og motoriske manipulationer på hurtige visuomotoriske reaktioner. Samlet set viser vores resultater, at et spirende målparadigme er i stand til konsekvent og robust at fremkalde aktivitet inden for et hurtigt visuomotorisk system.

Stimulus låste svar (spejlrefleksler) er korte byger af muskelaktivitet tid låst til stimulus debut, der udvikler sig længe før de større volley af muskel rekruttering forbundet med bevægelse debut. Slr'ens tidslåste karakter gav en »banding« af muskelaktivitet, der er synlig ved ~100 ms, når alle forsøg blev sorteret efter reaktionstid (RT) (Figur 1a, fremhævet med grå bokse). Som vist i figur 1avar spejlrefleksionsrammen afhængige af målplacerin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles at JoVE.com

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Præsenteret her er en adfærdsmæssig paradigme, der fremkalder robust hurtig visuomotor svar på menneskelige øvre lemmer muskler under visuelt guidede rækker.

En emerging Target Paradigm at fremkalde Hurtig Visuomotor Svar på Human Upper Limb Muskler

To reach towards a seen object, visual information has to be transformed into motor commands. Visual information such as the object&#8217;s color, shape, ...

We are interested in how the brain can rapidly translate visual input into motor output. And here, we describe the emerging target paradigm, which elicits quantifiable and reliable fast visuomotor responses. The fast visuomotor responses listed by the paradigm include stimulus-locked responses, which are short bursts of muscle activity tied to visual stimulus onset.Having a paradigm that reliably elicits fast visuomotor responses potentiates the study of the underlying neural mechanisms across the lifespan and in neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. Many aspects of the emerging target paradigm could be modified to better understand the sensory, cognitive, and motor factors which influence the fast visuomotor system. Begin by applying electromyography or EMG sensors to the targeted upper limb muscle involved in the reaching movement being studied.Visualize the target muscle by requesting an action known to recruit the muscle of interest. For the clavicular head of the pectoralis major muscle, ask the participant to relax their elbows at their sides and push their palms together. If it is difficult to visualize the target muscle, palpate the area of interest while having the participant repeatedly perform the requested action.Target areas with notable changes in the muscle for electrode placement. Use alcohol swabs to clean the skin areas where electrodes will be located and apply adhesives and electrode gel to the surface sensors. Ask the participant to perform the action associated with the muscle recruitment again and adhere sensors over the muscle belly, positioning them to lie in parallel with the direction of the fibers of the targeted muscle.Place the ground electrode on the clavicle contralateral to the reaching arm, then secure sensors and ground electrodes to the surrounding skin with medical tape. Turn on the EMG system to allow for EMG collection throughout the experiment. Check the quality of the EMG signal with a desktop monitor or oscilloscope connected to the system.Have the participant perform a reaching movement into or opposite from the preferred direction of the muscle of interest and ensure that the EMG activity increases or decreases respectively. Next, set up the participant in a robotic reaching apparatus that allows reaching movements in a horizontal plane and the application of force to the manipulandum. Seat the participant in the experimental chair, maximizing their comfort to minimize changes of posture throughout the experiment.Click start on the associated software which initiates the first trial and force generated by the robotic reaching apparatus applied to the participant's upper limb. Verbally instruct the participant to start the first trial by bringing the real-time cursor or RTC into the start position for a duration of one to 1.5 seconds. The occluder changes color to instruct the subject that the upcoming trial requires a pro or anti-reach.Determine if the participant is able to generate a visually-guided reach depending on the color of the occluder. When the occluder is green, the participant intercepts the moving target with the RTC. When the occluder is red, the participant moves the RTC away from the target.Ensure that the moving target, which was stationary and visible to the participant at the top of the inverted Y, begins moving towards the participant along the path of the inverted Y.When the moving target moves behind the occluder, it should move at a constant speed of 30 centimeters per second along the y-axis and should be invisible to the participant. During this interval, the participant should maintain the hand position at the imagined start position. Once the moving target reaches half the length of the occluder, it bifurcates along one of the inverted Y outputs with an additional X velocity component.The target vanishes for a constant delay of approximately half a second, with the delay depending on the size of the occluder and the speed of the target. When the moving target reaches the edge of the occluder, make sure that the software keeps it invisible until the full target has emerged and only then presents it to the participant. The target should be presented to a randomized side at one of the inverted Y paths while the participant's hand remains at the starting position.The exact time of target emergence must be known to ensure accurate measurement of fast visuomotor responses. Here, we present another visual stimulus, which is not seen by the participant, to a photodiode located in the corner of the screen at the exact time of target emergence. This photodiode provides an analog signal for alignment of muscle activity and reaction times.Depending on the participant's reaching behavior, this software provides feedback as text written on the occluder during the inter-trial interval. The feedback says hit for correct interception, wrong way for incorrect direction of reach, or miss for neither correct nor incorrect responses detected during the inter-trial interval. The moving target and the starting position reappear at their respective original locations 200 milliseconds after the participant's reach behavior is completed.Start the next trial when the participant brings the RTC to the starting position. Minimize the participant's movement between each block to ensure consistency of recordings. After verbal confirmation that the participant is ready to begin the next block, initiate the next block and continue to monitor participant performance and EMG output.Stimulus-locked responses or SLRs depended on target location, with SLRs on the right pectoralis major consisting of an increase or decrease in muscle recruitment following leftward or rightward target presentation respectively. To detect SLRs, separate time series receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed on trials with earlier or later than average reaction times. This analysis indicated whether electromyography onset was invariant to stimulus or movement onset, which was determined by the slope of the line connecting early and late discrimination times plotted as a function of reaction time.Data from two subjects reaching toward a stationary object or moving target is shown here. Participant one does not exhibit an SLR in the static paradigm, but a clear SLR can be seen in the emerging target paradigm. The SLR was also apparent in the mean electromyography traces for participant one in the emerging target paradigm.While participant two exhibited an SLR in both the static and emerging target paradigms, the magnitude of the SLR was much greater in the emerging target paradigm. On average, SLR magnitude was considerably larger in the emerging target versus the static paradigm. In contrast, the latency of detected SLRs did not differ between the two paradigms.SLRs were detected in all five participants in the emerging target paradigm, but only in three participants in a paradigm with static targets. SLR magnitudes in the anti-reach condition were muted compared to that in the pro-reach condition. The paradigm could be varied to better understand the sensory, cognitive, or motor factors that influence fast visuomotor responses.Future experiments could vary target speed, alter the time behind the occluder, or require participants to choose which hand to move. We've started to use reliable responses elicited by the emerging target paradigm to study the fast visuomotor system in elderly participants and in patients with Parkinson's disease.

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FM farvestof cykling på Synapse: sammenligning af høje kalium depolarisering, elektriske og Channelrhodopsin Stimulation

FM dyes are used to study the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle. These amphipathic probes have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, making them ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Den kombinerede brug af transkranial direkte nuværende Stimulation og robot terapi for overekstremiteterne

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...