Name: demonstration of heterologous complexes formed by golgi-resident type iii membrane proteins using split luciferase complementation assay
Uploaded: 2020-09-10T15:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了波兰克拉科夫国家科学中心（NCN）第2016/23/D/NZ3/01314号资助。

1. 表达质粒的产生
<ol><li>使用拓扑预测工具检查目标蛋白质的膜拓扑结构。</li>
	<li>设计克隆策略，以便一旦融合蛋白插入高尔基体膜，较大和较小的片段将面对细胞质。如果，如这里所呈现的情况，目标蛋白质的N-和C-末端都是细胞质定向的，则以八种可能的方式标记蛋白质（见 图1B）。如果一种或两种感兴趣蛋白质的N-或C-末端是发光定向的，则将其从标记中排除。</li>
	...

<ol>
	<li>Hadley, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+nucleotide+sugar+transporters:+Current+progress.">Structure and function of nucleotide sugar transporters: Current progress.</a> Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 10 (16), 23-32 (2014).</li><li>Puglielli, L., Hirschberg, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution,+identification,+and+purification+of+the+rat+liver+Golgi+membrane+GDP-fucose+transporter.">Reconstitution, identification, and purification of the rat liver Golgi membrane GDP-fucose transporter.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (50), 35596-35600 (1999).</li><li>Puglielli, L., Mandon, E. C., Rancour, D. M., Menon, A. K., Hirschberg, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+purification+of+the+rat+liver+Golgi+membrane+UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine+transporter.">Identification and purification of the rat liver Golgi membrane UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transporter.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (7), 4474-4479 (1999).</li><li>Gao, X., Dean, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+protein+domains+of+the+yeast+Golgi+GDP-mannose+transporter+mediate+oligomer+assembly+and+export+from+the+endoplasmic+reticulum.">Distinct protein domains of the yeast Golgi GDP-mannose transporter mediate oligomer assembly and export from the endoplasmic reticulum.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (23), 17718-17727 (2000).</li><li>Olczak, M., Guillen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+mutation+and+an+alternative+splicing+of+UDP-galactose+transporter+in+MDCK-RCAr+cell+line.">Characterization of a mutation and an alternative splicing of UDP-galactose transporter in MDCK-RCAr cell line.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1763 (1), 82-92 (2006).</li><li>Maszczak-Seneczko, D., Sosicka, P., Majkowski, M., Olczak, T., Olczak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UDP-N-acetylglucosamine+transporter+and+UDP-galactose+transporter+form+heterologous+complexes+in+the+Golgi+membrane.">UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter and UDP-galactose transporter form heterologous complexes in the Golgi membrane.</a> FEBS Letters. 586 (23), 4082-4087 (2012).</li><li>Nji, E., Gulati, A., Qureshi, A. A., Coincon, M., Drew, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+for+the+delivery+of+activated+sialic+acid+into+Golgi+for+sialyation.">Structural basis for the delivery of activated sialic acid into Golgi for sialyation.</a> Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 26 (6), 415-423 (2019).</li><li>Parker, J. L., Corey, R. A., Stansfeld, P. J., Newstead, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+for+substrate+specificity+and+regulation+of+nucleotide+sugar+transporters+in+the+lipid+bilayer.">Structural basis for substrate specificity and regulation of nucleotide sugar transporters in the lipid bilayer.</a> Nature Communications. 10 (1), 4657 (2019).</li><li>Wiertelak, W., Sosicka, P., Olczak, M., Maszczak-Seneczko, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+homologous+and+heterologous+interactions+between+UDP-galactose+transporter+and+beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase+1+using+NanoBiT.">Analysis of homologous and heterologous interactions between UDP-galactose transporter and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 using NanoBiT.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 593, 113599 (2020).</li><li>Hong, K., Ma, D., Beverley, S. M., Turco, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Leishmania+GDP-mannose+transporter+is+an+autonomous,+multi-specific,+hexameric+complex+of+LPG2+subunits.">The Leishmania GDP-mannose transporter is an autonomous, multi-specific, hexameric complex of LPG2 subunits.</a> Biochemistry. 39 (8), 2013-2022 (2000).</li><li>Sosicka, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+insight+into+the+orphan+nucleotide+sugar+transporter+SLC35A4.">An insight into the orphan nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35A4.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Cell Research. 1864 (5), 825-838 (2017).</li><li>Sprong, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+the+Golgi+UDP-galactose+transporter+with+UDP-galactose:ceramide+galactosyltransferase+allows+UDP-galactose+import+in+the+endoplasmic+reticulum.">Association of the Golgi UDP-galactose transporter with UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase allows UDP-galactose import in the endoplasmic reticulum.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14 (8), 3482-3493 (2003).</li><li>Maszczak-Seneczko, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UDP-galactose+(SLC35A2)+and+UDP-N-acetylglucosamine+(SLC35A3)+Transporters+Form+Glycosylation-related+Complexes+with+Mannoside+Acetylglucosaminyltransferases+(Mgats).">UDP-galactose (SLC35A2) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (SLC35A3) Transporters Form Glycosylation-related Complexes with Mannoside Acetylglucosaminyltransferases (Mgats).</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (25), 15475-15486 (2015).</li><li>Khoder-Agha, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases+and+nucleotide+sugar+transporters+form+multi-enzyme-multi-transporter+assemblies+in+golgi+membranes+in+vivo.">N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases and nucleotide sugar transporters form multi-enzyme-multi-transporter assemblies in golgi membranes in vivo.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 76 (9), 1821-1832 (2019).</li><li>Dixon, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NanoLuc+Complementation+Reporter+Optimized+for+Accurate+Measurement+of+Protein+Interactions+in+Cells.">NanoLuc Complementation Reporter Optimized for Accurate Measurement of Protein Interactions in Cells.</a> ACS Chemical Biology. 11 (2), 400-408 (2016).</li><li>Tung, J. K., Berglund, K., Gutekunst, C. -. A., Hochgeschwender, U., Gross, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+imaging+in+live+cells+and+animals.">Bioluminescence imaging in live cells and animals.</a> Neurophotonics. 3 (2), 025001 (2016).</li><li>Hu, C. D., Chinenov, Y., Kerppola, T. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+interactions+among+bZIP+and+Rel+family+proteins+in+living+cells+using+bimolecular+fluorescence+complementation.">Visualization of interactions among bZIP and Rel family proteins in living cells using bimolecular fluorescence complementation.</a> Molecular Cell. 9 (4), 789-798 (2002).</li><li>Inoue, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Illuminating+G-Protein-Coupling+Selectivity+of+GPCRs.">Illuminating G-Protein-Coupling Selectivity of GPCRs.</a> Cell. 177 (7), 1933-1947 (2019).</li><li>White, C. W., Caspar, B., Vanyai, H. K., Pfleger, K. D. G., Hill, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-Mediated+Protein+Tagging+with+Nanoluciferase+to+Investigate+Native+Chemokine+Receptor+Function+and+Conformational+Changes.">CRISPR-Mediated Protein Tagging with Nanoluciferase to Investigate Native Chemokine Receptor Function and Conformational Changes.</a> Cell Chemical Biology. 27, 499-510 (2020).</li><li>Akinjiyan, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Luminescence-Based+High-Throuput+Approach+for+Cellular+Resolution+of+Protein+Ubiquitination+using+Tandem+Ubiquitin+Binding+Entities+(TUBEs).">A Novel Luminescence-Based High-Throuput Approach for Cellular Resolution of Protein Ubiquitination using Tandem Ubiquitin Binding Entities (TUBEs).</a> SLAS Discovery. 25 (4), 350-360 (2020).</li><li>Soave, M., Kellam, B., Woolard, J., Briddson, S. J., Hill, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NanoBiT+Complemetation+to+Monitor+Agonist-Induced+Adenosine+A1+Receptor+Internalization.">NanoBiT Complemetation to Monitor Agonist-Induced Adenosine A1 Receptor Internalization.</a> SLAS Discovery. 25 (2), 186-194 (2020).</li><li>Crowley, E., Leung, E., Reynisson, J., Richardson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+changes+in+the+ATG5-ATG16L1+complex+following+nutrient+deprivation+measured+using+NanoLuc+Binary+Technlology+(NanoBiT).">Rapid changes in the ATG5-ATG16L1 complex following nutrient deprivation measured using NanoLuc Binary Technlology (NanoBiT).</a> FEBS Journal. , 15275 (2020).</li><li>Shetty, S. K., Walzem, R. L., Davies, B. S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+NanoBiT-based+assay+monitors+the+interaction+between+lipoprotein+lipase+and+GPIHBP1+in+real+time.">A novel NanoBiT-based assay monitors the interaction between lipoprotein lipase and GPIHBP1 in real time.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 61 (4), 546-559 (2020).</li></ol>

在这里，我们提供了一个详细的方案，能够使用分裂荧光素酶互补测定法演示高尔基体驻留的III型膜蛋白（如NSTs）之间形成的异源复合物。所提出的数据分析和解释方法涉及将感兴趣的蛋白质组合获得的发光与为相应对照组合获得的发光相关联，其由与较大片段融合的目标蛋白质之一和与较小片段融合的细菌来源的控制蛋白组成。后者在哺乳动物细胞的细胞质中表达;因此，将其用作参考需要分?...

本手稿描述了一种分步方案，以使用分裂荧光素酶互补测定的最新变体检查瞬时转染的人细胞中高尔基体驻留的III型膜蛋白之间是否存在异源相互作用。该程序已经针对核苷酸糖转运蛋白（NST）进行了最广泛的测试，但我们也能够获得其他高尔基体驻留的III型膜蛋白的阳性结果，其N和/或C-末端面向细胞质。
我们的研究小组探索了NST在大分子糖基化中的作用。NST是高尔基体和/或ER驻留的III型膜蛋白，其N端和C端朝向器官膜的细胞质侧1。NST被认为携带核苷酸激活的糖穿过细胞器膜，为其底物提供糖基转移酶。NST形成二聚体和/或更高的低聚物2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，10。此外，还报道了不同NST之间的异源相互作用6，11。NST也被证明与功能相关的糖基化酶形成复合物12，13，14。我们寻求一种替代目前使用的技术，基于荧光寿命成像（FLIM）的FRET方法，用于研究NST和功能相关的高尔基体驻留蛋白的相互作用，因此我们决定测试分裂荧光素酶互补测定。它使我们能够确定NST和功能相关的糖基化酶之间的新相互作用9。
拆分荧光素酶补体测定的最新修改，NanoBiT，用于此处介绍的方案15。它依赖于从两个片段中重建荧光素酶（例如，NanoLuc） - 大的，称为大BiT或LgBiT，一种17.6 kDa蛋白，以及小的，仅由11个氨基酸组成，称为小BiT或SmBiT。感兴趣的两种蛋白质与互补片段融合，并在人类细胞系中瞬时表达。如果两种融合蛋白相互作用，则在添加细胞可渗透底物时原位产生发光。这两个片段已经过优化，因此它们与最小的亲和力结合，除非它们通过它们融合到的目标蛋白质之间的相互作用而聚集在一起。
一般来说，基于生物发光的方法比基于荧光的方法具有一些优势。生物发光信号具有更高的信噪比，因为与荧光素酶衍生的信号相比，背景发光可以忽略不计16。相比之下，基于荧光的方法通常受到由自发荧光现象引起的相对较高的背景的影响。此外，生物发光对分析细胞的危害小于荧光，因为在前一种情况下，不需要激发样品。由于这些原因，在体内研究PPI的生物发光方法优于常用的荧光方法，如Förster共振能量转移（FRET）或双分子荧光互补（BiFC）。
我们的方案依赖于将感兴趣的蛋白质组合获得的发光参考为对照组合获得的发光。后者包括一种被测试的蛋白质，它与较大的片段和对照蛋白（例如HaloTag）融合，与较小的片段融合。后者是一种细菌来源的蛋白质，预计不会与任何哺乳动物蛋白质相互作用。使用这种蛋白质作为对照会限制要分析的高尔基体驻留蛋白质对的拓扑结构。由于在哺乳动物细胞中，这种蛋白质是在细胞质中合成的，因此感兴趣的两种蛋白质都应该至少有一个细胞质尾巴。
这种方法对于PPI的初始筛选特别有用。当感兴趣的融合蛋白以不足以应用其他方法的水平表达时，它可能成为首选方法。同样，如果感兴趣的蛋白质以高水平表达，则分裂荧光素酶互补测定可能是最佳选择，但这会对其亚细胞定位产生不利影响或已知会迫使非特异性相互作用。由于较小的片段只有11个氨基酸，因此当使用较大的标签是不可能的时，可以应用分裂的荧光素酶互补测定。最后，它可以用来进一步确认使用其他技术获得的数据，如这里介绍的情况。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adherent mammalian cell line</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioCoat Poly-D-Lysine 96-well White/Clear Flat Bottom TC-treated Microplate, with Lid</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356651</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture supplements (heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, penicillin, streptamycin)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Expression plasmids encoding protein(s) of interest not tagged with NanoBiT fragments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FuGENE HD Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E2311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GloMax Discover Microplate Reader (or a different luminescence microplate reader)</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>GM3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth medium dedicated to the cell line used</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials and reagents for standard molecular cloning (bacteria, thermostable polymerase, restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, materials and reagents for nucleic acid purification)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoBiT MCS Starter System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2014</td>
			<td>This kit contains vectors enabling tagging of the proteins of interest with NanoBiT fragments at different orientations as well as the control plasmid encoding HaloTag protein fused with SmBiT and a positive control plasmid pair.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nano-Glo Live Cell Assay System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>N2011</td>
			<td>This kit contains furimazine, which is a substrate enabling detection of the NanoLuc activity in living cells, and a dedicated dilution buffer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium, no phenol red</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11058021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oribital shaker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software for data analysis (e.g. GraphPad Prism)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

demonstration of heterologous complexes formed by golgi-resident type iii membrane proteins using split luciferase complementation assay

该协议的目标是探索分裂荧光素酶互补的最新变体的适用性，以证明由核苷酸糖转运蛋白（NST）形成的异源复合物。这些ER和高尔基体驻留的多跨膜蛋白携带细胞质合成的核苷酸糖穿过细胞器膜，以提供介导糖基化及其底物的酶。NST以二聚体和/或更高的低聚物形式存在。不同 NST 之间的异源相互作用也有报道。为了验证该技术是否适合研究NST异色化现象，我们针对两种高尔基体驻留的NSTs的组合对其进行了测试，这两种NSTs先前已被证明可以通过其他几种方式关联。荧光素酶补体测定似乎特别适合研究高尔基体驻留膜蛋白之间的相互作用，因为它不需要高表达水平，这通常会引发蛋白质错位并增加假阳性的风险。

为了在这种方法中获得最可靠的数据，应测试所有可能的组合（参见 图1）。同时，应包括阳性和阴性对照。阳性对照应由已知相互作用的两种蛋白质组成，其中一种与较大的片段融合，另一种与较小的片段融合。理想情况下，阴性对照应由同样标记的两种非相互作用的III型膜蛋白组成。然而，建立这种对照可能具有挑战性，因为应使用几种替代方法彻底确认两种对照蛋白?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay at JoVE.com

Demonstration of Heterologous Complexes formed by Golgi-Resident Type III Membrane Proteins using Split Luciferase Complementation Assay

这里提出的方案旨在使用分裂荧光素酶互补测定的最新变体，证明高尔基体驻留的III型膜蛋白与活哺乳动物细胞中细胞质暴露的N-和/或C-末端之间异源相互作用的发生。

使用分裂荧光素酶互补测定法展示高尔基体驻留III型膜蛋白形成的异源复合物

The goal of this protocol is to explore the applicability of the most recent variant of split luciferase complementation for demonstrating heterologous ...

Our protocol allows to identify and analyze interactions between multi transmembrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex in living cells at low expression levels. The main advantage of this technique is it's to special sensitivity, which allows to avoid high over expression levels that are often detrimental to cellular health and may disturb protein subcellular localization. Harvest the adherent HEK293 T-cell culture by trypsinization and re-suspend the cells in a dedicated complete growth medium.Plate the cells onto a clear bottom, white side 96-well plate. Adjust the total number of wells to accommodate all tested combinations and controls, including replicates. Then, culture the cells overnight in standard conditions.On the next day, transfect the cells with the desired combinations of expression plasmids. Dilute the plasmids in a serum-free medium to 6.25 nanograms per microliter for each construct and add the lipid-based transfection reagent. Add an appropriate lipid to DNA ratio.Incubate the plasmids according to manufacturer's instruction. Then, add eight microliters of the lipid DNA mixture to the designated wells. Mix the content of the plate with gentle rotation and culture the cells for 20 24 hours in standard conditions.On the next day, replace the conditioned medium in each well with 100 microliters of a serum-free medium, making sure that the cells do not detach upon medium exchange. Just before measuring luminescence, mix one volume of furimazine with 19 volumes of a dilution buffer. Add 25 microliters of the furimazine working solution into each well, and gently mix the plate by hand or with a orbital shaker.Insert the plate into a luminescence micro plate reader and equilibrate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for 10 15 minutes. Select the wells to be analyzed and read luminescence with an integration time of 0.3 seconds. Continue to monitor luminescence for up to two hours when required.This protocol was tested on two nucleotide sugar transporters, SLC35A2 and SLC35A3, which are golgi-resident type three membrane proteins with N and C termini facing the cytoplasm. There were eight possible tagging options and the resulting fusion proteins could be set together in eight possible ways. Mean relative luminescence units or RLU values corresponding to all the tested and control combinations are shown here.The RLU values obtained for three of the combinations were significantly higher than those obtained for the corresponding control combination. To obtain ratio values for the combinations of interest, the RLU values were divided by the RLU values obtained for the respective controls. Ratios between 10 and 1000 are highly indicative of specific interactions.There were two such combinations supporting the idea that SLC35A2 and SLC35A3 interact. To confirm this data, HA tagged SLC35A2 or SLC35A3 were co-expressed with the combination that resulted in the highest relative luminescence. Varying amounts of the plasmids and coding HA tagged NST variants were used for co-transfection, resulting in a statistically significant dose dependent decrease in RLU values.The most critical thing is to tackle your protein self interest in all possible ways and to assay all possible combination, as some tagging orientation may produce false negative results. Once the best performing combination has been selected, the dynamics of the corresponding interaction can be monitored to, for example identify agents or conditions that disrupt your complex of interest over time.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

研究与基于荧光素酶的记者基因检测膜生源

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

科研

生物学

Antibody Profiling by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS)

Antibody Profiling by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems LIPS

抗体分析的荧光素酶免疫沉淀系统（LIPS）

Technologies for comprehensively understanding and quantifying antibody profiles to autoantigens and infectious agents may yield new insights into disease ...

Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases

使用油脂介孔结构的测定结晶膜蛋白

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the ...

Identification of Growth Inhibition Phenotypes Induced by Expression of Bacterial Type III Effectors in Yeast

细菌III型效应，在酵母中的表达诱导的生长抑制的表型鉴定

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within ...

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

在油脂介孔膜蛋白的结晶

Membrane proteins perform critical functions in living cells related to signal transduction, transport and energy transformations, and, as such, are ...

High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins Using the Lipidic Bicelle Method

使用油脂全线Bicelle方法的膜蛋白的高通量结晶

Membrane proteins (MPs) play a critical role in many physiological processes such as pumping specific molecules across the otherwise impermeable membrane ...

Use of a Robot for High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

使用机器人在油脂中间相高通量膜蛋白的结晶

Structure-function studies of membrane proteins greatly benefit from having available high-resolution 3-D structures of the type provided through ...

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography

在油脂中间相结构的测定生物大分子晶体生长的膜蛋白晶体收获和低温冷

An important route to understanding how proteins function at a mechanistic level is to have the structure of the target protein available, ideally at ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

使用自制双辉光萤光素酶检测的高通量筛选功能

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...