Name: measuring engagement of spectators of social digital games
Uploaded: 2021-07-03T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Engagement of Spectators of Social Digital Games at JoVE.com

我们要感谢MITACS与创建游戏的公司合作，为这一研究项目提供资金。

以下协议在数据收集开始前已得到蒙特利尔国际委员会道德委员会的批准。
1. 实验参与者筛查
<ol><li>招募18岁及以上的学员。确保参与者了解实验的语言，可以站立20分钟，拥有智能手机，最长5年，没有皮肤过敏或敏感性，没有心脏起搏器，不患有癫痫或任何其他诊断的健康问题。</li>
	<li>招募一群朋友，和其他一群不认识的人，以控制熟悉。组大小必须根据研究的目的、?...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+wild+is+too+wild:+Lessons+learned+and+recommendations+for+ecological+validity+in+physiological+computing+research.">How wild is too wild: Lessons learned and recommendations for ecological validity in physiological computing research.</a> PhyCS 2018 - Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems. , (2018).</li><li>Rozendaal, M. C., Braat, B. A. L., Wensveen, S. A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+sociality+and+engagement+in+play+through+game-control+distribution.">Exploring sociality and engagement in play through game-control distribution.</a> AI and Society. 25 (2), 193-201 (2010).</li><li>Downs, J., Smith, W., Vetere, F., Loughnan, S., Howard, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Audience+experience+in+social+videogaming.">Audience experience in social videogaming.</a> Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. , 3473-3482 (2014).</li><li>Tekin, B. S., Reeves, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ways+of+spectating:+Unravelling+spectator+participation+in+Kinect+play.">Ways of spectating: Unravelling spectator participation in Kinect play.</a> Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2017, 1558-1570 (2017).</li><li>Downs, J., Vetere, F., Smith, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiated+participation+in+social+videogaming.">Differentiated participation in social videogaming.</a> OzCHI 2015: Being Human - Conference Proceedings. , 92-100 (2015).</li><li>Courtemanche, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+and+system+for+processing+signals+sensed+from+a+user.">Method of and system for processing signals sensed from a user.</a> US Patent. , (2018).</li><li>Batista, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benchmarking+of+the+BITalino+biomedical+toolkit+against+an+established+gold+standard.">Benchmarking of the BITalino biomedical toolkit against an established gold standard.</a> Healthcare Technology Letters. 6 (2), 32-36 (2019).</li><li>L&#233;ger, P. M., Courtemanche, F., Fredette, M., S&#233;n&#233;cal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cloud-based+lab+management+and+analytics+software+for+triangulated+human-centered+research.">A cloud-based lab management and analytics software for triangulated human-centered research.</a> Lecture Notes in Information Systems and Organisation. 29, 93-99 (2019).</li><li>Greco, A., Valenza, G., Lanata, A., Scilingo, E. P., Citi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+convex+optimization+approach+to+electrodermal+activity+processing.">A convex optimization approach to electrodermal activity processing.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 63 (4), 797-804 (2015).</li><li>Braithwaite, J., Watson, D., Robert, J., Mickey, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Guide+for+Analysing+Electrodermal+Activity+(EDA)+&amp;+Skin+Conductance+Responses+(SCRs)+for+Psychological+Experiments.">A Guide for Analysing Electrodermal Activity (EDA) &amp; Skin Conductance Responses (SCRs) for Psychological Experiments.</a> Psychophysiology. (49), (2015).</li><li>O'Brien, H. L., Cairns, P., Hall, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+approach+to+measuring+user+engagement+with+the+refined+user+engagement+scale+(UES)+and+new+UES+short+form.">A practical approach to measuring user engagement with the refined user engagement scale (UES) and new UES short form.</a> International Journal of Human Computer Studies. (112), 28-39 (2018).</li><li>Baron, R. M., Kenny, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+moderator-mediator+variable+distinction+in+social+psychological+research.+conceptual,+strategic,+and+statistical+considerations.">The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.</a> Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51 (6), 1173-1182 (1986).</li><li>Nacke, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Game User Experience Evaluation. , (2015).</li><li>Lam, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+store+environment+on+shopping+behaviors:+A+critical+review.">The effects of store environment on shopping behaviors: A critical review.</a> Advances in Consumer Research. 28 (1), 190-197 (2001).</li></ol>

请注意，这些步骤是在游戏创作者的工作室中执行的，但可以在实验室设置或其他有足够的空间来适应游戏的环境中复制。需要注意的是，同步框只能将脉冲传输到 20 米以内的灯和 EDA 框。因此，游戏室或游戏场不得较大。
现有的实验室方法已经使用软件同时开始记录视频游戏屏幕和生理测量工具10。在屏幕内不进行的数字游戏环境中，此方法是不够的。此...

研究比赛观众的经验有助于更好地了解比赛的积极和消极方面，反过来，可以帮助改善其设计1。博彩业最近的创新使新型体验从传统的基于游戏机的游戏2向前发展。使用不局限于屏幕内的运动跟踪系统的数字游戏，观众不必再被定位在固定位置。这一新的现实在评估观众体验方面带来了挑战。实验是在游戏创作者的工作室进行的，但可以在实验室设置或其他有足够的空间来适应游戏的环境中复制。
这种方法的目的是衡量社交数字游戏中的观众参与度。更确切地说，当观众能够访问影响游戏的 Web 应用程序时，将测量导致参与度的唤醒。此方法结合了生理和自我报告的数据。由于这个游戏是社交的，涉及一群移动的人，实验被拍摄。通过使用摄像头和便携式生理设备，我们能够将生理数据与游戏中的事件同步。便携式设备 （EDA 盒） 是连接到记录生理活动的电极的 3D 打印盒。这些盒子有一个开/关开关，视觉指示器，一个微型SD卡插槽和充电插槽。视觉指标有助于排除故障。例如，这些指示微系统是否正常工作，显示蓝牙和 Wi-Fi 连接的状态，以及是否记录了生理数据。
使用生理测量是衡量游戏参与度的一种常见和验证的方法。生理价值已在视频游戏4的背景下测量。它也已被用于其他研究领域，如教育5。由于情感参与是无法观察到的，自我报告可能有偏见，查兰等人已经使用生理觉醒来评估情绪参与的学习者正在解决问题5。他们用电皮活性（EDA）测量生理觉醒，这是一种广泛使用的方法6。EDA是皮肤导电性的测量，根据汗腺活性的差异而变化。此测量与实时情绪变化的重要相关性。EDA 与许多结构相关，如压力、兴奋、挫折和参与度7。因此，建议将EDA数据与自报响应进行补充，将数据与正确的构造3关联。自我评估马尼金（SAM）是一个自我报告的象形尺度，评估情感的三个维度：价值，觉醒和支配8。当前的工作使用唤醒维度，使用视觉 9 点 Likert 刻度进行评估，范围从平静到兴奋。感知觉醒已与生理觉醒7结合使用。
在传统的电子游戏环境中，观众坐在椅子上，在实验期间或多或少地保持相同的位置。他们预计会查看操作发生的屏幕。这种设置已经看到在以前的游戏研究使用生理数据9。在这种情况下，在记录生理数据10的同时开始录制游戏很简单。
在屏幕外播放的新数字游戏中，参与者站立并可以自由移动，传统的 EDA 录制可能不合适。这项研究中使用的游戏类似于真人大小的乒乓球11。这场比赛由一个球和两个桨组成，每个桨都放在比赛场地的四肢上。玩家移动桨，以便将球从球场的一端推到另一端。在用于此研究的版本中，游戏被投影在地面上，玩家使用他们的身体作为桨的控制器。运动检测技术允许桨跟随位于操场对面的两名玩家。玩家如何防止球击中他们身后的虚拟墙的例子出现在 图1中。游戏还包括站在操场两侧的观众，他们可以使用智能手机来影响游戏。使用移动网络应用程序，观众可以投票选出某些可能帮助或伤害玩家的电源或障碍物（例如，更少的墙壁与更多的球，或调节球的速度）。得票最多的选项获胜。
在这项研究中，我们调查了互动对观众的影响。交互的条件有或没有智能手机。我们比较了观众在这两个条件下的参与程度。用于交互性条件的主体内设计，以评估唤醒的差异，从而评估参与度。在目前的研究中，12人组是理想的促进生态有效性的游戏12。两个人作为球员和10人作为观众。只有两个EDA框可供我们的研究，所以我们共有8个组，总共16个EDA数据集（两个参与者每组12个EDA记录）。每个公众被随机分配到两个游戏，访问他们的智能手机，以影响游戏和一个游戏，而不能访问他们的智能手机。游戏参与文献表明，提供许多互动选项可以导致更高的参与度13。教育研究发现，生理觉醒与情感参与有关。基于游戏参与文学和教育研究，我们假设，让观众接触互动将增加觉醒，进而增加他们的参与度。
与玩家体验研究相反，关于数字游戏观众的研究很少使用心理生理学措施。他们大多以问卷14、观察15和访谈16完成。在观众中使用心理生理测量方法的一个困难是，他们往往是一个群体，他们的动作比球员的动作更难以预测。此方法使用多个摄像头捕获参与者和灯箱，使参与者的视频和生理数据能够连接。
由于我们使用智能手机条件的内在主题设计，每个受试者都参加了两个具有交互性条件的游戏，使用他们的智能手机，并在控制条件下参加一个游戏，而无需使用他们的智能手机。因此，将 EDA 数据与每场比赛的开始和结束同步对于评估每个交互状态的差异至关重要。由于房间的尺寸，不可能在观众身上同时开始录制所有三台摄像机。为了克服这个问题，我们使用了一种新的同步技术，称为无线同步协议，用于获取多式联运用户数据17。蓝牙低能量 （BLE） 信号从同步框同时发送到 EDA 框和灯箱（见图 2）。同步框是一个 3D 打印框，带有开/关、自动/手动开关和按钮。手动功能用于使用按钮测试信号。这些信号是从一个开始，显示在 3D 打印灯箱上的增量数字。摄像机上显示数字，EDA 数据文件上也记录相同的数字（见 图 3）。这允许将游戏中发生的事件同步到 EDA 录制中的变化。在我们的例子中，确定的事件是三场比赛的开始和结束。然后，我们可以将游戏链接到条件和参与者编号。通过这种方式，我们确定了哪个数据集与每个条件相对应。
下一节描述了允许使用考特曼奇等人开发的技术的协议。我们调整了技术来回答我们的研究问题。本协议从我们机构的道德委员会获得了道德证书。在此协议中，我们使用生理设备18，安装在3D打印外壳中。我们将将设备称为 EDA 框（用于记录参与者 EDA 的框）、灯箱（带有数字光的框）和同步框（向 EDA 框发送信号的框和用于同步数据的灯箱）。支持无线同步协议以获取多式联运用户数据17 的同步软件嵌入到框中。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BITalino (r)evolution Freestyle Kit (PLUX Wireless biosignals S.A.)&#160;</td>
			<td>BITalino</td>
			<td>810121006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Devices (1 syncbox, 3 light boxes, 2 EDA boxes)</td>
			<td>Developed by Tech3Lab researchers1</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CubeHX2</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Charging station</td>
			<td>Prime 60W 12A 6-Port Desktop Charger</td>
			<td>RP-PC028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 USB3 wires for charging</td>
			<td>Insignia 3m (10 ft.) Charge-and-Play USB A/ Micro USB Cable</td>
			<td>NS-GPS4CC101-C2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D scanner</td>
			<td>Velodyne LiDAR</td>
			<td>VLP-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Projectors</td>
			<td>Barco</td>
			<td>F90-W13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jerseys* (fabric, tape, string)</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 low light cameras</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>A7S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 tripods for the A7S</td>
			<td>Manfrotto</td>
			<td>MVK500190XV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 light stands for the go pro and the syncbox</td>
			<td>Impact&#160;</td>
			<td>LS-8AI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 plier for the light stand of the syncbox</td>
			<td>Neewer&#160;</td>
			<td>Super Clamp Plier Clip</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 magic arm for the light box of the go pro</td>
			<td>Magic Arm</td>
			<td>143A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 Go Pro</td>
			<td>Go Pro</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 Microphone</td>
			<td>Rode&#160;</td>
			<td>VideoMic Rycote</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 armbands</td>
			<td>Amyzor</td>
			<td>Moisture Wicking Sweatband&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>*Make them yourself by taping the number on the fabric and perforating two holes to enter the string</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sources: 
			1.Courtemanche, F. et al. Method of and System for Processing Signals Sensed 
			From a User. US 15/552,788 (2018). 
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			management and analytics software for triangulated human-centered research. 
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measuring engagement of spectators of social digital games

这种方法的目的是评估一组有运动跟踪系统的参与者在社交数字游戏中观众参与的明确和隐含的衡量指标。在不局限于屏幕内的游戏环境中，测量参与度的不同维度（如生理觉醒）可能具有挑战性。研究的重点是比赛的观众和他们根据互动性参与的差异。参与度通过生理和自我报告的觉醒以及实验结束时的参与问卷来衡量。生理觉醒是用电皮活性 （EDA） 传感器测量的，这些传感器记录便携式设备 （EDA 框） 上的数据。可移植性是必不可少的，因为游戏的性质，这是类似于一个真人大小的乒乓球，包括许多参与者移动。为了全面了解游戏事件，使用三台摄像机拍摄游戏场地的三个角度。为了将 EDA 数据与游戏中发生的事件同步，使用带有数字数字的框并放入摄像机的帧中。信号从同步框同时发送到 EDA 框和灯箱。灯箱向摄像机显示同步号码，相同的数字也记录在 EDA 数据文件上。这样，就可以记录在大型空间中自由移动的许多人的 EDA，并将此数据与游戏中的事件同步。在我们特定的研究中，我们能够评估唤醒不同相互作用条件的差异。这种方法的局限性之一是信号发送距离不能超过20米。因此，这种方法适用于在玩家数量不限但空间有限的游戏中记录生理数据。

本节描述了这项研究的代表性结果。我们利用社交媒体和本机构的参与者小组招募参与者。在78名参与者中，40名是妇女。平均年龄为22岁。以前没有一个参与者玩过这个游戏。其他排除标准可在协议的第 1 步中找到。
描述性统计数据可在 表 1中看到，包含每个测量的每个条件的平均值。在表的第二行中报告了自我评估马尼金 （SAM） 的唤醒维度的平均值。SAM Scale ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Engagement of Spectators of Social Digital Games at JoVE.com

Measuring Engagement of Spectators of Social Digital Games

我们提出了一种方法，能够测量观众在社交数字游戏中的参与度，结合生理和自我报告的数据。由于这个数字游戏涉及一群自由移动的人，体验是使用同步技术拍摄的，该技术将生理数据与游戏中的事件联系起来。

衡量社交数字游戏观众的参与度

The goal of this methodology is to assess explicit and implicit measures of engagement of spectators during social digital games in a group of ...

该协议的目的是实现社会数字游戏参与者的参与度测量。此方法结合了生理和自我报告的数据。由于这个游戏是社交的，因此涉及一组移动的人，实验被拍摄，以同步生理数据与游戏中的事件。这是执行协议所需的材料。我们将将这些框称为 EDA 框，该框用于记录参与者的 EDA。灯箱，带数字数字的盒子。同步框、向 EDA 框发送信号的框和同步数据的灯箱。我们还需要两个臂章，EDA电极，EDA传感器，医疗胶带和防腐湿巾。将 EDA 盒、三个灯箱和同步盒插入充电站。将同意书、实验前问卷和球衣放在问候区的桌子上。然后，在灯箱上测试蓝牙连接。将同步框设置为手动。打开三个灯箱。打开两个 EDA 框。打开EDA盒子上的蓝牙。打开同步框，然后按同步框上的脉冲按钮。灯箱应闪烁头号。然后，设置同步框和灯箱，以进行收集。将灯箱放在每个相机的视图中。将同步框放在六英尺高的三脚架上，并将其设置为自动。放置相机，以便框架包括游戏场地和灯箱的所有四肢。在前门迎接参与者。告诉他们去坐在桌旁。一旦所有参与者都到达并就座，描述将用于收集本研究数据的工具。此说明应写入同意书。然后，告诉两个随机选择的参与者跟随您安装EDA设备。在此期间，其他参与者可以开始填写实验前问卷。在非主导性方面，要求参与者移除任何珠宝。使用防腐擦拭清洁放置电极的区域。从塑料中取出电极，放在参与者的手上。然后，在两个电极上捕捉两个传感器。红线必须放在拇指侧。黑线必须放在另一边，在粉红色的手指下。将传感器导线插入 EDA 框的 A3 端口。询问参与者是否有汗湿的手掌。如果他们说，他们这样做，包裹医疗胶带周围的电极，而不接触金属部分。然后在手掌上添加一个臂带，以确保传感器和电极到位。然后打开 EDA 设备。检查蓝牙开关是否仍处于打开。检查四个灯是否闪烁。注意参与者的编号和 EDA 框的编号，然后将 EDA 框放在他们的腰带上或参与者的口袋里。所有参与者完成实验前问卷后，步行到游戏工作室，然后记录基本灯。为此，告诉参与者您需要校准您的工具，并要求他们平静地呼吸，并在眼前修复两分钟的东西。同时，关闭 EDA 设备，然后打开。然后启动一个两分钟的限时器。几分钟后，关闭 EDA 设备并重新打开。开始录制三个摄像机，然后打开三个灯箱。还要验证灯箱和完整的游戏场地是否仍在摄像机帧内。验证同步框是否自动打开并打开同步框。解释游戏。告诉他们，他们的游戏类似于乒乓球，他们会理解，而玩。要赢，一个球员需要三分。还要告诉他们，一些公众会使用他们的智能手机通过访问投影在操场上的网站URL来影响游戏。然后告诉他们谁将扮演球员的角色，谁将作为观众站在场边。宣布哪个观众将使用他们的智能手机为这个游戏。当参与者玩耍时，可视检查灯光是否每 10 秒闪烁一次。在每场比赛之间，请参与者在智能手机、URL 上填写自我评估模特比例问卷。给他们问卷的链接。请参与者将框交给您。关闭设备。关闭设备的蓝牙，从 A3 端口拔下传感器，然后拆下臂带。从电极中分离出传感器，并要求参与者取出手上的医疗胶带和电极。给参与者一个组织，去除手上的奶油。然后，从 EDA 框中删除迷你 SD 卡，并与第二个 EDA 参与者进行相同的处理。活动结束后，请EDA的参与者填写经验问卷的结尾。然后向参与者汇报。一旦他们完成，感谢他们的参与，告诉他们他们的研究目标和报酬。然后带他们出去拆解并收下数据收集材料后，在计算机上传输到生理数据。将EDA盒中的迷你SD卡放入适配器中。将数据传输到按参与者编号命名的文件夹中的计算机。验证数据是否有效。选择数据并将其放入电子表格中。隐藏没有用的列。选择大约一到3000，并制作一个散射图。如果数据在 240 到 550 之间，则数据有效。然后通过选择事件列并对其进行排序来验证同步框生成的标记是否存在。有时有标记未显示。这不是问题。只需一个标记，即可计算事件的开始和结束。按控制 Z 将标记放回原处。准备数据进行分析。添加一个event_start_end列。观看素材，当事件开始时，计算事件时间与最后标记之间的差额。当您找到与事件相关的秒数开始时，添加一个名为"event1_start"的标记。在活动结束时也这样做。然后重复这些步骤的基线。添加标记后，请导出文本文件中的电子表格。每个参与者将有两个，一个带有数据，一个带有基线。然后，将这些文件导入软件。这将生成一个准备好进行分析的文件，其中包含相关时间、绝对时间、事件和 EDA 信号。请注意，该软件仍处于早期版本。某些图标可能丢失。我将指导您完成步骤，让生理数据文件准备好进行分析。单击"添加"项目。添加标题。添加描述。输入项目日期和参与者总数。单击项目名称。点击实验设计。点击信号，选择生理，EDA，蓝盒录音机，蓝色盒子，版本三。单击事件并输入之前在电子表格中命名的事件。选择蓝色框，版本三。单击转换。选择GSR，它是指电性皮肤反应或EDA。单击解锁以锁定您的项目。单击文件导入以导入之前准备的文件。单击参与者的个人资料，通过输入其电子邮件地址来提供有关参与者的信息。点击参与者在那里。单击"确定完成"。上传数据文件，需要压缩才能识别软件。单击箭头。单击饼图以上传文件。转到分析并选择数据导出。选择参与者及其数据。单击导出数据即可准备好文件进行分析。如果您有很多参与者，这可能需要数小时。文件将在导出结束时以文件名称显示。使用生成的文件进行生理数据分析。下面是从软件中提取的文件示例。它根据活动的开始和结束进行组织。一切都准备好分析了。结果发现，当观众能够使用智能手机来影响比赛时，用自我评估模特量表测量的觉醒和用EDA测量的生理觉醒感更高，这反过来又增加了他们的参与度。这些结果表明，这种方法提供了必要的数据，以评估参与时，由生理调解，以及自我报告的觉醒。最后，在屏幕内没有进行的数字游戏环境中，这种方法是足够的。我们可以视频捕捉游戏中发生的动作，同时能够将这些操作与 EDA 变体关联起来。由于其便携式设备，这种方法可以在实验室设置之外使用。它可以在游戏的真实环境中重现，在我们的例子中，这是一个公共空间。EDA 设备的未来发展还可以支持其他测量，如心电图，这需要另一个传感器和另外两个电极、加速度计和地理定位。这些发展可以更准确地评估游戏环境中的身体反应和运动。

measuring-engagement-of-spectators-of-social-digital-games

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, an understanding of how perceptions of social exclusion develop over the course of a social interaction is important for advancing treatments aimed at lessening the harmful costs of being excluded. To date, most scientific examinations of social exclusion have looked at exclusion after a social interaction has been completed. While this has been very helpful in developing an understanding of what happens to a person following exclusion, it has not helped to clarify the moment-to-moment dynamics of the process of social exclusion. Accordingly, the current protocol was developed to obtain an improved understanding of social exclusion by examining the patterns of event-related brain activation that are present during social interactions. This protocol allows greater precision and sensitivity in detailing the social processes that lead people to feel as though they have been excluded from a social interaction. Importantly, the current protocol can be adapted to include research projects that vary the nature of exclusionary social interactions by altering how frequently participants are included, how long the periods of exclusion will last in each interaction, and when exclusion will take place during the social interactions. Further, the current protocol can be used to examine variables and constructs beyond those related to social exclusion. This capability to address a variety of applications across psychology by obtaining both neural and behavioral data during ongoing social interactions suggests the present protocol could be at the core of a developing area of scientific inquiry related to social interactions.

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动：对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

科研

行为学

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

适度的产前酒精暴露在成年大鼠社会行为的量化

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. They observed that individual types of engagement had not been studied in conjunction, and little information was available about interactions or synergy between the dimensions; consequently, more studies would contribute to creating finely tuned teaching interventions. Benefiting from the recent technological advances in neurosciences, this paper presents a recently developed methodology to gather and synchronize data on multidimensional engagement during learning tasks. The technique involves the collection of (a) electroencephalography, (b) electrodermal, (c) eye-tracking, and (d) facial emotion recognition data on four different computers. This led to synchronization issues for data collected from multiple sources. Post synchronization in specialized integration software gives researchers a better understanding of the dynamics between the multiple dimensions of engagement. For curriculum developers, these data could provide informed guidelines for achieving better instruction/learning efficiency. This technique also opens up possibilities in the field of brain-computer interactions, where adaptive learning or assessment environments could be developed.

This paper aims to describe the techniques involved in the collection and synchronization of the multiple dimensions (behavioral, affective and cognitive) of learners&#8217; engagement during a task.

评估参与的多维度来表征学习：神经生理学角度

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

量化的社会动机小鼠使用操作条件反射

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题：社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has focused on the cognitive strategies people adopt to deal with uncertainty. However, especially when uncertainty is due to unpredictable societal events (e.g., economical crises, political revolutions, terrorism threats) of which one is unable to judge the impact on one&#8217;s future live, cognitive strategies (like seeking additional information) is likely to fail to combat uncertainty. Instead, the current paper discusses a method demonstrating that people might deal with uncertainty experientially through soft haptic sensations. More specifically, because touching something soft creates a feeling of comfort and security, people prefer objects with softer as compared to harder properties when feeling uncertain. Seeking for softness is a highly efficient and effective tool to deal with uncertainty as our hands are available at all times. This protocol describes a set of methods demonstrating 1) how environmental (un)certainty can be situationally activated with an experiential priming procedure, 2) that the quality of the softness experience (what type of softness and how it is experienced) matters and 3) how uncertainty can be reduced using different methods.

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is commonly assessed using verbal report paradigms in adults, studying the development of this ability in preverbal infants and children proved challenging. Over the past 30 years, researchers have developed a non-verbal means of assessing recall memory known as the elicited or deferred imitation paradigm. In one variant of the procedure, participants are presented with novel three-dimensional stimuli for a brief baseline period before a researcher demonstrates a series of actions that culminate in an end- or goal-state. The participant is allowed to imitate the demonstrated actions immediately, after a delay, or both. Recall performance is then compared to baseline or to performance on novel control sequences presented at the same session; memory can be assessed for the individual target actions and the order in which they were completed. This procedure is an accepted analogue to the verbal report techniques used with adults, and it has served to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. In addition, the elicited or deferred imitation procedure has been modified and adapted to answer questions relevant to other aspects of cognitive functioning. The broad utility and application of imitation paradigms is discussed, along with limitations of the approach and directions for future research.

The elicited imitation procedure was established to examine the development of recall memory in infancy and early childhood. This procedure has been widely used to establish a solid foundation of the nature of recall memory in infancy and early childhood.

使用仿引起范式检查召回内存在婴幼儿时期

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

食品偏好行为的社会传播评价

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies have described the behaviors connected with disease defense, and the associated use of chemicals and antimicrobials, no common visual reference has been made. The main aim of this study was to record short clips of behaviors involved in disease defense, both prophylactically and directly targeted towards an antagonist of the colony following infection. To do so we used an infection experiment, with sub-colonies of the leaf-cutting ant species Acromyrmex echinatior, and the most significant known pathogenic threat to the ants&#39; fungal crop (Leucoagaricus gongylophorus), a specialized pathogenic fungus in the genus Escovopsis. We filmed and compared infected and uninfected colonies, at both early and more advanced stages of infection. We quantified key defensive behaviors across treatments and show that the behavioral response to pathogen attack likely varies between different castes of worker ants, and between early and late detection of a threat. Based on these recordings we have made a library of behavioral clips, accompanied by definitions of the main individual defensive behaviors. We anticipate that such a guide can provide a common frame of reference for other researchers working in this field, to recognize and study these behaviors, and also provide greater scope for comparing different studies to ultimately help better understand the role these behaviors play in disease defense.

We present a visual guide to disease defense behaviors in leaf-cutting ants, with individual clips and accompanying definitions, illustrated in an experimental infection scenario. Our main aim is to help other researchers recognize key defensive behaviors and to provide a common understanding for future research in this field.

叶切蚁病原体攻击行为防御研究的可视化指南

The complex lifestyle, evolutionary history of advanced cooperation, and disease defenses of leaf-cutting ants are well studied. Although numerous studies ...