Name: quantifying the effects of antimicrobials on in vitro biofilm architecture using comstat software
Uploaded: 2020-12-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software at JoVE.com

著者らは、この研究に資金を提供してくれた嚢胞性線維症財団に感謝したいと思います。

1.細菌分離物の収集
<ol><li>SickKids(トロント)で吸入トブラマイシンによる根絶治療を受けているCFの小児患者のコホートから 緑膿菌 分離株を入手します。分離株をクエン酸グリセロールで-80°Cで凍結し、使用前に少なくとも3回サブカルチャーします。</li>
</ol>2. in vitro バイオフィルム形成
注:改変を加えたin vitroバイオフィルム形成に?...

<ol>
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A., Khaddour, G., Fran&#231;ois, B., Massart, T. 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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Objective+threshold+selection+procedure+(OTS)+for+segmentation+of+scanning+laser+confocal+microscope+images.">Objective threshold selection procedure (OTS) for segmentation of scanning laser confocal microscope images.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 47, 169-180 (2001).</li><li>Arena, E. 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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alginate+production+affects+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+development+and+architecture,+but+is+not+essential+for+biofilm+formation.">Alginate production affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development and architecture, but is not essential for biofilm formation.</a> Journal of Medical Microbiology. 53, 679-690 (2004).</li><li>Reichhardt, C., Parsek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy+for+analysis+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+architecture+and+matrix+localization.">Confocal laser scanning microscopy for analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm architecture and matrix localization.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 10, 677 (2019).</li><li>Yang, X., Beyenal, H., Harkin, G., Lewandowski, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+biofilm+structure+using+image+analysis.">Quantifying biofilm structure using image analysis.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 39, 109-119 (2000).</li><li>Yang, X., Beyenal, H., Harkin, G., Lewandowski, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+biofilm+image+thresholding+methods.">Evaluation of biofilm image thresholding methods.</a> Water Research. 35, 1149-1158 (2001).</li><li>Ross, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+confocal+images+of+biofilms+grown+on+irregular+surfaces.">Quantification of confocal images of biofilms grown on irregular surfaces.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 100, 111-120 (2014).</li><li>Ma, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assembly+and+development+of+the+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+matrix.">Assembly and development of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 5, (2009).</li><li>Mah, T. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetic+basis+for+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+antibiotic+resistance.">A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance.</a> Nature. 426, 306-310 (2003).</li><li>Srinandan, C. S., Jadav, V., Cecilia, D., Nerurkar, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutrients+determine+the+spatial+architecture+of+Paracoccus+sp.+biofilm.">Nutrients determine the spatial architecture of Paracoccus sp. biofilm.</a> Biofouling. 26, 449-459 (2010).</li><li>Ramos, I., Dietrich, L. E., Price-Whelan, A., Newman, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenazines+affect+biofilm+formation+by+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+in+similar+ways+at+various+scales.">Phenazines affect biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in similar ways at various scales.</a> Research in Microbiology. 161, 187-191 (2010).</li><li>Ma, L., Jackson, K. D., Landry, R. M., Parsek, M. R., Wozniak, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+conditional+psl+variants+reveals+roles+for+the+psl+polysaccharide+in+adhesion+and+maintaining+biofilm+structure+postattachment.">Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditional psl variants reveals roles for the psl polysaccharide in adhesion and maintaining biofilm structure postattachment.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 188, 8213-8221 (2006).</li></ol>

in vitroバイオフィルム構造の3次元画像を定量的に比較するための規定された方法はなく、この文脈で説明される手順は、オペレーター間のばらつきのために標準化するのが難しいことがよくあります20。したがって、このプロトコルは、さまざまな抗菌条件下でのin vitroバイオフィルム構造の変化を定量化しようとするCOMSTATアプリケーションのためのシンプル?...

バイオフィルムは、自己生成した細胞外高分子物質(EPS)のマトリックスに配向した微生物の凝集体です。EPSマトリックスは非常に複雑で、主に細菌細胞、水、タンパク質、多糖類、脂質、核酸1で構成されており、これらすべてがバイオフィルムを自由生活のプランクトン細胞とは明らかに異なるものにしています。バイオフィルムEPSは、互いに接着し、さまざまな表面に付着します。EPSマトリックスは、代謝物、遺伝物質、および細胞間シグナル伝達と防御に使用される化合物の細胞間交換を媒介する特性を持っています2。これらの特性は、バイオフィルムの構造的完全性と外部ストレス要因からの保護を総合的に提供し、免疫回避と抗菌耐性に貢献します3。
緑膿菌は、よく知られている院内病原体であり、抗菌薬に応答して回避的なバイオフィルム成長戦略を採用することが知られています。この代表的な例は、劣性遺伝性疾患である嚢胞性線維症(CF)の患者に発生します。バイオフィルムは、抗菌薬耐性緑膿菌4の発症に極めて重要な役割を果たし、CF患者の慢性肺感染症の確立を可能にし、肺機能の低下と早期死亡の加速を引き起こします5。したがって、in vitro バイオフィルム研究は、CF 6,7 患者から得られた緑膿菌分離株に対する抗生物質および新しい抗感染剤の有効性をテストするために実施されます。バイオフィルム形成後、抗菌剤を構造の外部に塗布し、共焦点レーザー走査型顕微鏡(CLSM)を使用して、バイオフィルムセグメントの高解像度の3次元再構成を生成します。その後、コンピュータソフトウェアであるCOMSTATをImageJのプラグインとして使用して、バイオフィルムアーキテクチャ8,9,10,11の変化を定量化するのが一般的な方法です。
COMSTATはバイオフィルム構造の定量化には有用ですが、画像解析の再現性と標準化についてはあまり注目されていません。例えば、COMSTAT を実行する前に実行されるイメージ処理プロシージャーは客観的ですが、イメージしきい値12,13 を設定する際には主観的な要素を含んでいます。同様に、COMSTATプログラムでは、オペレーターは画像セグメンテーションの基本条件から高度な条件、パラメータ、および10の定量分析機能(厚さ分布、表面積、バイオマス、無次元粗さ係数など)を選択できます。多数のユーザーオプションとさまざまなオペレーターの専門知識レベルが組み合わさると、バイオフィルムの動作に関する誤った報告につながる可能性があります。
したがって、このプロトコルの目標は、COMSTATを使用してin vitroバイオフィルム構造を定量的に比較するための比較的簡単な方法を提示することです。ここでは、CF P. aeruginosa分離株からのバイオフィルムセグメントの3次元画像を、再現性のあるin vitroバイオフィルム実験を行うために使用される確立された技術であるチャンバーカバーガラスモデル14を使用してCLSMを介してキャプチャします。この手法は、COMSTATをImageJのプラグインとして利用することで、研究者はさまざまな条件下で抗菌剤の存在下でのバイオフィルム構造の変化を定量的に特定することができます。全体として、この方法は、COMSTATの手動操作に関連する主観的なばらつきを排除することを目的としており、それによってセンター間でのプロトコルの標準化を促進します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Psl mAb, Psl0096</td>
			<td>Medimmune</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blood Agar (TSA with 5 % Sheep Blood) Medium</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R01200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eight-well Chambered Coverglass w/ non-removable wells</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>155411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Invitrogen SYTO 9 Green Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Stain</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S34854</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB BROTH (LENNOX), Liquid Autoclave Sterilized</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada</td>
			<td>LBL666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tobramycin, 900 &#181;g/mg</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar by Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>J66040</td>
			<td>It is recommended to perform a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for every batch made to ensure quality control of antimicrobial potency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quorum Volocity 6.3</td>
			<td>Quorum Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying the effects of antimicrobials on in vitro biofilm architecture using comstat software

バイオフィルムは、細胞外高分子物質の自己生成マトリックスに依存して保護と構造的完全性を確保する微生物の集合体です。院内病原体である 緑膿菌は、 バイオフィルムの成長様式を採用し、嚢胞性線維症(CF)患者に慢性肺感染症を引き起こすことが知られています。コンピュータプログラムであるCOMSTATは、3次元共焦点画像からデータを抽出することにより、 緑膿菌の バイオフィルム構造における抗菌薬による変化を定量化するための有用なツールです。しかし、ソフトウェアの標準化された操作はあまり一般的ではなく、バイオフィルムの挙動を最適に報告し、中心を越えた比較を行うためには重要です。したがって、このプロトコルの目的は、COMSTATを介してさまざまな抗菌条件下で in vitro バイオフィルム構造を定量化するためのシンプルで再現性のあるフレームワークを提供することです。この手法は、CF P. aeruginosa 分離株を使用してモデル化され、バイオフィルム複製の形で成長させ、トブラマイシンと抗 Psl モノクローナル抗体 Psl0096 に曝露されます。この段階的なアプローチは、ユーザーの曖昧さを減らし、重要な画像処理ステップを見落とす可能性を最小限に抑えることを目的としています。具体的には、このプロトコルは、画像のセグメンテーションや適切な定量分析機能の選択など、COMSTATの手動操作に関連する主観的な変動の排除を強調しています。この方法では、COMSTATを実行する前に共焦点画像の処理に余分な時間を費やす必要がありますが、自動出力で誤って表現されたバイオフィルムの不均一性を最小限に抑えるのに役立ちます。

CFに感染した患者から培養した 緑膿菌分離 株を用いて、 in vitro バイオフィルム構造における抗菌薬による変化を正確に定量化するこのアプローチの強みを実証します。このモデルの全体的なワークフローを 図 1 に示します。ImageJ での画像処理と COMSTAT 分析の手順を図 2 に示します。図 3 に、CLSM z スタック画?...

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Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

緑膿菌のバイオフィルム構造に対する抗菌薬による変化は、嚢胞性線維症および慢性肺感染症の患者から培養された臨床分離株によって異なります。共焦点顕微鏡法に続いて、COMSTATソフトウェアを使用して、個々の分離株のバイオフィルム構造(表面積、厚さ、バイオマスなど)の変動を定量化し、抗感染剤の有効性を評価できます。

COMSTATソフトウェアを使用した In vitro バイオフィルムアーキテクチャに対する抗菌剤の影響の定量化

Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms that rely on a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance for protection and structural ...

The significance of this protocol is that it offers a simple and reproducible framework for quantifying in vitro biofilm structures under varying antimicrobial conditions. The main advantage of this technique is that it helps eliminate subjective variations associated with the manual operation of COMSTAT, which ultimately facilitates the standardization and transparency of experiments across research centers. To image the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures, place the plate onto the stage of a confocal microscope, equipped with the appropriate laser excitation wavelengths and filter sets.And use a 20 to 25x water immersion lens to capture at least six layered z-stack images from the substratum to the top of each biofilm segment in 0.3 micrometer increments. Then save the images as OME-TIFFs for COMSTAT analysis. When all the images have been acquired, open the COMSTAT2 package in ImageJ and create a source folder on the desktop.Add a single OME-TIFF to the folder and open OME-TIFF from the source folder. Delete any empty layers containing no biomass. Select File, Import, and Image Sequence to import the file into ImageJ.Locate and highlight the source folder without opening it and click Select. A sequence options window will appear, click OK.Select Image, Transform, and Flip Z to flip the orientation of the biofilm so that the substratum is at the top of the stack. To define the image properties, select Image and Properties, a source window will appear.Specify the unit of length as micron, define the voxel depth as 0.3, and click OK.Select Image, Adjust, and Threshold. To adjust the image threshold in the threshold window, position the lower slider to the far right to manually set the maximum threshold value and use the upper slider to set the minimum threshold. Then use the slider in the image window to scroll through each layer to ensure that the background noise is sufficiently removed throughout the stack, and select Set to fix the lower threshold value.In the set threshold levels window, select OK, and set and fix the maximum threshold value similarly. Select Apply, click OK in the convert stack to binary window that appears, and exit the threshold window. Select Plugins, Bio-Formats, and Bio-Formats Exporter to save the file with a new file name in the source folder.A Bio-Formats Exporter multiple files window will appear, select OK.A Bio-Formats Exporter options window will appear, select OK again. To run COMSTAT, select plugins and COMSTAT2, an about window will appear, select OK.In the Observed Directories window, select Add, locate and highlight the source folder, highlight and click Choose. An Images in Directories window will appear that lists the OME-TIFFs to be analyzed.On the COMSTAT2.1 window, deselect Automatic Thresholding Otsu's Method and Connected Volume Filtering to ensure that the software uses preset threshold values for individual OME-TIFFs. In the COMSTAT2.1 window, select Biomass, Thickness Distribution and Surface Area, and click Go to run the program. The output data will be shown in the log window.The measurements will be automatically saved as TXT files in the source folder. In this representative analysis, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate, cultured from an infected cystic fibrosis patient, was used to demonstrate the strengths of this approach, inaccurately quantifying antimicrobial induced changes in in vitro biofilm architecture. Live cell imaging can also visualize changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm structure before and after biofilm specific monoclonal and tobramycin treatment.COMSTAT data analysis revealed significant differences between treated biofilm structures compared to control cultures. In tobramycin-treated cultures, a clear reduction in the average thickness and biomass was observed. However, in the presence of antibodies, the P.aeruginosa biofilm was resistant to these tobramycin-induced structural changes.When examining the surface to bio volume ratio, a significant reduction was observed in the presence of antibodies in both tobramycin-exposed and unexposed biofilms, indicating the formation of aggregates in antibody treated cultures. This procedure can be performed to quantitatively assess or compare the effects of different antimicrobials used to disrupt biofilm matrices. Using this technique as a general framework, researchers can explore different ways to refine the protocol to include new mathematical models and algorithmic plugins in ImageJ to better depict biofilm heterogenecy.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

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