Name: in vitro evaluation of oncogenic transformation in human mammary epithelial cells
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Evaluation of Oncogenic Transformation in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

AG 연구소는 스페인 원자력 안전 위원회의 지원을 받습니다. T.A.와 A.G.는 일반 타탈룬야 (2017-SGR-503)에 의해 인식 연구 그룹의 구성원입니다. MT는 과학 재단 아소시아시온 에스파냐라 콘트라 엘 콘트라 엘 칸서 [AECC-INVES1902TERR]에 의해 투자 계약을 보유하고 있습니다. G.F. 계약은 셀렉스 재단의 보조금으로 지원됩니다.

다음과 같은 실험에 사용된 인간 샘플은 표준 절차 동의하에 클리니카 필라르 산트 조르디(바르셀로나)에서 수행된 감소 유방성형술로부터 수득되었다. 모든 절차는 달리 명시되지 않는 한 클래스 II 생물학적 안전 캐비닛에서 수행됩니다.
1. 인간 유방 상피 세포 및 성장 곡선 플롯 축적의 체외 배양
<ol><li>
유방 1 차상성 세포의 체외 배양 (BPECs): 세포 통과</strong...

<ol>
	<li>Hanahan, D., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hallmarks+of+cancer:+the+next+generation.">Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation.</a> Cell. 144 (5), 646-674 (2011).</li><li>Stampfer, M. R., Yaswen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+models+of+human+mammary+epithelial+cell+transformation.">Culture models of human mammary epithelial cell transformation.</a> Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 5 (4), 365-378 (2000).</li><li>Schinzel, A. C., Hahn, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oncogenic+transformation+and+experimental+models+of+human+cancer.">Oncogenic transformation and experimental models of human cancer.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience : A Journal and Virtual Library. 13 (13), 71 (2008).</li><li>Balani, S., Nguyen, L. V., Eaves, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+process+of+human+tumorigenesis.">Modeling the process of human tumorigenesis.</a> Nature Communications. 8 (1), 15422 (2017).</li><li>Bray, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+cancer+statistics+2018:+GLOBOCAN+estimates+of+incidence+and+mortality+worldwide+for+36+cancers+in+185+countries.">Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.</a> CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6), 394-424 (2018).</li><li>Ince, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+of+different+human+breast+epithelial+cell+types+leads+to+distinct+tumor+phenotypes.">Transformation of different human breast epithelial cell types leads to distinct tumor phenotypes.</a> Cancer Cell. 12 (2), 160-170 (2007).</li><li>Repull&#233;s, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+malignant+transformation+of+preneoplastic+and+normal+breast+primary+epithelial+cells.">Radiation-induced malignant transformation of preneoplastic and normal breast primary epithelial cells.</a> Molecular Cancer Research. , 1-13 (2019).</li><li>Weigelt, B., Bissell, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unraveling+the+microenvironmental+influences+on+the+normal+mammary+gland+and+breast+cancer.">Unraveling the microenvironmental influences on the normal mammary gland and breast cancer.</a> Seminars in Cancer Biology. 18 (5), 311-321 (2008).</li><li>Paoli, P., Giannoni, E., Chiarugi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anoikis+molecular+pathways+and+its+role+in+cancer+progression.">Anoikis molecular pathways and its role in cancer progression.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1833 (12), 3481-3498 (2013).</li><li>Debnath, J., Muthuswamy, S. K., Brugge, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+and+oncogenesis+of+MCF-10A+mammary+epithelial+acini+grown+in+three-dimensional+basement+membrane+cultures.">Morphogenesis and oncogenesis of MCF-10A mammary epithelial acini grown in three-dimensional basement membrane cultures.</a> Methods. 30 (3), 256-268 (2003).</li><li>Borowicz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+soft+agar+colony+formation+assay.">The soft agar colony formation assay.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (92), (2014).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Brocher, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BioVoxxel+Image+Processing+and+Analysis+Toolbox.">The BioVoxxel Image Processing and Analysis Toolbox.</a> European BioImage Analysis Symposium. 8 (2), 67112 (2015).</li><li>Torquato, S., Truskett, T. M., Debenedetti, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+random+close+packing+of+spheres+well+defined.">Is random close packing of spheres well defined.</a> Physical Review Letters. 84 (10), 2064-2067 (2000).</li><li>LaBarge, M. A., Garbe, J. C., Stampfer, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+of+human+reduction+mammoplasty+and+mastectomy+tissues+for+cell+culture.">Processing of human reduction mammoplasty and mastectomy tissues for cell culture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (71), (2013).</li><li>Zubeldia-Plazaola, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucocorticoids+promote+transition+of+ductal+carcinoma+in+situ+to+invasive+ductal+carcinoma+by+inducing+myoepithelial+cell+apoptosis.">Glucocorticoids promote transition of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma by inducing myoepithelial cell apoptosis.</a> Breast Cancer Research. 20 (1), 65 (2018).</li></ol>

이 논문에 설명된 실험 프로토콜은 체외 배양 세포의 온코겐 변환을 평가하는 유용한 도구를 제공합니다. 각 기술은 변환 프로세스의 특정 측면을 평가하므로 단일 분석에서 결론을 도출할 때 특별한 주의를 기울여야 합니다. 성장 곡선 빌드업은 다른 목적을 위해 세포를 배양할 때 이미 사용할 수 있는 정보를 요구하는 접근 방식입니다. 즉, 이 기술은 다른 세포 증식 에세이에 비해 저렴하고 쉽?...

신생물 개발에는 여러 개의 연속이벤트가 필요합니다. 2011년 하나한과 웨인버그는 변형된 세포의 성장, 생존 및 보급을 가능하게 하는 10가지 기능을 설명했습니다: 소위 "암의 특징"1. 여기에 설명된 방법론은 종양 세포의 독특한 특징 중 일부에 집중하여 체외 세포 변환을 평가하는 세 가지 다른 도구를 컴파일합니다. 이러한 기술은 세포 증식율, 3D로 배양될 때 세포의 행동 및 앵커리지 독립성을 가진 식민지를 형성하는 능력을 평가합니다.
세포 모델은 시험관 내가설을 테스트하는 데 매우 중요합니다. 암2,3,4의연구를 위한 세포 변환의 실험 모델을 생성하기 위해 상이한 접근법이 개발되었다. 유방암은 전 세계 여성들 사이에서 가장 흔한 암이고 여자 중 암 죽음의 대략 15%를 책임지고 있기 때문에5,유방 상피 세포의 적당한 세포 모형을 제공하는 것은 추가 조사를 위해 가장 중요합니다. 이 문서에서는, 우리는 2007년에 Ince와 동료에 의해 처음에 기술된 유방 1 차상피 세포 (BpECs) 변환의 실험 모형을 사용하여 세포 변환을 평가하는 3개의 기술의 잠재력을 설명하고 나중에 우리의 실험실7에서실행되었습니다. 이러한 실험 모델은 3개의 표적 유전자(SV40 Large T 및 소형 t항원)의 순차적 변화를 기반으로 Ttag, hTERT및 HRAS라고불임) 비변형 BPEC의 게놈에 기초한다. 더욱이, BpECs 파생에 사용되는 방법은 발광 또는 근피성 마커를 가진 유방 상피 세포의 유지보수를 선호하며, 그 결과 일부 유방 선 및 생리적 특성을 유지하는 이질적인 세포 배양의 결과.
유방 선에서, 우유 생산을 담당하는 발광 유방 상피 세포는 루멘 근처에 위치하고, 심근 세포는 발광 세포 주위에 처분되고 젖꼭지로 우유를 이끄는 수축 운동을 돌봅니다. 이러한 세포 계보 사이의 적절한 조직의 손실은 3D 세포 배양에서 독특한 계보 마커의 면역 형광 검출 후 시험관 내에서 평가 될 수있는 종양 변환8의 특징입니다. 종양 세포의 또 다른 주요 특징은 다른 세포와 세포 외 매트릭스1에부착하지 않고 성장하는 능력입니다. 건강한 세포가 현탁액에서 성장하도록 강요될 때, 아노이키스 \u2012와 같은 메커니즘은 세포외 매트릭스 \u2012로부터 분리에 반응하여 유도된 세포 사멸의 유형이활성화되어 9. 세포 사멸의 회피는 암의 독특한 특징 중 하나이며, 따라서 변형 된 세포는 아노이키스를 비활성화하고 앵커 독립적 인 방식으로 살아남을 수 있습니다. 이 용량은 소프트 한천을 사용하여 앵커리지 독립적 인 분석으로 시험관 내에서 평가 할 수 있습니다. 더욱이, 종양 조직의 내재된 특징은 그들의 지속적인 증식 신호 용량이며, 이는 현탁액 검사기뿐만 아니라 단층 부착 배양의 성장 속도를 모니터링하여 시간에 따라 세포 수의 증가를 측정하여 체외 조건에서 쉽게 모니터링 할 수 있습니다.
종양성 잠재력을 시험하는 가장 좋은 모델은 뮤린 모델에서 종양 세포의 접종과 종양 발달의 평가에도 불구하고, 실험 적 절차에서 사용되는 동물의 수를 가능한 한 최소화하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 시험관 내 변환을 평가하기 위한 적절한 테스트를 갖는 것이 최우선 과제입니다. 여기서, 우리는 세포 변환 모형으로 작동하는 실험실의 대부분에서 쉽게 구현될 수 있는 부분적으로 그리고 완전히 변형된 유방 상피 세포의 종양 성 잠재력을 평가하는 공구세트를 제공합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td>Labclinics</td>
			<td>PLC91001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml Eppendorfs</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>3451</td>
			<td>Dark eppendorfs are preferred for MTT long-term storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#956;l Pipette tips w/o filter</td>
			<td>Biologix</td>
			<td>20-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 ml glass bottle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>With cap, autoclavable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 &#956;l Pipette tips w/ filter</td>
			<td>Labclinics</td>
			<td>LAB1000ULFNL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 &#956;l Pipette tips w/o filter</td>
			<td>Biologix</td>
			<td>20-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml Conical tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>525-0400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 ml Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td>Labclinics</td>
			<td>PLC91002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#956;l Pipette tips w/ filter</td>
			<td>Labclinics</td>
			<td>FTR200-96</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml Serological Pipettes</td>
			<td>Labclinics</td>
			<td>PLC91005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>525-0304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>PanReac AppliChem</td>
			<td>211007</td>
			<td>Used for 3D structure fixation prior to immunofluorescent labelling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1296</td>
			<td>Used for anchorage assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Claudin 4 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>15104, RRID:AB_301650</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:100, host: rabbit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Cytokeratin 14 [RCK107] antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>9220, RRID:AB_307087</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:100, host: mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-mouse Cyanine Cy3 antibody</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc.</td>
			<td>115-165-146, RRID:AB_2338690</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:500, host: goat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11034, RRID:AB_2576217</td>
			<td>Working dilution 1:500, host: goat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioVoxxel Toolbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RRID:SCR_015825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture 24-well Plate</td>
			<td>Labclinics</td>
			<td>PLC30024</td>
			<td>Used for 3D cultures in Matrigel. Flat Bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture 6-well Plate</td>
			<td>Labclinics</td>
			<td>PLC30006</td>
			<td>Used for anchorage assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell incubator (37 &#186;C and 5 % CO2)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Strainers</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>11587522</td>
			<td>Mesh size: 40 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellSense software</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to image acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholera Toxin from Vibrio cholerae</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8052</td>
			<td>Used to supplement cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class II Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Herasafe</td>
			<td>HAEREUS HS12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SP5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glasses</td>
			<td>Witeg Labortechnik GmbH</td>
			<td>4600122</td>
			<td>22 X 22 mm, thickness 0.13 - 0.17 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2-(4-amidinophenyl)-1H -indole-6-carboxamidine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S1810</td>
			<td>Used to inactivate trypsine action</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji software (ImageJ)</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>RRID:SCR_002285</td>
			<td>Free download, no license needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>11844782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S2000</td>
			<td>Used for immunofluorescence of 3D structures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat-Resistant Gloves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for agar manipulation after autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater bath (37 &#186;C)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to temper solutions prior to cell subculture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater bath (42 &#186;C)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to keep agar warm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for Matrigel dehydration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humid chamber</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for the incubation of antibodies during immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used during Matrigel manipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice-box</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Optic Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#186;C and keep cold when in use. Referred to as basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>PanReac AppliChem</td>
			<td>131091</td>
			<td>Used for 3D structure fixation prior to immunofluorescent labelling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>p1000, p200 and p10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Office Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>RRID:SCR_016137</td>
			<td>Used to calculate population doubling and to obtain growth rate equation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MilliQ water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Referred to as ultrapure water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nail Polish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to seal samples after mounting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm M</td>
			<td>Bemis</td>
			<td>PM-999</td>
			<td>Used to cover antibody solution during incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS pH 7.4 (w/o calcium &#38; magnesium)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-056</td>
			<td>Sterile. Used for cell subculture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS tablets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>Dilute in milliQ water. No sterility required. Used for immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Aid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primaria T25 flasks</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353808</td>
			<td>Used for BPEC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scepter Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>PHCC20060</td>
			<td>Alternatively, use an haemocytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to cut pipette tips and parafilm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile filters 0.22 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RS</td>
			<td>Used to filter MTT solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2128</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#186;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>Used for immunofluorescence of 3D structures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 10X</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>X0930</td>
			<td>Dilute in PBS to obtain 3X solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield Antifade Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WIT-P-NC Culture Medium</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>00-0051</td>
			<td>Used for primary BPEC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WIT-T Culture Medium</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>00-0047</td>
			<td>Used for transformed BPEC culture</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro evaluation of oncogenic transformation in human mammary epithelial cells

종양 발생은 세포가 적대적인 조건하에서 그들의 성장, 생존 및 보급을 허용하는 기능을 취득하는 다단계 프로세스입니다. 다른 시험은 암 세포의 이 특징을 확인하고 정량화하기 위하여 노력합니다; 그러나, 그들은 종종 세포 변환의 단일 측면에 초점을 맞추고, 사실, 여러 테스트는 그들의 적절 한 특성에 대 한 필요. 이 작업의 목적은 연구원에게 광범위한 관점에서 체외의 세포 변환을 평가하는 도구 세트를 제공하여 건전한 결론을 도출 할 수 있도록하는 것입니다.
지속적인 증식 신호 활성화는 종양 조직의 주요 특징이며 시간이 지남에 따라 달성 된 인구 두 배수를 계산하여 체외 조건에서 쉽게 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. 게다가, 3D 배양에 있는 세포의 성장은 생체 내에서 일어나는 무슨을 닮은 주변 세포와의 상호 작용을 허용합니다. 이것은 세포 집계의 평가를 가능하게 하고, 특유한 세포 마커의 면역 형광 표시와 더불어, 종양 변환의 또 다른 관련 특징에 대한 정보를 얻기 위하여: 적당한 조직의 손실. 변형 된 세포의 또 다른 놀라운 특성은 앵커리지 분석으로 평가 할 수있는 다른 세포 및 세포 외 매트릭스에 부착하지 않고 성장하는 능력입니다.
세포 성장속도를 평가하고, 3D 배양에서 세포 계보 마커의 면역형광 라벨링을 수행하고, 연한 한천에서 앵커리지 독립적인 세포 성장을 테스트하는 상세한 실험 절차가 제공됩니다. 이러한 방법론은 유방암에 있는 그것의 관련성 때문에 유방 1 차상피 세포 (BPEC)를 위해 최적화됩니다; 그러나 일부 조정 후 다른 세포 유형에 절차를 적용할 수 있습니다.

BPECs에서 3개의 유전적 원소의 도입과 함께 세포 변환의 실험 모델은6,7(그림 3)의대표적인 결과를 생성하도록 선택되었다. 비변형 BPEC(N)는Ince 및동료에 의해 기술된 바와 같이 질병이 없는 유방 조직에서 유래되었다 6 여기에 표시된 프로토콜에 따라 배양되었다. STASIS를 극복한 후 (스트레스 또...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Evaluation of Oncogenic Transformation in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells at JoVE.com

In Vitro Evaluation of Oncogenic Transformation in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

이 프로토콜은 인간 유방 세포의 변환을 평가하기 위해 실험적인 체외 도구를 제공합니다. 지하 막 매트릭스를 가진 3D 배양에서 세포 증식율, 앵커리지 독립적인 성장 능력 및 세포 혈통의 분포를 후속하는 상세한 단계가 설명되어 있습니다.

인간 유방 상피 세포에 있는 종양원성 변환의 시험관 내 평가

Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process in which cells acquire capabilities&#160;that allow their growth, survival, and dissemination under hostile ...

This methodology uses the integration of different indicators to assess the degree of transformation of any cell model. This technique provides researchers with a set of time-consuming but simple-to-use tools for assessing cell transformation in vitro. This allows the method to be used in most laboratories.Demonstrating the procedure will be Teresa Anglada, a post-doctoral researcher from my laboratory, and Joan Repulles, a microscopy specialist. When the breast primary epithelial cell culture reaches 90%confluency, transfer the supernatant from the culture flask to a 15 milliliter tube containing two milliliters of fetal bovine serum and wash the cells with PBS. Treat the cells with one milliliter of trypsin for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.When the cells have detached, inactivate the trypsin with the reserved medium and collect the cells by centrifugation. Flick the tube to resuspend the pellet and add one to two milliliters of fresh medium for counting. After determining the cell concentration, add 300, 000 cells to a new tube and bring the final volume to five milliliters with additional fresh culture medium.Seed cells into a new T25 flask and return the cells to the cell culture incubator. Then use the formula to calculate the number of accumulated population doublings. To assess the proliferation rate of the cells, plot the accumulated number of population doublings for a specific time interval.An increased slope indicates an increased cell proliferation rate. To set up a 3D cell culture, rinse wells with a 1.9 square centimeter surface area with cold sterile PBS and coat the bottom of each well with 100 microliters of basement membrane matrix. Then place the plate in the cell culture incubator for about 20 minutes to allow the matrix to solidify.In the meantime, harvest mammary cells as just demonstrated and dilute the cells to a 400, 000 cells per milliliter of medium concentration. Mix the cells with fresh medium supplemented with 8%basement membrane matrix at a one-to-one ratio and add 500 microliters of the cells to each well of solidified matrix. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for a few minutes, then add 500 microliters of medium supplemented with 4%basement membrane matrix to each well.Place the cells in the cell culture incubator for 14 days. The seeded cells will group and proliferate forming acini-like structures. For the immunofluorescent protein detection in the 3D cultured mammary cells, use a cutoff P200 pipette tip to remove the basement membrane matrix from each well and smear approximately 50 microliters of disaggregated matrix from each well onto individual glass slides.When the samples have completely dried, fix the cells with a one-to-one methanol-acetone solution at minus 20 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. After fixing, block samples with blocking solution for two hours at room temperature. At the end of the incubation, add 30 microliters of the primary antibody working solution of interest and cover the slides with a strip of laboratory wrapping film for an overnight incubation at four degrees Celsius in a humid chamber.The next morning, wash the slides three times with PBS for one hour per wash and label the samples with the appropriate secondary antibody solution as just demonstrated. At the end of the incubation, wash the samples two times in PBS for two hours per wash before counter-staining with DAPI diluted in anti-fade mounting medium and covering each slide with a coverslip. Then analyze the fluorescent signal distribution for each acinus on a confocal microscope.To perform an anchorage-independent assay, first cover the bottom of the appropriate number of wells of a six-well plate with 1.5 milliliters of 0.6%agar in medium solution and let the agar solidify at room temperature. Next, prepare a five times 10 to the fourth cells per milliliter solution as demonstrated and filter the cells through a 40 micron strainer into a sterile 50 milliliter tube. Holding the tube at a 45 degree angle, add an equal volume of 0.6%agar in medium solution down the wall of the tube.And after thorough mixing, layer one milliliter of the cells in agar suspension to each well of the previously prepared six-well plate. Use an inverted microscope to confirm that the cells have been homogeneously dispersed throughout the agar. When the agar has completely solidified, carefully add one milliliter refresh medium to each well without disturbing the agar and incubate the cells for three weeks, changing the medium twice per week.At the end of the colony formation period, replace the medium with one milliliter of one milligram per milliliter MTT per well for a 24-hour incubation in the cell culture incubator. The next day, remove the MTT from each well and acquire images of each well on the inverted microscope. When all of the images have been acquired, open the images in ImageJ and click image, adjust, threshold, and apply to obtain a binary mask through thresholding of the original image.When well-delimited colonies have been obtained, select plugins and biovoxxel to launch the extended particle analyzer to identify the MTT-positive colonies. Over a specific interval of time, partially and fully transformed cells achieve a higher number of population doublings compared to non-transformed cells, indicating that the cell division rate is increased with the transformation process. Over the two-week 3D cell culture period, the cells aggregate and proliferate, increasing the acini size.The proper polarization of each acinus can be accurately assessed using protein immunofluorescent detection in conjunction with three-dimensional signal location by confocal microscopy. While all of the acini formed by non-transformed breast cells are properly organized, a loss of polarization is observed in acini formed by partially and fully transformed cells. After three weeks of embedded agar culture, cells with an anchorage independent growth capacity give rise to colonies composed of multiple cells.Only metabolically active cells are capable of cleaving the tetrazolium MTT ring, resulting in purple MTT formazan crystals after 24 hours. Measurement of the colony diameter by automatic image analysis allows the filtering of low proliferative colonies or individual cells. The number of colonies formed by non-transformed cells is negligible compared to those from partially and fully transformed cells.Colony size can also be used to discriminate between cells with different degrees of transformation. These assays can be used to screen cell lines prior to any inoculation as only those cell lines that have tested positive in vitro should be inoculated into mice.

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Rat Mammary Epithelial Cell Transplantation into the Interscapular White Fat Pad

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