Name: acute mouse brain slicing to investigate spontaneous hippocampal network activity
Uploaded: 2020-08-28T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity at JoVE.com

Автор хотел бы поблагодарить Стива Сигелбаума за поддержку. Финансирование осуществляется 5R01NS106983-02, а также 1 F31 NS113466-01.

Все методы, описанные здесь, были одобрены Институциональным комитетом по уходу за животными и использованию в Колумбийском университете (AC-AAAU9451).
1. Подготовка решений
<ol><li>Подготовка раствора для резки сахарозы для нарезки, как описано в таблице 1. П?...

Есть несколько шагов в этом протоколе нарезки, направленных на содействие здоровью тканей и способствовать появлению спонтанной натуралистической сетевой активности: мышь транскардиально пронизана охлажденным раствором для резки сахарозы; ломтики горизонтально-энторинной коры (HEC) ...

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printer</td>
			<td>Lulzbot</td>
			<td>LulzBot TAZ 6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acute brain slice incubation holder</td>
			<td>NIH 3D Print Exchange</td>
			<td>3DPX-001623</td>
			<td>Designed by ChiaMing Lee, available at https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3dpx-001623</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate magnesium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9187-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag-Cl ground pellets</td>
			<td>Warner</td>
			<td>64-1309, (E205)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>agar</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson</td>
			<td>214530-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>36237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beaker (250 mL)</td>
			<td>Kimax</td>
			<td>14000-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>beaker (400 mL)</td>
			<td>Kimax</td>
			<td>14000-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biocytin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B4261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blender</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>BRLY07-B00-NP0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn scissors, small</td>
			<td>becton, Dickinson</td>
			<td>14184-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>borosilicate glass capillaries with filament (O.D. 1.5 mm, I.D. 0.86 mm, length 10 cm)</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BF150-86-10HP</td>
			<td>Fire polished capillaries are preferable.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride solution (1 M)</td>
			<td>G-Biosciences</td>
			<td>R040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>OLY-150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>compressed carbogen gas (95% oxygen / 5% carbon dioxide)</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>X02OX95C2003102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>compressed oxygen</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>OX 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>constant voltage isolated stimulator</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>DS2A-Mk.II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coverslips (22x50 mm)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cyanoacrylate adhesive</td>
			<td>Krazy Glue</td>
			<td>KG925</td>
			<td>Ideally use the brush-on form for precision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>data acquisition software</td>
			<td>Axograph</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any equivalent software (e.g. pClamp) would work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dell Precision T1500 Tower Workstation Desktop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Catalog number will depend on specific computer - any computer will work as long as it can run electrophysiology acquisition software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-2950-0367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital timer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62344-641</td>
			<td>4-channel Traceable timer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>disposable absorbant pads</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>56616-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dissector scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14082-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>double-edge razor blades</td>
			<td>Personna</td>
			<td>BP9020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dual automatic temperature controller</td>
			<td>Warner Instrument Corporation</td>
			<td>TC-344B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dual-surface or laminar-flow optimized recording chamber</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>The chamber presented in this protocol is custom made. A commercial equivalent would be the RC-27L from Warner Instruments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>equipment rack</td>
			<td>Automate Scientific</td>
			<td>FR-EQ70&#34;</td>
			<td>A rack is not strictly necessary but useful for organizing electrophysiology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethyiether)- N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-teetraacetic acid (EGTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>324626-25GM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1004 070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fine scale</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>XS204DR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flaming/Brown micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass petri dish (100 x 15 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3160-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanosine 5&#8242;-triphosphate sodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8877-250MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ice buckets</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>BAM168072002-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td>General Anesthetic Services</td>
			<td>Tec 3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lab tape</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-901-10R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lens paper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>light source</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>TH4-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnesium chloride solution (1 M)</td>
			<td>Quality Biological</td>
			<td>351-033-721EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>magnetic stir bars</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-513-56</td>
			<td>Catalog number will be dependent on the size of the stir bar.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Luigs &#38; Neumann</td>
			<td>SM-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micromanipulator (manual)</td>
			<td>Scientifica</td>
			<td>LBM-2000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX51WI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microspatula</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10089-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monitor</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>2007FPb</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MultiClamp 700B Microelectrode Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>MULTICLAMP 700B</td>
			<td>The MultiClamp 700B should include headstages, pipette holders, and a model cell.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N&#8242;-(2-ethanesulfonic acid), (HEPES)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle (20 gauge, 1.5 in length)</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson</td>
			<td>305176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nylon filament</td>
			<td>YLI Wonder Invisible Thread</td>
			<td>212-15-004</td>
			<td>size 0.004. This cat. # is from Amazon.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nylon mesh</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments Corporation</td>
			<td>64-0198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>perstaltic pump</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>70-2027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphocreatine di(tris) salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1937-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipette holders</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>1-HL-U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>platinum wire</td>
			<td>World Precision</td>
			<td>PT0203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polylactic acid (PLA) filament</td>
			<td>Ultimaker</td>
			<td>RAL 9010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3911-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium gluconate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>1550001-200MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>60377-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>razor blades</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>55411-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>roller clamp</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scale</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>PM2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10004-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>slice harp</td>
			<td>Warner</td>
			<td>SHD-26GH/2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9888-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium phosphate monobasic anhydrous</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>S369-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>BP356-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spatula</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spatula/spoon, large</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470149-442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile scalpel blades</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>72044-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stirrer / hot plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>6795-220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stopcock valves, 1-way</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stopcock valves, 3-way</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sucrose</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC177142500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>support for swivel clamps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-679Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical scissors, sharp/blunt</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14001-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringe (1 mL)</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringe (60 mL with Luer-Lok tip)</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson</td>
			<td>309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>three-pronged clamp</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-769-8Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tissue forceps, large</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11021-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tissue forceps, small</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11023-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubing</td>
			<td>Tygon</td>
			<td>E-3603</td>
			<td>ID 1/16 inch, OD 3/16 inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubing</td>
			<td>Tygon</td>
			<td>R-3603</td>
			<td>ID 1/8 inch, OD 1/4 inch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vacuum grease</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>14-635-5D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibrating blade microtome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT 1200S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vibration-dampening table with faraday cage</td>
			<td>Micro-G / TMC-ametek</td>
			<td>2536-516-4-30PE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>volumetric flask (1 L)</td>
			<td>Kimax</td>
			<td>KIM-28014-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>volumetric flask (2 L)</td>
			<td>PYREX</td>
			<td>65640-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>warm water bath</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>1209 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acute mouse brain slicing to investigate spontaneous hippocampal network activity

Острая нарезка мозга грызунов предлагает методический экспериментальный подход, чтобы получить представление об организации и функции нейронных цепей с одноклеточным разрешением с использованием электрофизиологии, микроскопии и фармакологии. Тем не менее, одним из основных соображений при разработке экспериментов in vitro является степень, в которой различные препараты ломтика повторить натуралистические модели нейронной активности, как наблюдается in vivo. В нетронутом мозге гиппокампа сеть генерирует высоко синхронизированную активность популяции, отражающую поведенческое состояние животного, о чем свидетельствуют острые волновые волновые рябь комплексов (SWRs), которые происходят во время бодрствования потребления состояний или не-REM сна. SWRs и другие формы сетевой деятельности могут возникать спонтанно в изолированных ломтиках гиппокампа при соответствующих условиях. Для того, чтобы применить мощный набор инструментов ломтик мозга для исследования активности гиппокампа сети, необходимо использовать подход, который оптимизирует здоровье тканей и сохранение функциональной связи в сети гиппокампа. Мыши транскардиально пронизаны холодной сахарозой на основе искусственной спинномозговой жидкости. Горизонтальные ломтики, содержащие гиппокамп, разрезаются толщиной 450 мкм для сохранения синаптической связи. Фрагменты восстанавливаются в камере в стиле интерфейса и передаются в погруженную камеру для записи. Камера записи предназначена для двойного поверхностного суперфузии искусственной спинномозговой жидкости с высокой скоростью потока для улучшения оксигенации ломтика. Этот протокол дает здоровую ткань, подходящую для исследования сложной и спонтанной сетевой активности in vitro.

Здесь представлены репрезентативные записи из срезов HEC, подготовленные, как описано в этом протоколе. После восстановления в камере холдинга интерфейса(рисунок 1C),ломтики переносятся индивидуально в погруженную камеру записи(рисунок 2B). Камера записи ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity at JoVE.com

Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity

Этот протокол описывает подготовку горизонтальных ломтиков гиппокампа-энториналальной коры (HEC) от мышей, проявляли спонтанную резковолную рябь. Фрагменты инкубируются в упрощенном интерфейсе удерживающей камеры, а записи выполняются в условиях погружения с быстротекущей искусственной спинномозговой жидкостью для содействия оксигенации тканей и спонтанному появлению сетевой активности.

Острый мышь мозга нарезки для расследования спонтанной деятельности гиппокампа сети

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell ...

Using this protocol, researchers can investigate the mechanisms underlying hippocampal network oscillations in acute mouse brain slice preparations. In this preparation, recordings are performed under submerged conditions in slices generating spontaneous network oscillations, allowing pharmacological and optogenetic techniques to be performed, and single-cell recordings to be visualized. For transcardial perfusion, immediately before removing the mouse from the isoflurane chamber, fill a Petri dish lid with three to five millimeters of chilled sucrose solution, and fill the Petri dish bottom with approximately one centimeter of chilled sucrose solution.Quickly transfer the anesthetized mouse to the left absorbent pad, and use three pieces of tape to secure the forelimbs and tail. Using large tissue forceps and surgical scissors, tent the skin and make a lengthwise incision from the bottom of the sternum to the top of the chest. Use the forceps to pull up on the sternum and use the scissors to cut through the diaphragm.Use the scissors to cut through the rib cage on each side in one large motion toward the point at which the forelimb meets the body, and use the forceps to position the front of the rib cage toward the head. Use the scissors to make a horizontal cut to completely remove the ribs, and use the forceps to hold the heart in place while inserting a 20-gauge perfusion needle into the left ventricle. When the needle is in place, use small dissection scissors to make an incision in the right atrium, and allow the blood to be flushed out of the circulatory system.To extract the brain, after decapitation, use small bond scissors to make two lateral cuts through the skull toward the midline at the front of the skull near the eyes, and make two additional cuts on either side of the base of the skull. Immerse the head in the glass Petri dish, and use the scissors to cut along the midline across the entire length of the skull, while pulling up with the scissors to minimize damage to the underlying brain tissue. Use small tissue forceps to firmly grasp each side of the skull, and to lift the bone up and away from the brain to open the cranium like a book.Using the fingers of the left hand to hold the flaps of the skull open, insert the microspatula under the brain near the olfactory bulbs, and flip the brain out of the skull into the sucrose. Use the microspatula to sever the brainstem, and wash the brain to remove any residual blood, fur, or tissues. Use the large spatula to transfer the brain to the glass Petri dish lid, and use half of a double-edged razor blade to make a coronal cut in the most anterior portion of the brain, including the olfactory bulbs.Next, make a coronal cut to remove the cerebellum, and apply cyanoacrylate adhesive to an agar ramp. Use forceps to briefly dry the brain on a piece of filter paper, before placing the tissue into the adhesive on the agar ramp, ventral-side down. Place the slicing platform into the slicing chamber of a microtome, and completely cover the setup with chilled sucrose solution.Use the large spatula to stir some sucrose slurry into the chamber, melting any frozen sucrose and rapidly bringing down the mixture temperature to one to two degrees Celsius. Cut slices to a thickness of 450 microns at 0.07 millimeters per second slicing speed. As each slice is freed, use the small-tissue forceps and a sharp scalpel to separate the two hemispheres, and to cut away tissue until the slice consists primarily of the hippocampus and perihippocampal regions.Use a plastic transfer pipette to transfer the slices individually to an interface recovery chamber containing warmed aCSF. With the slices positioned at the interface of the aCSF and air, and with only a thin meniscus of aCSF covering the slices. When all of the slices have been acquired, tightly close the chamber to allow the slices to recover at 32 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.At the end of the recovery period, place the chamber on a stirrer set to a slow speed to promote aCSF circulation within the chamber. To record local field potentials, fill a 400 milliliter beaker with carbogen-bubbled aCSF, and place one end of the pump tubing into the beaker. Turn on a peristaltic pump at 8 to 10 milliliters per minute to direct aCSF from the 400 milliliter beaker to a heated reservoir, and from the reservoir to the recording chamber at 32 degrees Celsius.Next, briefly clamp the tubing and turn off the pump to pause the flow. Using fine forceps, transfer a brain tissue slice to the recording chamber by the corner of the lens paper the tissue is resting on, slice down. Peel away the lens paper, leaving the slice emerged in the recording chamber, and use a harp to secure the slice.Using a manual micromanipulator, slowly advance the tip of a sodium chloride-filled stimulation pipette into the surface of the slice at a 30 to 45 degree angle, then use a second micromanipulator to slowly advance the tip of an aCSf-filled local field potential pipette into the region of interest at a 30 to 45 degree angle, and record the local field potential of the sample according to standard protocols. In this figure, representative recordings from hippocampal entorhinal cortex slices, prepared according to the protocol as demonstrated, can be observed. In healthy slices, electrical stimulation should produce a field post-synaptic potential with a small pre-synaptic fiber volley and a large post-synaptic potential with a rapid initial descent.Spontaneous sharp-wave ripples should also be visible as positive deflections in the local field potential in the stratum pyramidale. In suboptimal slices, evoked field post-synaptic potentials demonstrate a large fiber volley, and a relatively small post-synaptic potential, and such slices do not exhibit spontaneous sharp-wave ripples. In vitro sharp-wave ripples demonstrate a positive field potential in the stratum pyramidale layer, with an overlaid high-frequency oscillation paired with a negative field potential in the stratum radiatum layer.As illustrated, sharp-wave ripples in hippocampal entorhinal cortex slices originate within CA2/CA3 recurrent circuits, and propagate to CA1. It is essential to bubble carbogen into the solutions throughout the procedure, to ensure that the sucrose solution is chilled, and to perform each step as quickly as possible. After preparing these slices, extracellular or intracellular recordings can be performed, along with optogenetic or pharmacological experiments to determine how different cell types contribute to the function of neural networks.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

Объединение транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции и МРТ по анализу сети Режим по умолчанию

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster

Определение спонтанную двигательную активность в<em&gt; Дрозофилы</em

Drosophila melanogaster has been used as an excellent model organism to study environmental and genetic manipulations that affect behavior. One such ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Парные Целые Записи Сотовые в Органотипической срезов гиппокампа

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature

Slice It Hot: Острая взрослом мозге нарезки в физиологической температуре

Here we present a protocol for preparation of acute brain slices. This procedure is a critical element for electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments ...

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Иммуногистохимический Визуализация гиппокампа активности нейронов После пространственного обучения в мышиной модели нарушениями развития нервной

Induction of phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) is a reliable molecular readout of learning-dependent neuronal activation. Here, we ...

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Индуцирование государства Изоэлектрическая мозга для изучения влияния эндогенного синаптической активности на нейронную возбудимость,<em&gt; В Vivo</em

The way neurons process information depends both on their intrinsic membrane properties and on the dynamics of the afferent synaptic network. In ...

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Запись синаптической пластичности в острой гиппокампа ломтики в малообъемной рециркуляции-, перфузии и погружения типа камерная система

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful ...

Evaluation of Synapse Density in Hippocampal Rodent Brain Slices

Оценка плотности синапсов в срезах гиппокампа грызунов мозга

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is ...

A Preclinical Model to Assess Brain Recovery After Acute Stroke in Rats

Доклиническая модель для оценки восстановления мозга после острого инсульта у крыс

The purpose of this study was to establish and validate an animal brain ischemia model in the recovery and sequela stages. A middle cerebral artery ...

Preparation of Acute Human Hippocampal Slices for Electrophysiological Recordings

Подготовка острых человеческих гиппокампа для электрофизиологических записей

Epilepsy affects about 1% of the world population and leads to a severe decrease in quality of life due to ongoing seizures as well as high risk for ...