Name: high-temperature and high-pressure in situ magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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根据DE-AC05-RL01830和FWP-47319合同，美国能源部、科学办公室、基础能源科学办公室、化学科学、生物科学和地球科学催化计划支持对催化剂应用的审查。国家卫生研究所、国家环境卫生科学研究所根据R21ES029778赠款支持对生物医学应用的审查。实验在EMSL（网格.436923.9）进行，EMSL是能源部科学用户设施办公室，由生物和环境研究办公室赞助，位于太平洋西北国家实验室（PNNL）。PNNL 是巴特尔根据 DE-AC05-RL01830 和 FWP-47319 合同为美国能源部运营的多项目国家实验室。

协议分为四个部分，其中规定1）制备系统中使用的任何固体材料或激活或清除不受欢迎的受体物种，2）在NMR转子中添加固体和液体材料，3）在转子中添加气体，4）在光谱仪中进行NMR实验。该过程代表一个典型的序列，但可以修改以适应实验的具体需要。
1. 预处理固体样品
<ol><li>重量大约是 NMR 实验所需的固体样品质量的两倍（对于 7.5 毫米转子，~250 毫克），并将固体样?...

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此处概述的 MAS NMR 光谱测量方法代表了进行高温、高压 MAS NMR 的最先进的技术状态。这些方法能够以可靠、可重复的方式观察在真空大气中发生的相互作用，以及从低温（远低于0°C至250°C）。在灵活的化学环境中探测含有固体、液体和气体混合物的系统的能力，使各种兴趣的实验得以进行。
虽然以前的许多努力都集中在低磁场（300 MHz）中相对较大的（7.5毫米）NMR转子的利用...

样品光谱分析是一种分析工具，用于获取有关感兴趣的材料（如化学状态、结构或反应性）的宝贵信息。从简单的角度来看，核磁共振（NMR）是利用强磁场操纵原子核自旋状态以更好地了解感兴趣物种的化学环境的技术之一。核自旋状态是指由旋转核运动引起的磁力矩的相对方向，这是一种带正电荷的粒子。在没有磁场的情况下，核自旋是随机方向的，但在磁场存在的情况下，核自旋优先与处于低能量自旋状态的磁体外部磁场对齐。将自旋状态拆分为离散能量值称为 Zeeman 效应。这些能量水平（ΔE）之间的差额按方程 1 建模： <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61794/61794equ01.jpg"> h是浮力的常数，B0 是外部磁场的强度，γ是原子核的陀螺磁比。这些自旋的化学环境也对这些能量水平施加轻微的扰动。相应频率的无线电波可用于激发核，随着纵向磁化（基于平行和反平行状态的自旋群）的减少，由于自旋获得相干性，核产生横向磁化。当原子核继续在磁场轴上预切时，旋转磁运动产生一个磁场，该磁场也在旋转并产生电场。该字段调节 NMR 检测线圈中的电子，生成 NMR 信号。样品中核化学环境的微小差异会影响线圈中检测到的频率。
对固体样品的NMR分析引入了流体中未发现的复杂性。在流体中，分子以快速的速度下降，平均原子核周围的化学环境。在固体样品中，没有出现这种平均效应，在NMR信号中引入了方向依赖的化学环境和宽广的光谱线。为了减轻这些挑战，一种称为魔角旋转（MAS）的技术被采用1，2。在 MAS NMR 中，样品在 54.7356° 的角度快速旋转（几千赫），外部磁场使用外部旋转机制处理 NMR 的定向依赖（非热带）相互作用。这大大缩小了 NMR 特征，并通过平均化学移位单极、二极相互作用和四极相互作用的定向依赖条件来增强光谱分辨率。两个值得注意的例外确实妨碍了MAS NMR的线路缩小能力。第一种是强同核耦合，有时存在于1H NMR 中，需要高旋转速度 （~70 kHz） 才能去除。然而，高温应用温度的显著升高将通过传授增强的热运动来大大抑制1H同核相互作用，从而大大降低样品旋转率，从而显著提高光谱分辨率。此外，随着技术的不断发展，现在可以制造直径较小的转子，以达到远超5 kHz的旋转速率，这有助于进一步抑制1H同核二极相互作用。第二个例外是自旋超过一半的核的残余二阶四极相互作用，因为只有第一个顺序术语在神奇的角度被消除，留下更复杂的线形，只有更强的外部磁场才能改进。需要强调的是，2D MQMAS技术可以轻易地融入到目前的技术中，从而以与标准MQMAS实验3类似的方式获得真正的同位素化学移位光谱。
MAS NMR 实现了固体材料的详细定性，加强了观测质量。然而，在NMR转子（样品持有人）中以高速率旋转样品的必要性，也给在高温和压力下进行实验带来了挑战，这些实验可能与感兴趣的条件更相关。有时，在对NMR转子相对苛刻的条件下检查材料是可取的。多项工作已成功改造液态NMR技术，进行高温、高压NMR 4、5、6、7：但是，用于固态 MAS NMR 的商用转子盖可能会在高压下从转子中排出，对设备造成重大损坏。通过检查大大增加样品持有人压力的分解反应，可以加剧这种影响。因此，需要新的设计来有效和安全地进行原位NMR实验。例如，转子必须坚持多种品质才能在 MAS NMR 中有效使用，即非磁性、轻量级、耐用性、耐温性、低 NMR 背景材料、可密封性、高强度和耐化学性。转子必须承受的压力相当大。转子不仅要承受样品中所含的压力（例如高压气体），而且设备的旋转还传递离心力，这种离心力对系统总压力有其自身的贡献8，PT，方程 2： <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/61794/61794equ02.jpg"> RI 和RO 分别是内转子和外转子半径，ω是每秒半径的旋转频率，P是 样品压力。
已制定多项策略，以解决这些问题。早期的例子类似于火焰密封管10，11，12或聚合物插入13，14，这不足以在高温和压力下延长，精细控制操作。转子设计的迭代由于使用环氧树脂或陶瓷插入物8、15、16的样品体积减少而受制于最高工作温度的限制。最近的一项技术通过在商用转子套管中采用简单的捕捉功能来降低单位生产成本，但相对较少地控制其可操作17的条件。这里采用的设计是一个全氧化锌，洞穴风格的转子袖子磨与螺纹顶部18。盖子也螺纹，以允许安全密封。反向螺纹可防止样品旋转松开氧化锌帽，O 形环构成密封表面。这种转子设计可见图1和类似的转子和说明，使他们已获得专利19。这种策略具有较高的机械强度、耐化学性和耐温性。
这些设计适用于温度和压力至少 250 °C 和 100 bar，受现成的 NMR 探针技术限制温度。与专业的样品制备设备相结合后，它代表了一种真正强大的技术，用于碳固存、催化、储能和生物医学20等影响深远的应用。此类设备包括一种预处理固体材料的方法，以去除不需要的表面物种，如水。这一步骤通常使用熔炉。干盒通常用于将固体样品加载到 NMR 转子中。从那里，转子被转移到一个曝光装置，使转子可以在严格控制的大气层下打开，将所需的气体或混合物装载到转子中。图 2中描绘了这样的设备。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1) Preparation of Solids Samples</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas maniforld</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Mass Flow Controllers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube Furnace</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz Tube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolation Valves</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quartz Wool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2) Loading solid samples into the rotor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry glove box</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-temperature, high-pressure NMR rotor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample funnel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sample packing rod</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical Balance</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsyringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor cap bit</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3) Addition of gases to the rotor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NMR loading chamber</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor stage and appropriately sized inserts</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas maniforld</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas Mass Flow Controllers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Allen wrench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Threaded rod</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wrenchs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Gauge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-pressure syringe pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid syringe pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4) Conducting the NMR experiments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAS NMR probe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer to control the spectrometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-temperature and high-pressure in situ magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

核磁共振（NMR）光谱是了解分子结构和粘合环境的重要技术。存在一种驱动，即在与感兴趣的化学过程相关的条件下对材料进行定性。为了解决这个问题，已经开发了原位高温、高压 MAS NMR 方法，以便能够观察一系列压力（真空到几百柱）和温度（远低于 0 °C 至 250 °C）的化学相互作用。此外，样品的化学标识可以由固体、液体、气体或三者的混合物组成。该方法集成了全硅NMR转子（MAS NMR的样品持有人），可以使用螺纹帽密封以压缩O环。该转子具有极大的耐化学性、温度兼容性、低NMR背景，可承受高压。这些综合因素使它能够在广泛的系统组合中加以利用，这反过来又允许它在碳固存、催化、材料科学、地球化学和生物学等不同领域使用。这项技术的灵活性使它成为来自众多学科的科学家的一个有吸引力的选择。

NMR 光谱仪的输出采用自由感应衰减 （FID） 的形式，即兴奋旋转在放松回到热力学平衡时发出的时间域信号。这样的FID类似于图3。当 Fourier 从时间域转换为频率域（频率到 PPM 的方程 3，其中差绝对频率和参考值除以 NMR 光谱仪的载体频率）时，它表示 NMR 频谱，每个峰值表示在独特的化学环境中的核（图 3）。 <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/61794/6...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

固体、液体、气体和混合物的分子结构和动力学对不同的科学领域至关重要。高温、高压原位MAS NMR使在严格控制的化学环境中，能够检测混合相系统中成分的化学环境。

高温高压原位魔角旋转核磁共振光谱

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents an important technique to understand the structure and bonding environments of molecules. There ...

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Analytical Chemistry

Chemistry

Unit 1

Interpreting Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

在质谱选择离子软着陆准备好定义的表面原位二次离子质谱和红外光谱

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using ...

科研

化学

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

使用酶法，化学（甲基化）和物理（质谱，核磁共振）技术，植物墙Heteroxylans测序

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

在多孔介质中使用电子顺磁共振成像客体分子扩散的原位监测

A method is demonstrated to monitor macroscopic translational diffusion using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging. A host-guest system with ...

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

高压单晶衍射PX ^ 2

In this report we describe detailed procedures for carrying out single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments with a diamond anvil cell (DAC) at the ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

制备及<em&gt;体外</em&gt;磁共振成像基于树状大分子造影剂的表征

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

原位金属氧化物纳米粒子的核探针检测与单细胞定量研究

Micro-analytical techniques based on chemical element imaging enable the localization and quantification of chemical composition at the cellular level. ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

用于高效高温化学的非平衡微波等离子体

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

Microfluidic Dry-spinning and Characterization of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Fibers

微流控干纺及再生丝素纤维的表征

The protocol demonstrates a method for mimicking the spinning process of silkworm. In the native spinning process, the contracting spinning duct enables ...

A Convenient Method for Extraction and Analysis with High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography of Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and Their Metabolites

用高压液相色谱法提取和分析儿茶酚胺神经递质及其代谢物的简便方法

The extraction and analysis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in biological fluids is of great importance in assessing nervous system function and ...

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy

原位锂化参考电极: 四原位阻抗谱的电极设计

Extending operating voltage of Li-ion batteries results in higher energy output from these devices. High voltages, however, may trigger or accelerate ...