Name: derivation, expansion, cryopreservation and characterization of brain microvascular endothelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells
Uploaded: 2020-11-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家精神卫生研究所创新新科学家生物行为研究奖（BRAINS）奖R01MH113858（R.K.），国家卫生研究院奖KL2 TR002542（PL）的支持。国家精神卫生研究所临床科学家发展奖K08MH086846（R.K.），悉尼R Baer Jr基金会赠款（给P.L.）多丽丝杜克慈善基金会临床科学家发展奖（给R.K.），瑞安·利希特桑双极基金会（给R.K.），菲利斯和 杰罗姆·莱尔·拉帕波特基金会（R.K.）、哈佛干细胞研究所（R.K.）和史蒂夫·威利斯和伊莉莎·弗洛伊德（R.K.）。我们感谢安妮·卡图里亚博士对手稿的批判性阅读和反馈。

人类iPSC是根据马萨诸塞州总医院和麦克莱恩医院机构审查委员会批准的协议从健康捐赠者的成纤维细胞中重新编程的，其特征在先前的研究中被描述为44、45、46。
注：简言之，成纤维细胞通过基于mRNA的基因再编程47重新编程到iPSC。iPSC 保存在干细胞介质 （SCM） （见材料列表）中，并储?...

修改和故障排除
在此协议中，我们在 iPSC 培养过程中使用常用的细胞外矩阵和细胞培养介质进行一些修改，以获取 BMEC（图1）。这些变化并没有影响从人类iPSC中提取BMECS的能力，如利普曼协议1所述。来自不同健康捐赠者的 iPSC 线用于证明此修改的协议显示的结果可与其他行1的先前研究相媲美。对于冷冻?...

血脑屏障功能 血脑屏障（BBB）形成了一个边界，限制物质从血液向大脑的移动。BBB由大脑微血管内皮细胞（BMECs）组成，形成血管内单层。BMEC与星形细胞、神经元、近层细胞、微胶质和细胞外基质一起形成神经血管单元。BMEC具有一个严格监管的半细胞结构，允许BBB保持高跨内皮电阻（TEER），这限制了被动扩散，并作为屏障完整性的指标1，2。BMEC还含有蛋白质，有助于细胞外运动，如内分泌、转细胞增多症和移位，以及白细胞在免疫反应3期间的外流。BMEC依靠流入和排泄运输机来滋养和清除废物，以维持大脑的平衡。例如， 溶质载体家庭 2 成员 1 （SLC2A1） 是负责葡萄糖在 BBB4中移动的涌入运输机，而 EFFLUX 运输器（如 ATP 绑定盒式子家庭 B 成员 1 （ABCB1） 和 ATP 绑定盒式子家庭 C 成员 1 （ABCC1） 负责将基板返回血流 3、5、6、7。ABCB1基质包括吗啡、紫杉醇4和抗精神病药，如奥兰沙平和利司酮8，而ABCC1运输机有各种基质，包括硫酸盐结合体、葡萄糖氨酸和葡萄糖苷结合物4。
BBB模型在精神疾病中的应用 BBB功能障碍已牵连到一些神经和精神疾病，包括精神分裂症和双相情感障碍9，10。最近，iPSC衍生的外体细胞模型被用来询问精神疾病的细胞和分子基础，但这些模型目前没有考虑到神经血管11，12，13所发挥的潜在作用。据推测，血液中循环的外周炎症细胞因子会对BBB14、15、16、17产生不利影响，但也有证据表明，准细胞18、19、20、21、22、转细胞23、24、25、26、27、28、29和细胞外矩阵20、29、30、31、32异常导致BBB功能障碍。BBB的破坏可能导致血液进入脑膜瘤和激活星形细胞和/或微胶质释放前炎细胞因子，这反过来启动炎症反应33，可以对大脑34产生有害影响。BMEC 是 BBB 的主要成分，检查这些细胞的结构和功能可以增进对神经和精神疾病中 BBB 功能障碍的理解。
替代 BMEC 型号 在制定从 iPSC1 、6 、35、36中推导 BMEC 的有效协议之前，研究人员曾使用不朽的 BMEC37来研究 BBB 功能。然而，许多这些模型未能达到理想的BBB表型，这种生理范围的TER值38，39。利用iPSC具有保留细胞从中提取个体的遗传背景的优点。科学家们正在积极研究建立iPSC衍生的外生微环境模型，这些模型可以重述人脑的结构和功能。研究人员已经开发出一些方法来推导结构和生理上与体内发现的BMEC相似的生物元。获得iPSC衍生BMEC纯化种群的方法需要采取一些不同的步骤，在过去几年中优化了协议1、6、35、36。一般来说，iPSC衍生的 BMECs 在基本 6 （E6） 介质中培养 4 天，然后在人类无皮血清介质 （hESFM） 中培养 2 天，辅以基本的成纤维细胞生长因子 （bFGF）、转氨酸 （RA） 和 B27 补充剂。然后，这些细胞在胶原蛋白 IV （COL4） 和纤维素 （FN） 基质上培养，以获得 + 90% 均匀的 BMECs1。
BMEC的身份通过免疫荧光得到确认，显示BMEC蛋白的共同表达，包括血小板内皮细胞粘附分子-1（PECAM1）、SLC2A1和紧密结蛋白，如紧密结蛋白1（TJP1）、奥克鲁丁（OCLN）和克劳丁-5（CLDN5）6。发芽检测已用于确认 iPSC 衍生 BMEC 的血管生成潜力。6 BMEC 的 BBB 完整性由体外TEER 值 （+2000Ω x cm2）37的存在和 ABCB1 和 ABCC11、6、36等流体运输机的可测量活性进行评估。利普曼小组最近的方法进展导致iPSC衍生的BMEC协议，减少了实验变异性和增强了可重复性1。然而，不知道它们是否可以扩展到和通过超越子培养阶段。我们修改后的协议旨在通过第 8 天之后通过 iPSC 衍生的 BMEC 并评估它们是否可以进一步扩大以保留低温保存后的 BBB 属性来解决这个问题。虽然没有研究描述iPSC衍生的BMEC的传递，但BMEC冷冻保存存在一个协议，该协议在经历冻结-结冰周期40后保留生理BBB特性。但是，尚不清楚低温后保存 BMEC 是否可以通过并保留 BBB 属性。
利用利普曼协议从iPSC中提取的BMEC已被用于模拟BBB在神经紊乱中的紊乱，如亨廷顿舞蹈症7。这些由 iPSC 衍生的 BMEC 也被用来研究细菌感染的影响，如奈塞里亚脑膜炎或B 组链球菌对血液-CSF 屏障和 BBB 的破坏分别41，42。此外，研究人员利用来自22q删除综合征精神分裂症患者的iPSC衍生的BMECs，观察到细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）的增加，这是BMEC中一种主要的粘附分子，有助于白细胞进入大脑43。综合起来，这些研究表明，iPSC衍生的BMECs对于研究复杂神经精神病的BBB干扰有用。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2&#8242;,7&#8242;-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6883-50MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6964-100mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-21202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 555 Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-31572</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD31 (PECAM-1) (89C2) Mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3528S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CLDN5 (Claudin-5)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35-2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen IV from human placenta</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5533-5mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning 2 mL Internal Threaded Polypropylene Cryogenic Vial&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>&#160;8670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning&#160;Costar Flat Bottom Cell Culture Plates (6-wells)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning&#160;Falcon Flat Bottom Cell Culture Plates (24-wells)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Transwell Multiple Well Plate with Permeable Polyester Membrane Inserts (12-wells)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C10228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 (without phenol red)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;A1413202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2438-50mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9663-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (+/+)</td>
			<td>Gibco/Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14040-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epithelial Volt/Ohm (TEER) Meter (EVOM2) STX2</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 6 Medium (Thermo Fisher)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1516401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2006-2mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geltrex LDEV-Free Reduced Growth Factor Basement Membrane Matrix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1413202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hanks&#39; Balance Salt Solution with calcium and magnesium&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>24020-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342, Trihydrochloride, Trihydrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human endothelial serum-free medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11111044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InCell Analyzer 6000</td>
			<td>General Electric</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;Countess Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MK-571</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7571-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NutriStem</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>01-0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Occludin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>33-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde 16%</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Services</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Envision 2103 multi-plate Reader</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human VEGF 165</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human FGF-basic (154 a.a.)</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine 123</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>83702-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SLC2A1 (GLUT-1)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>PA1-21041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOX17</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>81778S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TJP-1 (ZO-1)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>PA5-28869</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain (0.4%) for use with the Countess Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valspodar (Sigma) (cyclosporin A)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>SML0572-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Versene solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15040066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632 dihydrochloride (ROCK inhibitor)</td>
			<td>Tocris/Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

derivation, expansion, cryopreservation and characterization of brain microvascular endothelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells

脑微血管内皮细胞（BMECs）可以与人类诱导的多能干细胞（iPSCs）分化，以开发用于研究血脑屏障（BBB）功能 的前体内 细胞模型。此修改的协议提供了详细步骤，使用与先前协议中报告的不同供体和试剂从人类 iPSC 中提取、扩展和低温保存 BMEC。iPSC用必需的6种介质治疗4天，然后用2天人类无内皮血清培养基补充基本成纤维细胞生长因子、视网膜酸和B27补充剂。在第6天，细胞被分培养到胶原蛋白/纤维素基质上2天。免疫细胞化学在第8天进行，使用CLDN5、OCLN、TJP1、PECAM1和SLC2A1进行BMEC标记分析。执行西方印迹以确认 BMEC 标记表达，以及缺少 SOX17，这是一种内皮标记。血管生成潜力通过发芽检测进行证明。从第 7 天开始使用筷子电极和伏托姆计测量跨内皮电阻 （TEER）。ATP 绑定盒式子家庭 B 成员 1 和 ATP 绑定盒式子家庭 C 成员 1 的 Efflux 运输器活动在第 8 天使用多板读取器进行测量。BMEC 的成功衍生通过相关细胞标记的存在、SOX17 的低水平、血管生成潜力、运输器活性和 TEER 值 ~2000 Ω x cm2来证实。BMEC 被扩展至第 10 天，然后传递到新涂层的胶原蛋白/纤维素板或低温保存。该协议表明，iPSC 衍生的 BMEC 至少可以扩展和通过一次。然而，在低温保存后，观察到低TEER值较低，BMEC标记的本地化较差。BMEC可用于与其他细胞类型（神经元、胶质、心室）的共培养实验， 用于三维大脑模型（器官芯片和水凝胶），用于脑器官的血管化，以及神经精神病中的BBB功能障碍研究。

BMEC 差异化 应精确遵循此协议中的几个关键步骤（图1）。第 1 天的 E6 介质使用很重要，因为它通常用于在相对较短的时间内从 iPSC 中提取神经直肠系，从而在多个细胞系36中产生可重复的结果。另一个重要步骤是在差异化的第 4 天，其中 E6 介质应切换到带有稀释 （1：200） B27、20 ng/mL bFGF 和 10 μM RA 以扩展 iPSC 衍生的 BMEC 的 hESFM。增加B27补?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Derivation, Expansion, Cryopreservation and Characterization of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

该协议详细介绍了一种经过调整的方法，用于提取、扩展和冷冻保存通过区分人类诱导的多能干细胞而获得的大脑微血管内皮细胞，并研究 前体内 的血脑屏障特性。

人类诱导多能干细胞脑微血管内皮细胞的衍生、扩张、冷冻保存和特征化

Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) can be differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to develop ex vivo cellular models ...

BMECs generated from iPSC provide new experimental models for studying blood brain barrier function and dysfunction. We have used this protocol to examine whether BMECs retain their barrier properties after expansion and cryopreservation. This technique enables the generation of disease-specific BMECs from patients with disorders in which blood-brain barrier disruption plays a role in the pathophysiology of disease.To induce BMEC differentiation from human iPSCs, wash the confluent iPSC culture with DPBS one time before incubating the cells with the appropriate volume of enzymatic EDTA for approximately five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. When a single cell suspension has been obtained collect the cells by centrifugation and resuspend the pellet in an appropriate volume of stem cell medium supplemented with 10 micromolar ROCK inhibitor for counting. Dilute the cells to 1.56 times 10 to the fourth cells per cubic centimeter concentration and seed two milliliters of cells into individual wells of a six-well flat bottom.After 24 hours in the cell culture incubator replace the supernatant in each well with E6 medium and return the plate to the incubator for four more days. To purify the iPSC-derived BMECs, coat the subculturing plates with the appropriate volume of a freshly prepared collagen IV and fibronectin solution per well and incubate the plates for a minimum of two hours at 37 degrees Celsius. On day six of differentiation collect the cells by centrifugation and resuspend the pellets in the appropriate volume of fresh human endothelial serum-free medium supplemented with B27, basic fibroblasts growth factor, and retinoic acid.For TEER analysis, plate the differentiated cells into each well of a collagen and fibronectin coated 12-transwell filtered plate. For efflux transporter activity analysis, plate the cells into each well of a collagen and fibronectin coated 24-well flat bottom plate. After 24 hours of subculture, replace the supernatant in each well with fresh human endothelial serum-free medium supplemented only with B27 supplement.To measure the blood brain barrier properties of the BMECs using TEER, charge the TEER instrument overnight and lightly wipe the instrument and chopstick electrodes with 70%ethanol before placing them into the safety hood. Switch on the power and calibrate the ohm meter according to the manufacturer's specifications. Plug in the electrodes and rinse them one time with 70%ethanol and one time with DPBS.Place the shorter end of the electrode into the atypical chamber of the insert and the longer end into the basolateral chamber of a blank well. After measuring the negative control response, quickly rinse the electrodes as demonstrated and measure the first experimental well. After all of the measurements have been recorded rinse chopstick electrodes again, gently wipe the electrodes and let them air dry in the safety hood.To assess the efflux transporter activity of the cells, on day eight of culturing treat the appropriate number of wells with a 10 micromolar efflux transporter inhibitor solution and place in an incubator for one hour at 37 degrees Celsius. At the end of the incubation, treat the cells with a 10 micromolar efflux transporter substrate solution for one hour in the incubator. At the end of the incubation, wash each well twice with 500 microliters of DPBS per well before lysing the cells with 500 microliters DPBS supplemented with 5%Triton-X per well.After five minutes, use a microplate reader to measure the fluorescence of the lysed cells at a 485 nanometer excitation and a 530 nanometer emission. For wells not used in the transporter assay, wash the cells twice with DPBS before fixing with 4%paraformaldehyde per cell nuclei quantification. After one day of culture in E6 medium, the cell morphology is similar to that of iPSCs.By day four, the cells are visibly distinct from iPSCs and cover most of the well. Two days of culture in human endothelial serum-free medium induces an elongated and cobblestone appearance in the cells. At day eight, individual cells form a mostly large cobblestone pattern.A sprouting assay can be performed to demonstrate the angiogenic potential of iPSC-derived BMECs. This leads to the development of tube-like structures after three days of growth factor treatment. The iPSC-derived BMECs generated using this protocol co-expressed tight junction proteins expressed in endothelial cells in the brain, lung, liver, and kidney, as well as vascular endothelial markers expressed at the blood brain barrier.As observed, 48 hours after subculture and medium change iPSC-derived BMECs demonstrate TEER values within the range described for iPSC-derived BMECs that were co-cultured with rat primary astrocytes. Efflux transporter activity was also observed at this stage. After cryopreservation, TEER measurements are lower compared to freshly derived BMECs.Western blot analysis reveals reduced levels of tight junction markers, such as occludin, while immunocytochemistry shows freckled and or frayed patterns of tight junction proteins. A too high or too low iPSC density will affect the differentiation efficiency and impact the development of appropriate blood brain barrier properties. This method enables the investigation of barrier properties cellular signaling and transporter activity using individualized BMECs to model the physiology and pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier function.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

人类神经祖细胞和神经元小分子诱导人类胚胎干细胞的多能干高效的推导

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system ...

科研

神经科学

The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

从人类多能干细胞的规范在前脑谷氨酸能神经元

Here, a stepwise procedure for efficiently generating telencephalic glutamatergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has been described. The ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

从胚胎前脑内皮细胞的分离和培养

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

人类神经的聚集体cGMP的适用展开法干细胞和祖细胞来源从多能干细胞或胎儿脑组织

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

从人多能神经嵴前体细胞的无饲养推导干细胞

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

从人多能干细胞定向多巴胺能神经元分化

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells

原代鼠脑微血管内皮细胞的分离

The blood-brain-barrier is ultrastructurally assembled by a monolayer of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) interconnected by a junctional ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Endothelial Cells

原代小鼠骨骼肌微血管内皮细胞的分离

The endothelial cells of skeletal muscle capillaries (muscle microvascular endothelial cells, MMEC) build up the barrier between blood stream and skeletal ...

Migration, Chemo-Attraction, and Co-Culture Assays for Human Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells and GABAergic Neurons

人类干细胞衍生内皮细胞和GABAergic神经元的迁移、化学吸引和共培养测定

Role of brain vasculature in nervous system development and etiology of brain disorders is increasingly gaining attention. Our recent studies have ...

Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions

从多能干细胞生成人类神经元和少突胶质细胞，用于模拟神经元-少突胶质细胞相互作用

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it ...