Name: coupling carbon capture from a power plant with semi-automated open raceway ponds for microalgae cultivation
Uploaded: 2020-08-14T16:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation at JoVE.com

Detta arbete stöddes genom regionala Algal Feedstock Testbed-projektet, U.S. Department of Energy DE-EE0006269. Vi tackar också Esteban Jimenez, Jessica Peebles, Francisco Acedo, Jose Cisneros, RAFT Team, Mark Mansfield, UA-kraftverkspersonal och TEP-kraftverkspersonal för all deras hjälp.

1. Tillväxtsystem: utomhus öppna raceway damminställningar
<ol><li>Ställ in de öppna racewaydammarna nära rökgaskällan (som innehåller 8–10 % CO2). Se till att vatten och el finns tillgängligt vid dammreaktorns plats och att reaktorn inte är i skuggan större delen av dagen (figur 1).</li>
	<li>Fånga rökgas under efterförbränningsprocessen med en 0,95 cm bränsleslang, några meter innan rökgasen kommer in i stapeln för att släppas ut i atmosfären (<strong c...

I denna studie visar vi att synergistiskt koppling av rökgaskolavskiljning och mikroalgodling är möjlig i ett varmt halvtorrt klimat. Det experimentella protokollet för det halvautomatiserade raceway-dammsystemet integrerar toppmodern teknik för att övervaka relevanta parametrar i realtid som korrelerar med algtillväxt när rökgas används som kolkälla. Det föreslagna protokollet är avsett att minska osäkerheten vid algodling, vilket är en av de största nackdelarna med racewaydammar<...

Den globala uppvärmningen är en av de viktigaste miljöfrågorna som världen står inför idag1. Studier tyder på att den främsta orsaken är ökningen av utsläppen av växthusgaser, främstCO 2, i atmosfären på grund av mänskliga aktiviteter 2,3,4,5,6,7. I USA kommer den största densitetenav koldioxidutsläpp främst från förbränning av fossila bränslen inom energisektorn, särskilt elkraftverk 3,7,8,9. Således har teknik för avskiljning och användning av koldioxid (CCU) framstått som en av de viktigaste strategierna för att minska växthusgasutsläppen 2,7,10. Dessa inkluderar biologiska system som använder solljus för att omvandla CO2 och vatten via fotosyntes, i närvaro av näringsämnen, till biomassa. Användningen av mikroalger har föreslagits på grund av den snabba tillväxttakten, den högaCO2-fixeringsförmågan och den höga produktionskapaciteten. Dessutom har mikroalger en bred bioenergipotential eftersom biomassan kan omvandlas till produkter av intresse, såsom biobränslen som kan ersätta fossila bränslen 7,9,10,11,12.
Mikroalger kan växa och uppnå biologisk omvandling i en mängd olika odlingssystem eller reaktorer, inklusive öppna racewaydammar och slutna fotobioreaktorer 13,14,15,16,17,18,19. Forskare har studerat fördelarna och begränsningarna som avgör bioprocessens framgång i båda odlingssystemen, antingen inomhus eller utomhus 5,6,16,20,21,22,23,24,25 . Öppna racewaydammar är de vanligaste odlingssystemen för avskiljning och utnyttjande av koldioxid i situationer där rökgas kan distribueras direkt från stacken. Denna typ av odlingssystem är relativt billigt, är lätt att skala upp, har låga energikostnader och har låga energikrav för blandning. Dessutom kan dessa system enkelt samlokaleras med kraftverket för att göra CCU-processen effektivare. Det finns dock vissa nackdelar som måste beaktas, såsom begränsningen iCO2-gas / vätskemassöverföring. Även om det finns begränsningar har öppna racewaydammar föreslagits som det lämpligaste systemet för produktion av mikroalgbiobränsle utomhus 5,9,11,16,20.
I den här artikeln beskriver vi en metod för odling av mikroalger i öppna racewaydammar som kombinerar koldioxidavskiljning från rökgasen i ett naturgaskraftverk. Metoden består av ett halvautomatiserat system som styr rökgasinjektionen baserat på odlingens pH; systemet övervakar och registrerar Chlorella sorokiniana odlingsstatus i realtid med hjälp av optisk densitet, upplöst syre (DO), elektroledningsförmåga (EC) och luft- och dammtemperatursensorer. Data om algbiomassa och rökgasinjektion samlas in av en datalogger var 10:e minut vid Tucson Electric Power-anläggningen. Underhåll av algstammar, uppskalning, kvalitetskontrollmätningar och karakterisering av biomassa (t.ex. korrelation mellan optisk densitet, g / L och lipidinnehåll) utförs i laboratoriemiljö vid University of Arizona. Ett tidigare protokoll skisserade en metod för att optimera rökgasinställningarna för att främja mikroalgtillväxt i fotobioreaktorer via datorsimulering26. Protokollet som presenteras här är unikt genom att det använder öppna racewaydammar och är utformat för att implementeras på plats vid ett naturgaskraftverk för att direkt utnyttja rökgasen som produceras. Dessutom är optiska densitetsmätningar i realtid en del av protokollet. Systemet som beskrivs är optimerat för ett varmt halvtorrt klimat (Köppen BSh), som uppvisar låg nederbörd, betydande variation i nederbörd från år till år, låg relativ luftfuktighet, höga avdunstningshastigheter, klar himmel och intensiv solstrålning27.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1767px;" width="1766">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Adjustable speed motor (paddle wheel system)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Leeson</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">174307</td>
			<td style="width:1116px;">Lesson 174307.00, type: SCR Voltage; Amps:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Aluminum weight boats</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-732-102</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Aluminum Weighing Dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ammonium Iron (III) (NH&#8324;)&#8325;[Fe(C&#8326;H&#8324;O&#8327;)&#8322;]</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1185 - 57 - 5</td>
			<td>Medium preparation. Ammonium iron(III) citrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Ammonium Phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7722-76-1</td>
			<td>This chemical is used for the optimized medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Ampicillin sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9518-5G</td>
			<td>This chemical is used for avoiding algae contamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Autoclave</td>
			<td>Amerex Instrument Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hirayama HA300MII</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto agar</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1423500</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents Granulated Agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Clorox</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Germicidal Bleach, concentrated clorox</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Boric Acid (H3BO3)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10043-35-3</td>
			<td>Trace Elelements: Boric acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:285px;">Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2*2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10035-04-8</td>
			<td>Medium preparation. Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:285px;">Carboys (20 L)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Nalgene - Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2250-0050PK</td>
			<td>Polypropylene Carboy w/Handles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Beckman Coulter, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>J2-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-66-3</td>
			<td>This chemical is used for lipid extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Citraplex 20% Iron</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Loveland Products</td>
			<td>SDS No. 1000595582 -17-LPI</td>
			<td>https://www.fbn.com/direct/product/Citraplex-20-Iron#product_info</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:285px;">Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2*6H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10026-22-9</td>
			<td>Trace Elements: Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Compressor</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Makita</td>
			<td>MAC700</td>
			<td>This equipment is used for the injection CO2 system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Control Valve</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sierra Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SmartTrak 100</td>
			<td>This item needs to be customized for your application. In our case, it was used a 5% CO2 and 95% air mixture.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:285px;">Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO4*5H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7758-99-8</td>
			<td>Trace Elements: Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Data Logger: Campbell unit CR3000</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Scientific Campbell</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CR3000</td>
			<td>This equipment is used for controlling all the system, motoring and recording data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Dissolvde Oxygen Solution</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">14055</td>
			<td>Dissolved oxygen electrolyte solution DO6002 - Lot No. 211085</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:285px;">Dissolved Oxygen probe</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sensorex</td>
			<td>&#65279;</td>
			<td>DO6400/T Dissolved Oxygen Sensor with Digital Communication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Electroconductivity calibration solution</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Ricca Chemical Company</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">2245 - 32 ( R2245000-1A )</td>
			<td>Conductivity Standard, 5000 uS/cm at 25C (2620 ppm TDS as NaCl)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Electroconductivity probe sensor</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Hanna Instruments</td>
			<td>HI3003/D</td>
			<td>Flow-thru Conductivity Probe - NTC Sensor, DIN Connector, 3m Cable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:285px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA*2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>6381-92-6</td>
			<td>Medium Preparation: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Filters</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-874-48</td>
			<td>Whatman Binder-Free Glass Microfiber Filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Flasks</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>09-552-40</td>
			<td>Pyrex Fernbach Flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Furnace</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Hogentogler</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Model: F6020C-80</td>
			<td>Thermo Sicentific Thermolyne F6020C - 80 Muffle Furnace</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Glass dessicator</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">75871-430</td>
			<td>Type 150, 140 mm of diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Glass funnel</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">FB6005865</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Reusable Glass Long-Stem Funnels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminar flow hood</td>
			<td>Fisher Hamilton Safeair</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fisher Hamilton Stainless Safeair hume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:285px;">Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4*7H2O)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10034 - 99 - 8</td>
			<td>Medium Preparation: Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-56-1</td>
			<td>Lipid extraction solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:285px;">Micro bubble Diffuser</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Pentair Aquatic Eco-Systems</td>
			<td>1PMBD075</td>
			<td>This equipment is used for the injection CO2 system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Microalgae: Chlorella Sorokiniana</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">NAABB</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">DOE 1412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microoscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss 4291097</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Microwave assistant extraction</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">MARS, CEM Corportation</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>CEM Mars 5 Xtraction 230/60 Microwave Accelerated Reaction System. Model: 907601</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">MnCl2*4H2O</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>13446-34-9</td>
			<td>Manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Mortars</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB961B</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand porcelein mortars</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Nitrogen evaporator</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Organomation</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>N-EVAP 112 Nitrogen Evaporatpr (OA-SYS Heating System)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Oven</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">VWR International LLC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">89511-410</td>
			<td>Forced Air Oven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Paddle Wheel</td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>8-blade horizontal axis propeller. This usually comes as part of the paddlewheel reactor.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paddle wheel motor</td>
			<td>Leeson</td>
			<td>M1135042.00</td>
			<td>Leeson, Model: CM34025Nz10C; 1/4 HP; Volts 90; FR 34; 62 RPM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Pestles</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB961M</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand porcelein pestles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">pH and EC Transmitter</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Hanna Instruments</td>
			<td>HI98143</td>
			<td>Hanna Instruments HI98143-04 pH and EC Transmitter with Galvanic isolated 0-4V.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">pH calibration solutions</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13-643-003</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Orion pH Buffer Bottles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">pH probe sensor</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Hanna Instruments</td>
			<td>HI1006-2005</td>
			<td>Hanna Instruments HI1006-2005 Teflon pH Electrode with matching pin 5m.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pippete tips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1111-2821</td>
			<td>1000 ul TipOne graduated blue tip in racks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pippetter</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-690-032</td>
			<td>Eppendorf Reserch plus Variable Adjustable Volume Pipettes: Single-channel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Plastic cuvettes</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>14377017</td>
			<td>BrandTech BRAND Plastic Cuvettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Plates</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">08-757-100D</td>
			<td>Corning Falcon Bacteriological Petri Dishes with Lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potash</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This chemical is used for the optimazed medium preparation. It was bought in a fertilizer local company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Potassium phosphate dibasic (K2HPO4)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7758 -11 - 4</td>
			<td>Medium Preparation: Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Pyrex reusable Media Storage Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>06-414-2A</td>
			<td>1 L and 2 L bottels - PYREX GL45 Screw Caps with Plug Seals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Raceway Pond</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Similar equipment can be bought at https://microbioengineering.com/products</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Real Time Optical Density Sensor</td>
			<td>University of Arizona</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This equipment was design and build by a member of the group</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">RS232 Cable</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sabrent</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Sabrent USB 2.0 to Serial (9-Pin) DB-9 RS-232 Converter Cable, Prolific Chipset, Hexnuts, [Windows 10/8.1/8/7/VISTA/XP, Mac OS X 10.6 and Above] 2.5 Feet (CB-DB9P)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shaker Table</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Algae agitation 150 rpm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">497-19-8</td>
			<td>Sodium carbonate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:285px;">Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4*2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10102-40-6</td>
			<td>Medium Preparation: Sodium molybdate dihydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>7631-99-4</td>
			<td>Medium Preparation: Sodium nitrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;width:285px;">Spectophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific Company</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">14-385-400</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific - 10S UV-Vis GENESTYS Spectrophotometer cylindrical Longpath cell holder; internal reference dectector, Xenon flash lamp; dual silicon photodiode; 240V, 50 to 60Hz selected automatically.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Test tubes</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">14-961-27</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand Disposable Borosilicate Glass Tubes with Plain End (10 ml)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Thermocouples type K</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Omega</td>
			<td>KMQXL-125G-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">2067-80-3</td>
			<td>Urea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Vacuum filtration system</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">XX1514700</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma Glass Vacuum Filter Holder, 47 mm. The system includes: Ground glass flask attachment, coarse-frit glass filter support, and flask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Vacuum pump</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Grainger</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Marathon Electric AC Motor Thermally protected G588DX - MOD 5KH36KNA510X. HP 1/4. RPM 1725/1425</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:285px;">Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4*7H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">7446-20-0</td>
			<td>Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

coupling carbon capture from a power plant with semi-automated open raceway ponds for microalgae cultivation

I USA kommer 35% av de totala koldioxidutsläppen (CO2) från elkraftindustrin, varav 30% representerar naturgasproduktion. Mikroalger kan biofixera CO2 10 till 15 gånger snabbare än växter och omvandla algbiomassa till produkter av intresse, såsom biobränslen. Således presenterar denna studie ett protokoll som visar de potentiella synergierna av mikroalgodling med ett naturgaskraftverk beläget i sydvästra USA i ett varmt halvtorrt klimat. Toppmodern teknik används för att öka avskiljningen och utnyttjandet av koldioxid via grönalgarten Chlorella sorokiniana, som kan bearbetas vidare till biobränsle. Vi beskriver ett protokoll som involverar en halvautomatiserad öppen racewaydamm och diskuterar resultaten av dess prestanda när den testades vid Tucson Electric Power Plant, i Tucson, Arizona. Rökgas användes som den huvudsakliga kolkällan för att kontrollera pH, och Chlorella sorokiniana odlades. Ett optimerat medium användes för att odla algerna. Mängden CO2 som tillfördes systemet som en funktion av tiden övervakades noggrant. Dessutom övervakades andra fysikalisk-kemiska faktorer som påverkar algtillväxthastigheten, biomassaproduktiviteten och kolfixeringen, inklusive optisk densitet, upplöst syre (DO), elektroledningsförmåga (EC) och luft- och dammtemperaturer. Resultaten indikerar att ett mikroalgutbyte på upp till 0,385 g/l askfri torrvikt kan uppnås, med en lipidhalt på 24 %. Genom att utnyttja synergistiska möjligheter mellanutsläppare av koldioxid och algodlare kan man tillhandahålla de resurser som krävs för att öka avskiljningen av koldioxid och samtidigt stödja en hållbar produktion av algbiobränslen och bioprodukter.

Tidigare experimentella resultat från vårt laboratorium indikerar att mikroalgodling med hjälp av en halvautomatiserad öppen racewaydamm kan kombineras med kolavskiljningsprocesser. För att bättre förstå synergin mellan dessa två processer (figur 2) utvecklade vi ett protokoll och skräddarsydde det för odling av grönalgarten Chlorella sorokiniana under utomhusförhållanden i ett varmt halvtorrt klimat. Naturgas rökgas erhölls från ett industriellt kraftproduktionsver...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation at JoVE.com

Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation

Ett protokoll beskrivs för att utnyttja koldioxiden i naturgaskraftverkets rökgas för att odla mikroalger i öppna racewaydammar. Rökgasinjektionen styrs med en pH-sensor och mikroalgernas tillväxt övervakas med realtidsmätningar av optisk densitet.

Koppling av koldioxidavskiljning från ett kraftverk med halvautomatiserade öppna racewaydammar för odling av mikroalger

In the United States, 35% of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from the electrical power industry, of which 30% represent natural gas ...

This semi-automatic raceway cultivation system controlled by a pH sensor can directly capture flue gas from power plans for microalgae cultivation and can monitor microalgae growth with real-time measurements. The reactor system allows the direct capture and usage of carbon from industrial flue gas to grow microalgae in on-site semi-automated open pond raceway systems. The system can be used to cultivate alternative algae species and to capture carbon from any power plant.To set up an open raceway pond, attach a 0.95 centimeter fuel hose to capture the flue gas during the post-combustion process, a few meters before the flue gas enters the stack to be discharged into the atmosphere. Place a 20 liter water trap and an approximately 12 meter condenser between the stack and the compressor to remove water from the flue gas. To monitor algal growth, connect a real-time optical density sensor that measures the absorbance at 650 and 750 nanometers, a dissolved oxygen sensor, air and pond thermocouples, a pH sensor, and an electroconductivity sensor to a data logger.To set up a pH control system, connect a compressor and control valve system to the data logger program to manage the flue gas injection and use a tube to direct the flue gas from the control valve through a stone diffuser to the bottom of the raceway pond, then set the system to inject flue gas when the pH value was greater than 8.05 and to stop the flue gas injection when the pH is less than eight. To set up an algal culture system, set the culture room to 25 degrees Celsius in a 12-hour light, 12-hour dark cycle, and use deionized water salts and macro and micronutrients to prepare BG-11 culture medium. Use a sterile loop to select a single algal colony from the culture plate and inoculate the algae in a 50 milliliter tube containing sterile growth medium in a clean biosafety cabinet.Grow the small liquid culture on a shaker table at 120 revolutions per minute for one week. At the end of the incubation, transfer the entire volume of algal culture into 500 milliliters of liquid culture in a one liter flask and close the flask with a rubber stopper fitted with stainless steel tubing to provide aeration. Filter the air with 0.20 micron air sterilization filters and allow the culture to grow for another one to two weeks using a spectrophotometer to monitor the cell density daily.At the end of the culture period, add 500 milliliters of the liquid algal culture to eight liters of non-sterile culture medium in a 10 liter carboy and inject a mixture of 5%carbon dioxide and 95%air into the carboy. Monitor the stock plate and liquid cultures under a light microscope at the 10 and 40X magnifications once a week to ensure growth of the strain of interest. To inoculate an outdoor open raceway pond with algae, first, thoroughly clean the reactor overnight with 30%bleach.Rinse the reactor the next morning until all of the bleach has been removed and calibrate all of the sensors according to their corresponding calibration procedures. Fill the raceway pond up to 80%with water to dilute the concentrated medium and inoculate the pond with the 10 liter carboy of algae culture. Bring the pond to its final volume, then partially shade the raceway pond with wooden pallets for about three days as an adaptation strategy to avoid photo inhibition to allow the microalgae to acclimate to the culture system.To perform a batch growth experiment, inspect and record any day-to-day variations including water evaporation, paddle wheel motor and sensor functionality, or anything else out of the ordinary. Drain and inspect the compressor and water trap daily to allow the removal of any excess water and to minimize flue gas corrosion. Configure the data logger to scan each sensor measurement every 10 seconds and to store the average sensor and air and reactor temperature data every 10 minutes.Make sure that the water level remains constant at the reactor's final volume to avoid affecting the optical density measurement. After replenishing the water in the reactor, collect an algal biomass sample using a 250 milliliter bottle. Measure the optical density in the spectrophotometer.Check the quality of the algae culture three times a week by light microscopy. When a culture is close to reaching stationary phase, harvest 75%of the total algae culture volume and use two to five liters of the culture suspension to perform biomass productivity analysis in the laboratory, then process and convert the rest of the algae into the desired algal products. Here, a comparison between the sensor and laboratory measurements can be observed.Both breeding show similar trends with the data increasing as a function of time. Optical density values increase during the day, but decrease at night during respiration, indicating a change in biomass productivity, thus the integration of a real-time optical density sensor makes it possible to make effective management decisions about the overall algal production system. In this analysis, flue gas was injected from approximately 8:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m. but was not injected between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m.This day/night cycle reflects the daylight sunlight exposure and the lack of light during the night, and consequently, the activation of photosynthesis or photorespiration respectively. As illustrated in this figure, as the algal grow rate increases, more flue gas is required, confirming that the on/off flue gas pulse injection system is effective at facilitating carbon capture and utilization through microalgae cultivation. Other physical chemical parameters can also be used to establish a correlation between the parameters and algal growth and productivity.It is important to make sure that the pH system is properly set up and that all of the sensors are calibrated before inoculating the raceway ponds with microalgae. Other methods that can be performed with the raceway pond while producing microalgae biomass include lipid, carbohydrate, or pigment extraction, ash-free dry weight measurements, and PCR quality monitoring.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

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A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

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Single-växt, sterila mikrokosmos för Nodulation och tillväxt av legumeväxt<em&gt; Medicago truncatula</em&gt; Med baljväxtbakterier symbiont<em&gt; Sinorhizobium meliloti</em

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Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

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Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

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A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

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Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

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Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

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There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the ...

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