Name: label-free quantitative proteomics workflow for discovery-driven host-pathogen interactions
Uploaded: 2020-10-20T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions at JoVE.com

Forfatterne takker Dr. Jonathan Krieger fra Bioinformatics Solutions Inc. for at drive massespektrometeret for repræsentative eksperimenter samt medlemmer af Geddes-McAlister-gruppen for deres hjælp med eksperimentel opsætning og manuskriptfeedback. Forfatterne anerkender delvist støtte til fra Banting Research Foundation - The Jarislowsky Fellowship Discovery Award, New Frontiers Research Fund - Exploration (NFRFE-2019-00425) og Canadian Foundation for Innovation (JELF 38798) for J.G.M., samt NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship - Masters and Ontario Graduate Scholarship for B.B., og Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology for A.S..

En udødeliggjort linje af makrofager afledt af BALB/c mus blev anvendt til følgende protokol godkendt af University of Guelph Animal Utilization Protocol 4193. Især kan andre stammer af mus eller andre kilder til udødeliggjorte celler anvendes på den skitserede protokol med tilstrækkelig testning til at optimere de detaljerede parametre. Følgende protokol navigerer i trinnene, der begynder med et frosset hætteglas med makrofagceller. Celler opbevares i 10% FBS (føtal kvæg serum), 1% L-glutamin og 5% Pen/ Strep ...

<ol>
	<li>Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R., Denning, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+and+Multi-National+Prevalence+of+Fungal+Diseases-Estimate+Precision.">Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision.</a> Journal of Fungi. , (2017).</li><li>Tugume, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-Associated+cryptococcal+meningitis+occurring+at+relatively+higher+CD4+counts.">HIV-Associated cryptococcal meningitis occurring at relatively higher CD4 counts.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 219 (6), 877-883 (2019).</li><li>Rajasingham, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+burden+of+disease+of+HIV-associated+cryptococcal+meningitis:+an+updated+analysis.">Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis.</a> The Lancet Infectious Diseases. , (2017).</li><li>Perfect, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antifungal+pipeline:+A+reality+check.">The antifungal pipeline: A reality check.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. , (2017).</li><li>Bermas, A., Geddes-McAlister, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combatting+the+evolution+of+anti-fungal+resistance+in+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Combatting the evolution of anti-fungal resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> Molecular Microbiology. , 1-14 (2020).</li><li>Geddes-McAlister, J., Shapiro, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+pathogens,+new+tricks:+Emerging,+drug-resistant+fungal+pathogens+and+future+prospects+for+antifungal+therapeutics.">New pathogens, new tricks: Emerging, drug-resistant fungal pathogens and future prospects for antifungal therapeutics.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. , (2018).</li><li>Ball, B., Bermas, A., Carruthers-Lay, D., Geddes-McAlister, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+Spectrometry-Based+Proteomics+of+Fungal+Pathogenesis,+Host-Fungal+Interactions,+and+Antifungal+Development.">Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Fungal Pathogenesis, Host-Fungal Interactions, and Antifungal Development.</a> Journal of Fungi. , (2019).</li><li>Sukumaran, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoding+communication+patterns+of+the+innate+immune+system+by+quantitative+proteomics.">Decoding communication patterns of the innate immune system by quantitative proteomics.</a> J Leukocyte Biol. , (2019).</li><li>Salas, D., Stacey, R. G., Akinlaja, M., Foster, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+interactomics:+Considerations+for+the+use+of+co-elution+to+measure+protein+interaction+networks.">Next-generation interactomics: Considerations for the use of co-elution to measure protein interaction networks.</a> Molecular and Cellular Proteomics. , (2020).</li><li>Aebersold, R., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass-spectrometric+exploration+of+proteome+structure+and+function.">Mass-spectrometric exploration of proteome structure and function.</a> Nature. 537 (7620), 347-355 (2016).</li><li>Mann, M., Kulak, N. A., Nagaraj, N., Cox, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Coming+Age+of+Complete,+Accurate,+and+Ubiquitous+Proteomes.">The Coming Age of Complete, Accurate, and Ubiquitous Proteomes.</a> Molecular Cell. 49 (4), 583-590 (2013).</li><li>Cox, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+Proteome-wide+Label-free+Quantification+by+Delayed+Normalization+and+Maximal+Peptide+Ratio+Extraction,+Termed+MaxLFQ.">Accurate Proteome-wide Label-free Quantification by Delayed Normalization and Maximal Peptide Ratio Extraction, Termed MaxLFQ.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 13 (9), 2513-2526 (2014).</li><li>Ankney, J. A., Muneer, A., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relative+and+Absolute+Quantitation+in+Mass+Spectrometry-Based+Proteomics.">Relative and Absolute Quantitation in Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics.</a> Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. , (2018).</li><li>Cox, J., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MaxQuant+enables+high+peptide+identification+rates,+individualized+p.p.b.-range+mass+accuracies+and+proteome-wide+protein+quantification.">MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 26 (12), 1367-1372 (2008).</li><li>Tyanova, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Perseus+computational+platform+for+comprehensive+analysis+of+(prote)omics+data.">The Perseus computational platform for comprehensive analysis of (prote)omics data.</a> Nature Methods. 13 (9), 731-740 (2016).</li><li>Cox, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Andromeda:+A+peptide+search+engine+integrated+into+the+MaxQuant+environment.">Andromeda: A peptide search engine integrated into the MaxQuant environment.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. , (2011).</li><li>Zhong, Z., Pirofski, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opsonization+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans+by+human+anticryptococcal+glucuronoxylomannan+antibodies.">Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human anticryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan antibodies.</a> Infection and Immunity. , (1996).</li><li>Nicola, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+autophagy+in+immunity+to+Cryptococcus+neoformans+and+Candida+albicans.">Macrophage autophagy in immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans.</a> Infection and Immunity. , (2012).</li><li>Ball, B., Geddes-McAlister, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Proteomic+Profiling+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> Current Protocols in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Geddes-McAlister, J., Gadjeva, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectromerty-based+quantitative+proteomics+of+murine-derived+polymorphonuclear+neutrophils.">Mass spectromerty-based quantitative proteomics of murine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2019).</li><li>Geddes, J. M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretome+profiling+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans+reveals+regulation+of+a+subset+of+virulence-associated+proteins+and+potential+biomarkers+by+protein+kinase+A.">Secretome profiling of Cryptococcus neoformans reveals regulation of a subset of virulence-associated proteins and potential biomarkers by protein kinase A.</a> BMC Microbiology. , (2015).</li><li>Geddes, J. M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+protein+kinase+a-regulated+proteome+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans+identifies+a+role+for+the+ubiquitin-proteasome+pathway+in+capsule+formation.">Analysis of the protein kinase a-regulated proteome of Cryptococcus neoformans identifies a role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in capsule formation.</a> mBio. 7 (1), 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Al Shweiki, M. H. D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Label-Free+Quantification+in+Discovery+Proteomics+and+Impact+of+Technological+Factors+and+Natural+Variability+of+Protein+Abundance.">Assessment of Label-Free Quantification in Discovery Proteomics and Impact of Technological Factors and Natural Variability of Protein Abundance.</a> Journal of Proteome Research. , (2017).</li><li>Ong, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+Isotope+Labeling+by+Amino+Acids+in+Cell+Culture,+SILAC,+as+a+Simple+and+Accurate+Approach+to+Expression+Proteomics.">Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture, SILAC, as a Simple and Accurate Approach to Expression Proteomics.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 1 (5), 376-386 (2002).</li><li>Thompson, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tandem+mass+tags:+A+novel+quantification+strategy+for+comparative+analysis+of+complex+protein+mixtures+by+MS/MS.">Tandem mass tags: A novel quantification strategy for comparative analysis of complex protein mixtures by MS/MS.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 75 (8), 1895-1904 (2003).</li><li>Borner, G. H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organellar+Maps+Through+Proteomic+Profiling+-+A+Conceptual+Guide.">Organellar Maps Through Proteomic Profiling - A Conceptual Guide.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. , (2020).</li><li>Gingras, A. C., Abe, K. T., Raught, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+to+know+the+neighborhood:+using+proximity-dependent+biotinylation+to+characterize+protein+complexes+and+map+organelles.">Getting to know the neighborhood: using proximity-dependent biotinylation to characterize protein complexes and map organelles.</a> Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. , (2019).</li><li>Kugadas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frontline+Science:+Employing+enzymatic+treatment+options+for+management+of+ocular+biofilm-based+infections.">Frontline Science: Employing enzymatic treatment options for management of ocular biofilm-based infections.</a> Journal of Leukocyte Biology. , (2019).</li><li>Yeung, J., Gadjeva, M., Geddes-McAlister, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Label-Free+Quantitative+Proteomics+Distinguishes+General+and+Site-Specific+Host+Responses+to+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+Infection+at+the+Ocular+Surface.">Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Distinguishes General and Site-Specific Host Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection at the Ocular Surface.</a> Proteomics. , (2020).</li><li>Yeung, J., Lamb, J., Krieger, J. R., Gadjeva, M., Geddes-McAlister, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Proteomic+Profiling+ofMurine+Ocular+Tissue+and+theExtracellular+Environment.">Quantitative Proteomic Profiling ofMurine Ocular Tissue and theExtracellular Environment.</a> Current Protocols in Mouse Biology. 10 (83), (2020).</li></ol>

Kritiske trin i protokollen omfatter forberedelse af makrofagceller og indsamling af co-kulturprøver til proteinbehandling med minimal forstyrrelse af cellerne. Det er vigtigt at udføre trin til vask, podning og fjernelse af vedhængende makrofagceller forsigtigt og omhyggeligt for at forhindre unødvendig lysis af celler før indsamling. Det er også afgørende at fastslå den korrekte MOI til forsøget, da podning med et for højt MOI kan forårsage hurtig makrofagcelledød og vanskeligheder med at indsamle og behand...

Forekomsten af invasive svampeinfektioner er stærkt stigende og er korreleret med uacceptabelt høje dødelighedsrater, oftest rapporteret hos personer med immundefekt prædispositioner1. Cryptococcus neoformans er et berygtet opportunistisk svampepatogen, der er i stand til intracellulær overlevelse inden for værts makrofagceller. Utilstrækkelig svampedræbende intervention resulterer i svampeformidling og livstruende manifestationer af cryptococcal meningitis og meningoencephalitis2,3. Den globale stigning i immunkompromitteret status har krævet en parallel stigning i brugen af svampemidler, hvor mange svampearter, herunder C. neoformans , i stigende grad har udviklet resistens over for4,5,6. Derfor er det bydende nødvendigt at implementere robuste og effektive teknologier til at besvare vitale biologiske spørgsmål vedrørende værtsforsvarsrespons og mikrobiel patogenese.
Den nye tidsalder med teknologiske fremskridt inden for massespektrometri (MS), herunder generering af kraftige beregningsmæssige og bioinformatiske rørledninger, danner grundlaget for en integrativ vision for storstilet analyse af værtspatogenforskning7,8. Konventionel patogenesedrevet proteomisk analyse profilerer almindeligvis infektionssynet fra enten værts- eller patogenperspektivet, herunder omfattende metoder såsom proteinkorrelationsprofilering, affinitetskromatografi kombineret med proteomik og interactomics9. Undersøgelser af virulens af farlige patogener i et værtssystem er af enorm klinisk betydning; Anvendelsen af en analyse med to perspektiver i et enkelt eksperiment blev imidlertid tidligere anset for uopnåelig. For eksempel er patogenets perspektiv mod infektion ofte overvældet af meget rigelige værtsproteiner, hvilket resulterer i reduceret følsomhed til påvisning af lav-rigelige svampeproteiner7. Desuden opfordrer den høje prøvekompleksitet mange mål til at undersøge i et enkelt forsøgssystem og viser sig at være en udfordring at belyse virkningsmekanismer for et specifikt patogenprotein.
Bottom-up proteomics er en populær MS-teknik, der muliggør håndterbar prøveforberedelse, hvor peptider genereres af sekvensspecifik enzymatisk fordøjelse efterfulgt af væskekromatografiadskillelse, identifikation og kvantificering af MS10,11. Her præsenterer vi en metode, der demonstrerer en dataafhængig anskaffelsesstrategi med det formål at opnå en upartisk dækning af en infektionsbaseret proteom eller 'infectome'. Specifikt, label-fri kvantificering (LFQ) kaster afhængighed af kemiske eller metaboliske etiketter for robust og præcis identifikation af protein niveau ændringer på tværs af flere proteomer, reducere prøve håndtering og forarbejdning trin12,13. Denne universelle applikation afhører producerede proteiner på et givet tidspunkt i en celle uafhængigt af enhver forventet proteinproduktion; således kan nye indsigter blive opdaget, der er afgørende for infektion.
Den arbejdsgang, der er beskrevet heri, er optimeret til at udforske ændringer i proteinniveauet i C. neoformans under infektions-efterlignende tilstande med værts immunceller (Figur 1). I stedet for at basere sig på isolering og adskillelse af celletyper udtrækker denne tilgang værts- og patogenproteomet sammen og anvender bioinformatatisk adskillelse ved hjælp af to organismespecifikke databaser til at skelne artsspecifik proteinproduktion. Denne metode giver fordele ved, at et ubegrænset antal prøver behandles uden de ekstra dyre forberedelsestrin, der er nødvendige i isotopbaserede mærkningsundersøgelser eller fraktionering. Desuden understøtter denne arbejdsgang optimerede proteinudvindingsprotokoller, der kan overføres til en bred vifte af svampe- og bakteriepatogener, der er i stand til at målrette og inficere værts immunceller. Samlet set skitserer denne protokol trinene til at fuldføre en upartisk proteinudvinding og prøvebehandling til ms i høj opløsning efterfulgt af data og statistisk analyse, der er i stand til at give et væld af viden om svampeproteiner, der er vigtige for infektion kombineret med omfattende profilering af værtsforsvarsresponset.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Maintain at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 x 15 mm Dish, Nunclon Delta</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>174888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>140675</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile, MS grade</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>TS-51101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>1099510001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34850-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium bicarbonate (ABC)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A643-500</td>
			<td>Prepare a stock 50 mM ABC solution, stable at room temperature for up to one month.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bel-Art&#8482; HiFlow Vacuum Aspirator Collection System</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-717-300</td>
			<td>Not essential, serological pipettes can be used to remove media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 resin</td>
			<td>3M Empore</td>
			<td>3M2215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Scrapers</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10062-906</td>
			<td>Not essential, other methods to release macrophage cells can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugal vaccuum concentrator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>07-748-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Filtration Unit</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10040-436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical falcon tubes (15 mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-539-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess II Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AMQAX1000</td>
			<td>Not essential, haemocytometer can be used as an alternative.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G1780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R0861</td>
			<td>Prepare bulk stock solution of 1 M DTT, flash frozen and stored at -20 &#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10566016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12483020</td>
			<td>Heat inactivate by incubating at 60&#176;C for 30 minutes. Prepare 50 ml aliquots and flash freeze. Thaw prior to media preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Haemocytometer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>15170-208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>Prepare 40 mM HEPES/8 M Urea in bulk stock solution, flash frozen, store at -20&#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-performance liquid chromatography system</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>LC140</td>
			<td>Gradient length is based on sample complexity, recommended 120 min gradient for infectome samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-resolution mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>726042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodoacetamide (IAA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I6125</td>
			<td>Prepare 0.55 M bulk stock solution, flash frozen, store at -20&#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>Can be aliquot and frozen for storage. Thaw prior to media preparation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LoBind Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>13-698-794</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MaxQuant</td>
			<td>https://maxquant.org/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MaxQuant is a public platform that offers tutorials, such as the MaxQuant Summer School, outlining the computational analysis steps of large MS data sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>13864457</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin : Streptomycin 10k/10k</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA12001-692</td>
			<td>Can be aliquot and frozen for storage. Thaw prior to media preparation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptide separation columns</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ES803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perseus Software</td>
			<td>http://maxquant.net/perseus/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA12001-676</td>
			<td>Puchase not required. PBS can also be prepared but sterile filteration must be performed before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette, Disposable Serological (10 mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-11E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette, Disposable Serological (25 mL) Basix</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14955235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Probe sonciator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>100-132-894</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail tablet</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>28364</td>
			<td>20% (w/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer (Nanodrop)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAGE tipping centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sonation</td>
			<td>STC-V2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal Shaker</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NO89232-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>85183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/Lys-C protease mix, MS grade</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>A40007</td>
			<td>Maintain at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td>Bransonic</td>
			<td>A89375-450</td>
			<td>Stored in cold room (4C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>U1250-1KG</td>
			<td>Prepare 40 mM HEPES/8 M Urea in bulk stock solution, flash frozen, store at -20 &#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast-extract peptone dextrose broth</td>
			<td>BD Difco</td>
			<td>BM20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

label-free quantitative proteomics workflow for discovery-driven host-pathogen interactions

De teknologiske resultater af massespektrometri (MS)-baserede kvantitative proteomics åbner mange uopdagede muligheder for at analysere en organismes globale proteom under forskellige forhold. Denne kraftfulde strategi, der anvendes til samspillet mellem mikrobielle patogener med den ønskede vært, karakteriserer udførligt begge perspektiver mod infektion. Heri beskriver arbejdsgangen etiketfri kvantificering (LFQ) af infectome af Cryptococcus neoformans, et svampefakultetativt intracellulært patogen, der er årsagsmidlet til den dødelige sygdom cryptococcosis, i nærværelse af udødeliggjorte makrofagceller. Protokollen indeholder nærmere oplysninger om de korrekte proteinforberedelsesteknikker for både patogen- og pattedyrsceller i et enkelt forsøg, hvilket resulterer i passende peptidindsendelse med henblik på væskekromatografi (LC)-MS/MS-analyse. Den høje gennemstrømning generiske karakter af LFQ giver et bredt dynamisk udvalg af protein identifikation og kvantificering, samt overførbarhed til enhver vært-patogen infektion indstilling, opretholde ekstrem følsomhed. Metoden er optimeret til at katalogisere omfattende, upartiske protein overflod profiler af et patogen inden for infektion-efterligne betingelser. Specifikt giver den metode, der demonstreres her, vigtige oplysninger om C. neoformans patogenese, såsom proteinproduktion, der er nødvendig for virulens og identificerer kritiske værtsproteiner, der reagerer på mikrobiel invasion.

Den ovenfor skitserede protokol gør det muligt at identificere og kvantificere proteiner, der stammer fra både svampepatogenet C. neoformans, og værten, makrofagceller, i et enkelt eksperiment. Efter co-kultur indsamles og forarbejdes celler sammen og bioinformatisk adskilt baseret på peptidprofiler, der er specifikke for hver art. Dette er en kraftfuld tilgang til at definere samspillet mellem værtspatogenforholdet under infektion. Antallet af proteiner, der identificeres fra eksperimentet, afhænger af ud...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions at JoVE.com

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions

Her præsenterer vi en protokol til at profilere samspillet mellem vært og patogen under infektion med massespektrometri-baserede proteomics. Denne protokol bruger etiketfri kvantificering til at måle ændringer i proteintæthed for både vært (f.eks. makrofager) og patogen (f.eks. Cryptococcus neoformans)i et enkelt eksperiment.

Label-Free Kvantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Patogen Interaktioner

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s ...

Our protocol investigates fungal infection from both the host and pathogen perspectives to identify interactions between the biological systems that are critical for a disease. We can detect both fungal and host proteins in a single experiment and identify fungal proteins only produced during infection, representing novel infection-associated proteins. Although we focus on treating fungal infections by uncovering novel anti-virulent strategies for treatment, our proteomics and bioinformatics pipeline is universal and could be applied to many biological systems.Our approach lays the foundation for studies of different pathogens and numerous immune responses and can be used to provide new insights into the relationship between cryptococcus and the innate immune system. The macrophage response to pathogens and detecting enough fungal proteins are important. Therefore testing and optimizing MOIs and time points for each species are recommended.As macrophage and fungal cell culture can be challenging, knowing what to expect after coculture is important. Visualization provides the researcher with confidence in implementing the procedure. To prepare fungal cells for a macrophage infection, collect and centrifuge C neoformans cells from a mid long phase culture, followed by three gentle washes with one milliliter of room temperature PBS under the same centrifuge conditions.After the last wash, resuspend the fungal cells at a 1.2 times 10 to the eighth cells per milliliter of antibiotic free cell culture, medium concentration and add one milliliter of fungal cell suspension to each of four wells of a 70%to 80%confluent six well macrophage culture plate. Then, place the plate in the cell culture incubator for three hours. Carefully tilt the plate to allow each well to be gently washed three times with one milliliter of PBS per well per wash.To measure the infection proficiency after the last wash, add one milliliter of antibiotic free medium to each well of the six well plate, and place the plate in the cell culture incubator. At the appropriate experimental time points, collect the supernatant from each well and measure the amount of LDH in each well according to standard protocols. At the same time points, lyse the uninfected macrophage cells to determine the value for maximum cytotoxicity.The cytotoxicity can then be calculated using the formula as indicated. For uninfected macrophage collection and co-culture, add one milliliter of cold PBS to each well of uninfected macrophages. After one minute, gently tap the plate to detach the cells from the bottoms of the wells and pool the cell suspensions into a single 15 milliliter tube.Collect the cells by centrifugation and completely remove the supernatant to allow immediate flash freezing of the pellet in liquid nitrogen for minus 80 degree storage. Principal component analysis of the process to datasets reveals that, as expected, the largest component of separation among the data is infected versus non-infected samples. The second distinguishing feature of the samples is their biological variability.Combining a Pearson correlation with hierarchical clustering by Euclidean distance shows a distinct clustering of infected versus non-infected samples with a replicate reproducibility ranging from 95%to 96%Students'T test corrected for multiple hypothesis testing using a Benjamini-Hochberg False Discovery Rate can be performed to identify proteins with significant differences in abundance during infection compared to non-infected controls. In this analysis, 117 host proteins demonstrating a significant change in expression upon infection were identified. Notably, significant increases in the abundance of fungal proteins, as expected during infection, were also observed.It is important to handle the macrophages gently during coculturing, washing, and sample collection. By defining how the pathogen adapts to the host and how the host defends itself from infection, new insights are acquired into the fields of microbiology and immunology.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Use of an Optical Trap for Study of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and ...

Use of the EpiAirway Model for Characterizing Long-term Host-pathogen Interactions

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae  (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory ...

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

En komparativ tilgang til at karakterisere Landskab værtspatogene protein-protein interaktioner

Significant efforts were gathered to generate  large-scale comprehensive protein-protein interaction network maps. This is  instrumental to understand the ...

Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Utilizing Label-free Biosensor Technology

Påvisning af humant leukocyt antigen Biomarkører i Breast Cancer hjælp Label-fri biosensorteknologi

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will ...

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

Elektroporation af funktionelle Bakterielle effektorer i pattedyrceller

The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Evaluering af effekt og toksicitet af RNA Målretning HIV-1 Produktion til brug i Gene eller Drug Therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...

A New Method for Qualitative Multi-scale Analysis of Bacterial Biofilms on Filamentous Fungal Colonies Using Confocal and Electron Microscopy

En ny metode til Kvalitativ Multi-skala Analyse af Bakteriel biofilm på Filamentøs Kolonier Brug Konfokal og Electron Microscopy

Bacterial biofilms frequently form on fungal surfaces and can be involved in numerous bacterial-fungal interaction processes, such as metabolic ...

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infektion af menneskelige lymfoide væv og kvindelige kønsorganer slimhinde med Human immundefekt Virus 1 og Histoculture

Histocultures allow studying intercellular interactions within human tissues, and they can be employed to model host-pathogen interactions under ...

Label-free Neutrophil Enrichment from Patient-derived Airway Secretion Using Closed-loop Inertial Microfluidics

Label-fri neutrofile berigelse fra Patient-afledte luftvejene sekretion ved hjælp af lukkede kredsløb Inertial mikrofluidik

Airway secretions contain a large number of immune-related cells, e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which can be used as a major resource ...

Label-Free Identification of Lymphocyte Subtypes Using Three-Dimensional Quantitative Phase Imaging and Machine Learning

Label-gratis identifikation af lymfocyt undertyper ved hjælp af tre-dimensionelle kvantitative fase Imaging og Machine Learning

We describe here a protocol for the label-free identification of lymphocyte subtypes using quantitative phase imaging and machine learning. Identification ...