Name: semi-quantitative analysis of peptidoglycan by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and bioinformatics
Uploaded: 2020-10-13T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics at JoVE.com

Forfatterne vil gerne takke Dr. Jennifer Geddes-McAlister og Dr. Anthony Clarke for deres bidrag til at forfine denne protokol. Dette arbejde blev støttet af driftstilskud fra CIHR tildelt C.M.K (PJT 156111) og en NSERC Alexander Graham Bell CGS D tildelt EMA Figurer blev oprettet den BioRender.com.

1. Peptidoglycan prøve forberedelse
<ol><li>Vækst af bakteriekulturer BEMÆRK: Væksten af bakteriekulturerne vil variere afhængigt af bakteriearterne og de vækstbetingelser, der undersøges. De eksperimentelle parametre, der skal testes, definerer vækstbetingelserne.<ol><li>Dyrk bakteriekulturer under vækstbetingelser, der kræves til bakteriestammen og eksperimentelt design. Dyrk bakterier som tredobbelte kulturer (biologiske replikater), dvs. tre separate kolonier pr. stamme eller væksttil...

<ol>
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Microbiology. 10 (2), 123-136 (2011).</li><li>Yadav, A. K., Espaillat, A., Cava, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+strategies+to+preserve+cell+wall+integrity+against+environmental+threats.">Bacterial strategies to preserve cell wall integrity against environmental threats.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 9, 2064 (2018).</li><li>Bera, A., Herbert, S., Jakob, A., Vollmer, W., G&#246;tz, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+are+pathogenic+staphylococci+so+lysozyme+resistant?+The+peptidoglycan+O-acetyltransferase+OatA+is+the+major+determinant+for+lysozyme+resistance+of+Staphylococcus+aureus.">Why are pathogenic staphylococci so lysozyme resistant? The peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase OatA is the major determinant for lysozyme resistance of Staphylococcus aureus.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 55 (3), 778-787 (2005).</li><li>Brott, A. S., Clarke, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptidoglycan+O-acetylation+as+a+virulence+factor:+its+effect+on+lysozyme+in+the+innate+immune+system.">Peptidoglycan O-acetylation as a virulence factor: its effect on lysozyme in the innate immune system.</a> Antibiotics. 8 (3), 94 (2019).</li><li>Putty, S., Vemula, H., Bobba, S., Gutheil, W. 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Naturforsdig. 21, 1006-1007 (1966).</li><li>Glauner, B., H&#246;ltje, J. V., Schwarz, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+composition+of+the+murein+of+Escherichia+coli.">The composition of the murein of Escherichia coli.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (21), 10088-10095 (1988).</li><li>Glauner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+and+quantification+of+muropeptides+with+high-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Separation and quantification of muropeptides with high-performance liquid chromatography.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 172, 451-464 (1988).</li><li>Anderson, E. 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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+analysis+of+the+peptidoglycan+composition+in+Streptomyces+coelicolor.">High-resolution analysis of the peptidoglycan composition in Streptomyces coelicolor.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 200 (20), 00290 (2018).</li><li>Bern, M., Beniston, R., Mesnage, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+an+automated+analysis+of+bacterial+peptidoglycan+structure.">Towards an automated analysis of bacterial peptidoglycan structure.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 409, 551-560 (2017).</li><li>Brott, A. S., Sychantha, D., Clarke, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assays+for+the+enzymes+catalyzing+the+O-acetylation+of+bacterial+cell+wall+polysaccharides.">Assays for the enzymes catalyzing the O-acetylation of bacterial cell wall polysaccharides.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1954, 115-136 (2019).</li><li>Clarke, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compositional+analysis+of+peptidoglycan+by+high-performance+anion-exchange+chromatography.">Compositional analysis of peptidoglycan by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 212 (2), 344-350 (1993).</li><li>Rusconi, F., Douard Valton, &. #. 2. 0. 1. ;., Nguyen, R., Dufourc, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+sodium+dodecyl+sulfate+in+microliter-volume+biochemical+samples+by+visible+light+spectroscopy.">Quantification of sodium dodecyl sulfate in microliter-volume biochemical samples by visible light spectroscopy.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 295, 31-37 (2001).</li><li>Verwer, R. W. H., Beachey, E. H., Keck, W., Stoub, A. M., Poldermans, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oriented+fragmentation+of+Escherichia+coli+sacculi+by+sonication.">Oriented fragmentation of Escherichia coli sacculi by sonication.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 141 (1), 327-332 (1980).</li><li>Benjamini, Y., Hochberg, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+false+discovery+rate:+A+practical+and+powerful+approach+to+multiple+testing.">Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing.</a> Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological). 57 (1), 289-300 (1995).</li><li>Article, R., Alonso, A., Marsal, S., Juli&#224;, A., James Carroll, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analytical+methods+in+untargeted+metabolomics:+state+of+the+art+in+2015.">Analytical methods in untargeted metabolomics: state of the art in 2015.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 3, 23 (2015).</li><li>Xi, B., Gu, H., Baniasadi, H., Raftery, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+analysis+and+modeling+of+mass+spectrometry-based+metabolomics+data.">Statistical analysis and modeling of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics data.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1198, 333-353 (2014).</li><li>Tyanova, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Perseus+computational+platform+for+comprehensive+analysis+of+(prote)omics+data.">The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote)omics data.</a> Nature Methods. 13 (9), 731-740 (2016).</li><li>Cox, J., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1D+and+2D+annotation+enrichment:+a+statistical+method+integrating+quantitative+proteomics+with+complementary+high-throughput+data.">1D and 2D annotation enrichment: a statistical method integrating quantitative proteomics with complementary high-throughput data.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 13, 12 (2012).</li><li>Chang, J. D., Foster, E. E., Thadani, A. N., Ramirez, A. J., Kim, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+cell+wall+biosynthesis+by+desleucyl-oritavancin:+A+quantitative+peptidoglycan+composition+analysis+by+mass+spectrometry.">Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall biosynthesis by desleucyl-oritavancin: A quantitative peptidoglycan composition analysis by mass spectrometry.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 199 (15), 00278 (2017).</li><li>Glauner, B., H&#246;ltje, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+pattern+of+the+murein+sacculus+of+Escherichia+coli.">Growth pattern of the murein sacculus of Escherichia coli.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 265 (31), 18988-18996 (1990).</li><li>Espaillat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemometric+analysis+of+bacterial+peptidoglycan+reveals+atypical+modifications+that+empower+the+cell+wall+against+predatory+enzymes+and+fly+innate+immunity.">Chemometric analysis of bacterial peptidoglycan reveals atypical modifications that empower the cell wall against predatory enzymes and fly innate immunity.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (29), 9193-9204 (2016).</li><li>Quintela, J. C., Caparros, M., de Pedro, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+of+peptidoglycan+structural+parameters+in+Gram-negative+bacteria.">Variability of peptidoglycan structural parameters in Gram-negative bacteria.</a> FEMS Microbiology Letters. 125, 95-100 (1995).</li><li>Quintela, J. C., Zollner, P., Portillo, F. G., Allmaier, G., de Pedro, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+wall+structural+divergence+among+Thermus+spp.">Cell wall structural divergence among Thermus spp.</a> FEMS Microbiology Letters. 172, 223-229 (1999).</li><li>Torrens, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+peptidoglycans+from+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+isolates+recovered+from+chronic+and+acute+infections.">Comparative analysis of peptidoglycans from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from chronic and acute infections.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 10, 0868 (2019).</li><li>Antignac, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+structural+analysis+of+the+peptidoglycan+of+the+human+pathogen+Neisseria+meningitidis.">Detailed structural analysis of the peptidoglycan of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (34), 31521-31528 (2003).</li><li>De Jonges, B. 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The role of penicillin binding protein 2A.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (16), 11248-11264 (1992).</li><li>Lee, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muropeptides+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+and+their+role+as+elicitors+of+&#946;-lactam-antibiotic+resistance.">Muropeptides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their role as elicitors of &#946;-lactam-antibiotic resistance.</a> Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. 55, 6882-6886 (2016).</li><li>Schumann, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptidoglycan+Structure.">Peptidoglycan Structure.</a> Methods in Microbiology. 38, 101-129 (2011).</li><li>Wientjes, F. B., Woldringh, C. L., Nanninga, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amount+of+peptidoglycan+in+cell+walls+of+Gram-negative+bacteria.">Amount of peptidoglycan in cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 173 (23), 7684-7691 (1991).</li></ol>

Denne protokol beskriver en metode til oprensning af peptidoglycan fra bakteriekulturer, proces til LC-MS-detektion og analyse af sammensætning ved hjælp af bioinformatiske teknikker. Her fokuserer vi på gramnegative bakterier, og der kræves nogle mindre ændringer for at muliggøre analyse af grampositive bakterier.
Fremstillingen af muropeptider har været stort set den samme, siden den først blev produceret i 1960'erne 9,11,15....

Peptidoglycan (PG) er et definerende kendetegn ved bakterier, der tjener til at opretholde cellemorfologi, samtidig med at det giver strukturel støtte til proteiner og andre cellulære komponenter 1,2. Rygraden i PG består af alternerende β-1,4-bundet N-acetyl muraminsyre (MurNAc) og N-acetylglucosamin (GlcNAc)1,2. Hver MurNAc besidder et kort peptid bundet ved ᴅ-lactylresten, der kan tværbindes til tilstødende disaccharidbundne peptider (figur 1A, B). Denne tværbinding producerer en maskelignende struktur, der omfatter hele cellen og ofte omtales som en sakculus (figur 1C). Under PG-syntese genereres forstadier i cytoplasmaet og transporteres over den cytoplasmatiske membran af flippaser. Forstadier inkorporeres efterfølgende i den modne PG ved transglycosylase og transpeptidaseenzymer, som producerer henholdsvisglycosid- og peptidbindingerne3. Men når de er samlet, er der adskillige enzymer produceret af bakterierne, der ændrer og / eller nedbryder PG for at udføre en række cellulære processer, herunder vækst og deling. Derudover har forskellige modifikationer af PG vist sig at give tilpasninger, der er specifikke for stammen, vækstbetingelserne og miljøbelastningen, som har været impliceret i cellesignalering, antimikrobiel resistens og værtsimmununddragelse4. Som eksempler er en almindelig modifikation tilføjelsen af en C6-acetylgruppe på MurNAc, der giver resistens ved at begrænse adgangen til glycan-β-1,4-bindingerne til værtsproducerede lysozymenzymer, der nedbryder PG 4,5,6. I enterokokker giver substitution af peptidsidekædens terminale ᴅ-Ala med ᴅ-Lac en større resistens over for det antimikrobielle vancomycin 7,8.
Den generelle procedure for PG-isolering og -oprensning har været relativt uændret, siden den blev beskrevet i 1960'erne9. Bakteriemembraner opløses gennem varmebehandling med SDS efterfulgt af enzymatisk fjernelse af bundne proteiner, glycolipider og resterende DNA. Den rensede intakte sacculus kan efterfølgende fordøjes i de enkelte komponenter ved hydrolyse af β-1,4-forbindelsen mellem GlcNAc og MurNAc. Denne fordøjelse producerer GlcNAc-MurNAc-disaccharider med eventuelle strukturelle ændringer og / eller tværbindinger intakte og kaldes muropeptider (figur 1B).
Sammensætningsanalyse af PG blev oprindeligt udført gennem højtryksvæskekromatografisk separation (HPLC) for at rense hvert muropeptid efterfulgt af manuel identifikation af muropeptider10,11. Dette er siden blevet erstattet af væskekromatografi tandem massespektrometri (LC-MS), som øger detektionsfølsomheden og reducerer den manuelle arbejdsbyrde ved rensning af hvert enkelt muropeptid. Den tidskrævende og komplekse karakter af den manuelle identifikation af muropeptider er imidlertid forblevet en begrænsende faktor, hvilket reducerer antallet af udførte undersøgelser. I de senere år med fremkomsten af "omiske" teknologier er automatiseret LC-MS-funktionsekstraktion blevet et kraftfuldt værktøj, der muliggør hurtig detektion og identifikation af individuelle forbindelser i komplekse prøver fra meget store datasæt. Når funktionerne er identificeret, sammenligner bioinformatisk software statistisk variationen mellem prøver ved hjælp af differentiel analyse, der isolerer selv minimale forskelle mellem det komplekse datasæt og viser dem grafisk for brugeren. Anvendelsen af software til funktionsekstraktion til analyse af PG-sammensætning er kun lige begyndt at blive udforsket 12,13,14 og koblet til bioinformatisk analyse 12. I modsætning til proteomisk analyse, der drager fordel af de let tilgængelige proteindatabaser, der forudsiger peptidfragmentering, hvilket muliggør fuldautomatisk identifikation, findes der i øjeblikket ikke noget fragmenteringsbibliotek for peptidoglycomics. Imidlertid kan funktionsekstraktion kombineres med kendte og forudsagte strukturelle databaser for at forudsige muropeptididentifikation12. Her præsenterer vi en detaljeret protokol til brug af LC-MS-baseret funktionsekstraktion kombineret med et muropeptidbibliotek til automatiseret identifikation og bioinformatisk differentialanalyse af PG-sammensætning (figur 2).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 reverse phase column - AdvanceBio Peptide column (100 mm x 2.1 mm 2.7 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LC-MS data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating mantle controller, Optichem</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>50-401-788</td>
			<td>for 4% SDS boil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating Mantle, 1000mL Hemispherical</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>CG1000008</td>
			<td>for 4% SDS boil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator, 37&#176;C</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for sacculi purification and MS sample prep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibig condenser, 300MM 24/40,</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>CG121805</td>
			<td>for 4% SDS boil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lyophilizer</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for lyophilization of sacculi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magentic stirrer</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>90-691-18</td>
			<td>for 4% SDS boil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mass spectrometer Q-Tof model UHD 6530</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LC-MS data acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microcentrifuge filters, Nanosep MF 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>50-197-9573</td>
			<td>cleanup of sample before MS injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retort stand</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-000-102</td>
			<td>for 4% SDS boil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retort clamp</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S02629</td>
			<td>for 4% SDS boil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>round bottom flask - 1 liter pyrex</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>07-250-084</td>
			<td>for 4% SDS boil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator model 120</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB120</td>
			<td>for sacculi purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator - micro tip</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB4422</td>
			<td>for sacculi purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>sacculi wash steps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge bottles, Ti45</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9691797</td>
			<td>sacculi wash steps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water supply</td>
			<td>City</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for water cooled condenser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemdraw</td>
			<td>Cambridgesoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>molecular editor for muropeptide fragmentation prediction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>viewing lists of annotated muropeptides, abundance, isotopic patterns, etc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MassHunter Acquisition</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>running QTOF instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MassHunter Mass Profiler Professional</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>bioinformatic differential analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MassHunter Personal Compound Database and Library Manager</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>muropeptide m/z MS database</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MassHunter Profinder</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>recursive feature extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MassHunter Qualitative analysis</td>
			<td>Aglient</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>viewing MS and MS/MS chromatograms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism</td>
			<td>Graphpad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Graphing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perseus</td>
			<td>Max Plank Institute of Biochemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1D annotation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A998-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium acetate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amylase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP168-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>EN0521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>27001-500ML-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LC-MS tuning mix - HP0321</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>G1969-85000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mutanolysin from Streptomyces globisporus ATCC 21553</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen gas (&#62;99% purity)</td>
			<td>Praxair</td>
			<td>NI 5.0UH-T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphoric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A242</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pronase E from Streptomyces griseus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>EN0531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S0489</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borohydride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>452890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate (dibasic)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S373</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate (monobasic)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S369</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stains-all</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

semi-quantitative analysis of peptidoglycan by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and bioinformatics

Peptidoglycan er en vigtig bestanddel af bakterielle cellevægge og et fælles cellulært mål for antimikrobielle stoffer. Selvom aspekter af peptidoglycanstrukturen er ret bevaret på tværs af alle bakterier, er der også betydelig variation mellem grampositive / negative og mellem arter. Derudover er der adskillige kendte variationer, modifikationer eller tilpasninger af peptidoglycanen, der kan forekomme inden for en bakterieart som reaktion på vækstfase og / eller miljømæssige stimuli. Disse variationer producerer en meget dynamisk struktur, der vides at deltage i mange cellulære funktioner, herunder vækst / deling, antibiotikaresistens og undgåelse af værtsforsvar. For at forstå variationen inden for peptidoglycan skal den overordnede struktur opdeles i dets konstitutive dele (kendt som muropeptider) og vurderes for den samlede cellulære sammensætning. Peptidoglycomics bruger avanceret massespektrometri kombineret med kraftig bioinformatisk dataanalyse til at undersøge peptidoglycansammensætning i detaljer. Følgende protokol beskriver oprensning af peptidoglycan fra bakteriekulturer, erhvervelse af muropeptidintensitetsdata gennem et væskekromatograf-massespektrometer og differentiel analyse af peptidoglycansammensætning ved anvendelse af bioinformatik.

Øget detekteringsfølsomhed af MS-maskiner kombineret med højtydende peakgenkendelsessoftware har forbedret evnen til at isolere, overvåge og analysere stofsammensætninger af komplekse prøver i meget små detaljer. Ved hjælp af disse teknologiske fremskridt er nylige undersøgelser af peptidoglycansammensætning begyndt at bruge automatiserede LC-MS-funktionsekstraktionsteknikker 12,13,14,24 over ældre HPLC-baserede metoder 11,25,26,27,28,29,30,31</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics at JoVE.com

Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Peptidoglycan by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Bioinformatics

Denne protokol dækker en detaljeret analyse af peptidoglycansammensætning ved hjælp af væskekromatografi, massespektrometri kombineret med avanceret funktionsekstraktion og bioinformatisk analysesoftware.

Semikvantitativ analyse af peptidoglycan ved væskekromatografi, massespektrometri og bioinformatik

Peptidoglycan is an important component of bacterial cell walls and a common cellular target for antimicrobials. Although aspects of peptidoglycan ...

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Biochemistry

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En Tandem væskekromatografi-massespektrometri-baseret tilgang til Metabolit Analyse af<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em

In an effort to thwart bacterial pathogens, hosts often limit the availability of nutrients at the site of infection. This limitation can alter the ...

Lipid Droplet Isolation for Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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The maintenance of the genome and its faithful replication is paramount for conserving genetic information. To assess high fidelity replication, we have ...

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Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is an emerging technology in systems and synthetic biology for the in vitro production of proteins. However, if CFPS is ...