Name: pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis
Uploaded: 2020-12-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

这项工作部分得到了UCSD启动基金的支持，这些基金拨给O.S.A.和NSF/BIO赠款1645331给J.L.R.

1. 纳索尼亚饲养
<ol><li>将~20名雌性女性单独设置在用棉布插上的小玻璃试管中。 注意：为了减少饲养空间，10 x 85 厘米，4 mL 管是最佳的。女性很容易与男性区别，因为更大的翅膀和存在卵子（图1A）。饲养N.维特里彭尼斯的详细协议也可以在其他文献13，14，15中找到。<ol>
<li>每管增加两个 S....

<ol>
	<li>Verhulst, E. C., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+control+of+haplodiploid+sex+determination+in+the+wasp+Nasonia.">Maternal control of haplodiploid sex determination in the wasp Nasonia.</a> Science. 328 (5978), 620-623 (2010).</li><li>Verhulst, E. C., Lynch, J. A., Bopp, D., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+component+of+the+Nasonia+sex+determining+cascade+is+maternally+silenced+and+regulates+transformer+expression.">A new component of the Nasonia sex determining cascade is maternally silenced and regulates transformer expression.</a> PloS One. 8 (5), 63618 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+elimination+mediated+by+gene+expression+from+a+selfish+chromosome.">Genome elimination mediated by gene expression from a selfish chromosome.</a> Science Advances. 6 (14), (2020).</li><li>Aldrich, J. C., Leibholz, A., Cheema, M. S., Ausi&#972;, J., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+"selfish"+B+chromosome+induces+genome+elimination+by+disrupting+the+histone+code+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A "selfish" B chromosome induces genome elimination by disrupting the histone code in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 42551 (2017).</li><li>Ferree, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genes+uniquely+expressed+in+the+germ-line+tissues+of+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonnia+vitripennis.">Identification of genes uniquely expressed in the germ-line tissues of the jewel wasp Nasonnia vitripennis.</a> G3. 3 (12), 2647-2653 (2015).</li><li>Akbari, O. S., Antoshechkin, I., Hay, B. A., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+testis+reveals+novel+transcripts+expressed+from+the+selfish+B+chromosome,+paternal+sex+ratio.">Transcriptome profiling of Nasonia vitripennis testis reveals novel transcripts expressed from the selfish B chromosome, paternal sex ratio.</a> G3. 3 (9), 1597-1605 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+differences+in+circadian+clock+gene+expression+patterns+and+photoperiodic+diapause+induction+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Adaptive differences in circadian clock gene expression patterns and photoperiodic diapause induction in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> The American Naturalist. 193 (6), 881-896 (2019).</li><li>Paolucci, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latitudinal+variation+in+circadian+rhythmicity+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Latitudinal variation in circadian rhythmicity in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Behavioral Sciences. 9 (11), (2019).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+parasitoid+wasp+Nasonia:+an+emerging+model+system+with+haploid+male+genetics.">The parasitoid wasp Nasonia: an emerging model system with haploid male genetics.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Lynch, J. A., Desplan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+parental+RNA+interference+in+the+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A method for parental RNA interference in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 486-494 (2006).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+heritable+germline+mutations+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">Generation of heritable germline mutations in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 901 (2017).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+mutagenesis+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+through+ovarian+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein.">Germline mutagenesis of Nasonia vitripennis through ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein.</a> Insect Molecular Biology. , (2020).</li><li>Li, M., Bui, M., Akbari, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+microinjection+and+transplantation+technique+for+Nasonia+vitripennis+genome+manipulation.">Embryo microinjection and transplantation technique for Nasonia vitripennis genome manipulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (130), (2017).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+Sarcophaga+bullata+fly+hosts+for+Nasonia+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Rearing Sarcophaga bullata fly hosts for Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+maintenance+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Strain maintenance of Nasonia vitripennis (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+sex+determination+in+the+haplodiploid+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Hymenoptera:+Chalcidoidea).">Genetics of sex determination in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).</a> Journal of Genetics. 89 (3), 333-339 (2010).</li><li>Leung, K., van de Zande, L., Beukeboom, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life-history+traits+of+the+Whiting+polyploid+line+of+the+parasitoid.">Life-history traits of the Whiting polyploid line of the parasitoid.</a> Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. 167 (7), 655-669 (2019).</li><li>Kennerdell, J. R., Carthew, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+dsRNA-mediated+genetic+interference+to+demonstrate+that+frizzled+and+frizzled+2+act+in+the+wingless+pathway.">Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway.</a> Cell. 95 (7), 1017-1026 (1998).</li><li>Yang, J., Zhao-jun, H. A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+different+methods+for+dsrna+delivery+in+cotton+bollworm+(Helicoverpa+armigera).">Efficiency of different methods for dsrna delivery in cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera).</a> Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 13 (1), 115-123 (2014).</li><li>Brown, S., Holtzman, S., Kaufman, T., Denell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+Tribolium+Deformed+ortholog+and+its+ability+to+directly+regulate+Deformed+target+genes+in+the+rescue+of+a+Drosophila+Deformed+null+mutant.">Characterization of the Tribolium Deformed ortholog and its ability to directly regulate Deformed target genes in the rescue of a Drosophila Deformed null mutant.</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 209 (7), 389-398 (1999).</li><li>Hughes, C. L., Kaufman, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+analysis+of+Deformed,+proboscipedia+and+Sex+combs+reduced+in+the+milkweed+bug+Oncopeltus+fasciatus:+novel+roles+for+Hox+genes+in+the+hemipteran+head.">RNAi analysis of Deformed, proboscipedia and Sex combs reduced in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus: novel roles for Hox genes in the hemipteran head.</a> Development. 127 (17), 3683-3694 (2000).</li><li>Dzitoyeva, S., Dimitrijevic, N., Manev, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-abdominal+injection+of+double-stranded+RNA+into+anesthetized+adult+Drosophila+triggers+RNA+interference+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Intra-abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA into anesthetized adult Drosophila triggers RNA interference in the central nervous system.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (6), 665-670 (2001).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein+into+arthropod+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing.">Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into arthropod ovaries for heritable germline gene editing.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 3008 (2018).</li><li>Macias, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9-mediated+gene-editing+in+the+malaria+mosquito+anopheles+stephensi+by+ReMOT+control.">Cas9-mediated gene-editing in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi by ReMOT control.</a> G3. 10 (4), 1353-1360 (2020).</li><li>Heu, C. C., McCullough, F. M., Luan, J., Rasgon, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-based+genome+editing+in+the+silverleaf+whitefly+(Bemisia+tabaci).">CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).</a> CRISPR Journal. 3 (2), 89-96 (2020).</li><li>Shirai, Y., Daimon, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+cardinal+are+responsible+for+the+red-1+and+peach+eye+color+mutants+of+the+red+flour+beetle+Tribolium+castaneum.">Mutations in cardinal are responsible for the red-1 and peach eye color mutants of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 529 (2), 372-378 (2020).</li><li>Hunter, W. B., Gonzalez, M. T., Tomich, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BAPC-assisted+CRISPR/Cas9+system:+targeted+delivery+into+adult+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing+(Arthropoda:+Hemiptera).">BAPC-assisted CRISPR/Cas9 system: targeted delivery into adult ovaries for heritable germline gene editing (Arthropoda: Hemiptera).</a> bioRxiv. , 478743 (2018).</li><li>Chaverra Rodriguez, D., Bui, M., Li, M., Raban, R., Akbari, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+genetic+tools+to+control+ACP.">Developing genetic tools to control ACP.</a> Citrus Research Board Citrograph Magazine. 11 (1), 64-68 (2020).</li></ol>

随着最近越来越多的使用纳索尼亚维特里彭尼斯作为模型生物体的各种生物问题2，3，7，17，有必要开发和优化注射方法，使一个简化和有效的协议，为N.维特里彭尼斯基因的功能分析。目前涉及基因编辑试剂胚胎微注入的方法具有挑战性，需要专门设备和训练有素的人...

CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑是功能遗传研究的有力技术，特别是在许多新兴的模型生物体，如宝石黄蜂，纳索尼亚维特里彭尼斯。养殖的便利性和完整基因组的可用性使宝石黄蜂成为阐明不同生物过程分子机制的重要实验系统。例如，N.vitripennis最近被用来解开单体性测定系统1、2、B染色体3、4、5、6的生物学以及昼夜和季节性规则7、8的遗传基础的表观遗传基础。使N. vitripennis适合工作的一些功能包括短的生成时间 （+2 周在 25 °C）， 高繁殖率， 容易在 pupal 阶段的性别分离， 以及在 4 °C 下诊断和存储菌株的能力。 生命周期开始于雌性黄蜂寄生在萤虫的幼崽，石棺牛拉塔。通过它们的卵子，雌性在吹飞的幼崽中产下多达50个卵子。卵子发育成幼虫，以S.牛油为食，在接下来的几天里继续发育，然后幼虫，然后成年的萎缩和从宿主puparium 9中出现。
在N.维特里彭尼斯进行功能性遗传研究的分子工具，如RNA干扰（RNAi）10和CRISPR/Cas911，12，是可用的，但有限，主要是因为在执行胚胎微注射13困难。由于N.维特里彭尼斯鸡蛋需要一个幼崽宿主来发展，鸡蛋操纵是非常具有挑战性的。预爆胎阶段胚胎必须从宿主吹飞幼虫中采集，迅速微注入，并立即移植回宿主进行发育13。这些步骤需要精确和专门的训练，以避免损害微注入胚胎或幼崽宿主13。此外，鸡蛋非常小和脆弱，特别是在微注射后，非常粘稠的细胞质导致注射针13的连续堵塞。这些特征使得胚胎微注射极具挑战性，需要训练有素的操作员和大多数N.维特里彭尼斯实验室都不存在的专门设备。
优化用于交付CRISPR试剂的替代注射方法将有助于巩固N.维特里彭尼斯作为模型有机体的地位。与操纵胚胎相比，对幼崽和成人的操纵挑战性较小，可以通过基本的注射设置来完成。在这里，描述了注射幼虫和成人的两个协议：一个涉及注射的专用设备，另一个涉及使用装有玻璃毛细管的吸气管总成。使用吸气管特别适合无法获得胚胎微注射专用设备的实验室。展示了不同发育阶段的N.维特里彭尼斯的有效注射，包括白或黑幼虫和成年黄蜂。白幼崽阶段的黄蜂特别适合 RNAi 调解的击倒实验。虽然在纳索尼亚的RNAi在2006年首次被林奇和德斯普兰描述10，但没有视觉程序可用于如何RNA注射进行。RNAi最近被用来发现B染色体PSR（父性比例）3的增生基因，并研究时钟基因的参与，周期，在N.维特里彭尼斯生物节律7。
黑幼虫和成年黄蜂可用于利用REMOT控制（受体介导的货物卵巢转导）和BAPC（分支两栖肽胶囊）协议诱导CRISPR/Cas9细菌基因编辑。这两种卵巢输送方法最近被描述为在纳索尼亚产生生殖系突变的目标基因，辛纳巴7，12有效。在这里，为注射提供了简化的协议，包括一个循序渐进的方法的视觉程序，可用于在纳索尼亚产生功能遗传学研究，并可能在其他寄生虫黄蜂，而无需专门设备和绕过胚胎微注射。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x 15 mm Stackable Petri Dishes, Polystyrene, Mono, Sterile</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>960-97693-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminosilicate glass capillary tubing 1 mm(outside diameter) x 0.58 mm (inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BF100-58-10</td>
			<td>Can also use Borosilicate or Quartz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated microcapillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177-5EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BAPC</td>
			<td>phoreus biotech</td>
			<td>BAPtofect-25 0.5 mg Kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cas9 Protein with NLS</td>
			<td>PNABio</td>
			<td>CP01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting needle</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10806-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase/RNase-Free distilled Water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtojet Express programmable microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtotips Microloader tips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E5242956003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tip paintbrush</td>
			<td>ZEM</td>
			<td>2595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flesh fly pupae,&#160;Sarcophaga bullata</td>
			<td>Ward&#39;s Science</td>
			<td>470180-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Food colorant dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>982010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>washable, no toxic school glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-1000 or P-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-A3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZ51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis

宝石黄蜂 ，纳索尼亚维特里彭尼斯，已成为一个有效的模型系统，研究表观遗传学的单体双体性别测定，B染色体生物学，宿主共生相互作用，斑点和毒液合成。尽管有多种分子工具，包括CRISPR/Cas9，但这种生物体的功能性基因研究仍然有限。在 N.维特里彭尼斯 应用CRISPR/Cas9技术的主要限制源于胚胎微注射的挑战。由于胚胎体小，而且胚胎发育需要宿主幼崽，因此在这个生物体和一般许多寄生虫黄蜂中，胚胎的注射尤其困难。为了应对这些挑战，Cas9核糖核蛋白通过成人注射而不是胚胎微注射复杂地输送到女性卵巢，从而进行了体细胞和遗传性生殖系的编辑。注射程序优化在幼虫和雌性黄蜂使用REMOT控制（受体介导卵巢转导货物）或BAPC（分支的两栖肽胶囊）。这些方法被证明是胚胎注射的有效替代品，使部位特定和遗传性生殖系突变。

本文提出了两个简单的方法，为 pupal 和成人微注射，无论是使用女性喷气机或呼吸管。第一种方法允许更精确地注射液体，这对 RNAi 的一致性很重要，而第二种方法允许向 纳索尼亚 pupae 或成人注射更多液体。
表1中显示的代表性结果显示存活率良好（从20%到89%）使用此处描述的注射方法获得所需的表型（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

在这里，我们将 纳索尼亚维特里彭尼斯 高效注射 pupal 和成人注射的方法描述为胚胎微注射的可访问替代品，通过 RNA 干扰 （RNAi） 或通过 CRISPR/Cas9 基因组编辑进行基因敲除，实现感兴趣的基因的功能分析。

纳索尼亚维特里彭尼斯的 Rnai 和克里斯普基因编辑的普帕尔和成人注射

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes (A. gambiae)

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

成蚊（冈比亚按蚊的RNAi实验议定书）

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video ...

科研

生物学

Localized RNAi and Ectopic Gene Expression in the Medicinal Leech

本地化的RNAi和药用水蛭异位基因表达

In this video, we show the use of a pneumatic capillary gun for the accurate biolistic delivery of reagents into live tissue. We use the procedure to ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

石蜡包埋及冷冻的部分果蝇成人肌肉

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

RNAi介导的基因敲除和<em&gt;在体内</em在成年女性利尿含量<em&gt;埃及伊蚊</em&gt;蚊子

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

体内转染和基因敲除在脊髓通过快速无创腰椎鞘内注射小鼠

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

在新生小鼠静脉注射

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Silencing the Spark: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

沉默的火花：CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑在弱电鱼

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these ...

Nuclei Isolation from Adult Mouse Kidney for Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are ...

Effective Oral RNA Interference (RNAi) Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

Effective Oral RNA Interference RNAi Administration to Adult Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

对成年 冈比亚按蚊 的有效口服RNA干扰（RNAi）给药

RNA interference has been a heavily utilized tool for reverse genetic analysis for two decades. In adult mosquitoes, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ...

Dissecting, Fixing, and Visualizing the Drosophila Pupal Notum

Dissecting, Fixing, and Visualizing the Drosophila Pupal Notum

解剖、固定和可视化 果蝇 蛹

The pupae of Drosophila melanogaster are immobile for several days during metamorphosis, during which they develop a new body with a thin transparent ...