Name: stability and structure of bat major histocompatibility complex class i with heterologous &beta;2-microglobulin
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This study was supported by the open fund of state key laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nan-jing University, China (Grant no. KF-GN-201905), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 81971501). William J. Liu is supported by the Excellent Young Scientist Program of the NSFC (81822040) and Beijing New-star Plan of Science and Technology (Z181100006218080).

1. Preparation of expression constructs
<ol>
	<li>Retrieve the sequences of MHC class I genes (including predicted genes) from bats from the NCBI database.</li>
	<li>Retrieve higher mammal MHC I heavy chain sequences from the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) (www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/mhc) and the UniProt database (www.uniprot.org).</li>
	<li>To obtain soluble MHC complexes, mutagenize the sequences to remove the cytosolic and transmembrane regions.</li>
	<li>Clone the genes encoding the ectodomains of the bat Ptal-N*01:01 (...

<ol>
	<li>Vyas, J. M., Van der Veen, A. G., Ploegh, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+known+unknowns+of+antigen+processing+and+presentation.">The known unknowns of antigen processing and presentation.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 8 (8), 607-618 (2008).</li><li>Bjorkman, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+the+human+class+I+histocompatibility+antigen,+HLA-A2.">Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2.</a> Nature. 329 (6139), 506-512 (1987).</li><li>Seong, R. H., Clayberger, C. A., Krensky, A. M., Parnes, J. 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The construction of a hybrid protein complex through heterologous substitution from different taxa is a common strategy for functional and structural investigations when the homologous complex is not available, such as in the MHC I and its ligands. However, there is limited summarization regarding the methodology and the technology. Herein, the structure of bat MHC I, Ptal-N*01:01, stabilized by b&#946;2m or h&#946;2m was analyzed. The key amino acids of &#946;2m binding to Ptal-N*01:01 w...

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exists in all vertebrates and is a set of genes that determines the cell-mediated immunity to infectious pathogens. MHC class I presents endogenous peptides, such as viral components produced upon virus infection, to T cell receptors (TCR) on the surface of CD8+ T cells to mediate cellular immunity and participate in immune regulation1. A structural study of MHC I binding to peptides provides information regarding peptide binding motifs and presentation features by MHC I molecules, which plays vital roles in evaluation of CD8+ T cell immune responses and vaccine development.
Since the first crystallization and structural determination of MHC I molecular by Bjorkman et al.2, the crystal structure analysis of MHC I molecules has greatly promoted the understanding of how peptides bind to MHC I molecules, and helps to understand the interaction of light chains with heavy chains and peptides. A series of follow-up studies indicated that although the genes encoding the light chain is not associated with the MHC, the light chain is a key protein for the assembly of MHC I molecules3,4. It interacts with the three domains of MHC class I molecules on multiple surfaces. When the light chain is absent, MHC class I molecules cannot be correctly expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and cannot interact with TCR to exert their immunological functions.
MHC I is comprised of a heavy chain (H chain) and light chain (i.e., &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m)), and is assembled through binding to a suitable peptide5. The extracellular segment of the H chain consists of &#945;1, &#945;2 and &#945;3 domains6. The &#945;1 and &#945;2 domains form the peptide binding groove (PBG). The &#946;2m chain acts as a structural subunit of the assembly complex in MHC I, stabilizing the conformation of the complex, and is a molecular chaperone for MHC I H chain folding7,8,9. A series of studies have shown that MHC I H chains from various mammals such as bat (Chiroptera) (Ptal-N*01:01)10, rhesus macaque (Primates) (Mamu-B*17)11 (Mamu-A*01)12 (Mamu-A*02)13, mouse (Rodentia) (H-2Kd)14,15, dog (Carnivora) (DLA-88*50801)16, cattle (Artiodactyla) (BoLA-A11)17 and equine (Perissodactyla) (Eqca-N*00602 and Eqca-N*00601)18 can combine with heterologous &#946;2m (Table 1). These hybrid molecules are often used in structural and functional studies. However, the methodology for the functional and structural study of the hybrid MHC I with heterologous &#946;2m is not yet summarized. Meanwhile, the structural basis for the interchanged &#946;2m between different taxa remain unclear.
Herein, the procedure for MHC I expression, refolding, crystallization, crystal data collection and structure determination are summarized. In addition, potential substitutions of &#946;2m from different species are analyzed through comparing the structural conformation of MHC I stabilized by homologous and heterologous &#946;2m. These methods will be helpful for further MHC I structural study and CD8+ T cell immune response evaluation in cancer and infectious disease.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 kDa MMCO membrane</td>
			<td>Merck millipore</td>
			<td>PLGC07610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30% Acrylamide</td>
			<td>LABLEAD</td>
			<td>A3291-500ml*5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#215;Protein SDS Loading</td>
			<td>Novoprotein</td>
			<td>PM099-01A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMICON ULTRA-15 15ML-10 KDa cutoff</td>
			<td>Merck millipore</td>
			<td>UFC901096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Inalco</td>
			<td>1758-9314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3678-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BL21(DE3) strain</td>
			<td>TIANGEN</td>
			<td>CB105-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>MP</td>
			<td>219605580</td>
			<td>Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>D1070</td>
			<td>Gloves and goggles should be worn and operated in a ventilated kitchen. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA-2Na</td>
			<td>KeyGEN BioTECH</td>
			<td>KGT515500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerin</td>
			<td>HUSHI</td>
			<td>10010618</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GSH</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0399-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GSSG</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0524-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>E424-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>h&#946;2m</td>
			<td>our lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Zhang, S. et al. Structural basis of cross-allele presentation by HLA-A*0301 and HLA-A*1101 revealed by two HIV-derived peptide complexes. Mol Immunol. 49 (1-2), 395-401, (2011).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IPTG</td>
			<td>Inalco</td>
			<td>1758-1400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Arginine Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0877-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>S8210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein Marker</td>
			<td>Fermentas</td>
			<td>26614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Boao Rui Jing</td>
			<td>A112130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superdex Increase 200 10/300 GL</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>28990944</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEMED</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>17919</td>
			<td>Gloves and goggles should be worn and operated in a ventilated kitchen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0497-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Bioruler</td>
			<td>RH30056-100mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>LP0042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>LP0021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stability and structure of bat major histocompatibility complex class i with heterologous &beta;2-microglobulin

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a pivotal role in antigen peptide presentation and T cell immune responses against infectious disease and tumor development. The hybrid MHC I complexed with heterologous &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m) substitution from different species can be stabilized in vitro. This is a feasible means to study MHC I of mammals, when the homologous &#946;2m is not available. Meanwhile, it is indicated that mammalian &#946;2m substitution does not significantly affect peptide presentation. However, there is limited summarization regarding the methodology and the technology for the hybrid MHC I complexed with heterologous &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m). Herein, methods to evaluate the feasibility of heterologous &#946;2m substitution in MHC I study are presented. These methods include preparation of expression constructs; purification of inclusion bodies and refolding of the MHC complex; determination of protein thermostability; crystal screening and structure determination. This study provides a recommendation for understanding function and structure of MHC I, and is also significant for T cell response evaluation during infectious disease and tumor immunotherapy.

Previous work reported that the HeV-derived HeV1 (DFANTFLP) peptide was presented by Ptal-N*01:0110,19. Herein, the binding capacity of this peptide to Ptal-N*01:01 with homologous bat &#946;2m (b&#946;2<font face="Helvetica Neue...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous ÃŽÂ²2-Microglobulin at JoVE.com

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²2-Microglobulin

The protocol describes experimental methods to obtain stable major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I through potential &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m) substitutions from different species. The structural comparison of MHC I stabilized by homologous and heterologous &#946;2m were investigated.

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &beta;2-Microglobulin

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a pivotal role in antigen peptide presentation and T cell immune responses against infectious disease and ...

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