Name: pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis
Uploaded: 2020-12-04T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

Dit werk werd gedeeltelijk ondersteund door UCSD-opstartfondsen die waren gericht op O.S.A. en NSF / BIO-subsidie 1645331 J.L.R.

1. Nasonia opfok
<ol><li>Zet ~ 20 gepaarde vrouwtjes op in kleine glazen reageerbuizen die zijn aangesloten op katoen. OPMERKING: Om de opfokruimte te verkleinen, zijn buizen van 10 x 85 cm en 4 ml optimaal. Vrouwtjes zijn gemakkelijk te onderscheiden van mannetjes vanwege de grotere vleugels en de aanwezigheid van de legboor (figuur 1A). Gedetailleerde protocollen voor het fokken van N. vitripennis zijn ook te vinden in andere literatuur13,<s...

<ol>
	<li>Verhulst, E. C., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maternal+control+of+haplodiploid+sex+determination+in+the+wasp+Nasonia.">Maternal control of haplodiploid sex determination in the wasp Nasonia.</a> Science. 328 (5978), 620-623 (2010).</li><li>Verhulst, E. C., Lynch, J. A., Bopp, D., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+component+of+the+Nasonia+sex+determining+cascade+is+maternally+silenced+and+regulates+transformer+expression.">A new component of the Nasonia sex determining cascade is maternally silenced and regulates transformer expression.</a> PloS One. 8 (5), 63618 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+elimination+mediated+by+gene+expression+from+a+selfish+chromosome.">Genome elimination mediated by gene expression from a selfish chromosome.</a> Science Advances. 6 (14), (2020).</li><li>Aldrich, J. C., Leibholz, A., Cheema, M. S., Ausi&#972;, J., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+"selfish"+B+chromosome+induces+genome+elimination+by+disrupting+the+histone+code+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A "selfish" B chromosome induces genome elimination by disrupting the histone code in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 42551 (2017).</li><li>Ferree, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genes+uniquely+expressed+in+the+germ-line+tissues+of+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonnia+vitripennis.">Identification of genes uniquely expressed in the germ-line tissues of the jewel wasp Nasonnia vitripennis.</a> G3. 3 (12), 2647-2653 (2015).</li><li>Akbari, O. S., Antoshechkin, I., Hay, B. A., Ferree, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+profiling+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+testis+reveals+novel+transcripts+expressed+from+the+selfish+B+chromosome,+paternal+sex+ratio.">Transcriptome profiling of Nasonia vitripennis testis reveals novel transcripts expressed from the selfish B chromosome, paternal sex ratio.</a> G3. 3 (9), 1597-1605 (2013).</li><li>Dalla Benetta, E., Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+differences+in+circadian+clock+gene+expression+patterns+and+photoperiodic+diapause+induction+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Adaptive differences in circadian clock gene expression patterns and photoperiodic diapause induction in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> The American Naturalist. 193 (6), 881-896 (2019).</li><li>Paolucci, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latitudinal+variation+in+circadian+rhythmicity+in+Nasonia+vitripennis.">Latitudinal variation in circadian rhythmicity in Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Behavioral Sciences. 9 (11), (2019).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+parasitoid+wasp+Nasonia:+an+emerging+model+system+with+haploid+male+genetics.">The parasitoid wasp Nasonia: an emerging model system with haploid male genetics.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Lynch, J. A., Desplan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+parental+RNA+interference+in+the+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A method for parental RNA interference in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 486-494 (2006).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+heritable+germline+mutations+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">Generation of heritable germline mutations in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 901 (2017).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+mutagenesis+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+through+ovarian+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein.">Germline mutagenesis of Nasonia vitripennis through ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein.</a> Insect Molecular Biology. , (2020).</li><li>Li, M., Bui, M., Akbari, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+microinjection+and+transplantation+technique+for+Nasonia+vitripennis+genome+manipulation.">Embryo microinjection and transplantation technique for Nasonia vitripennis genome manipulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (130), (2017).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+Sarcophaga+bullata+fly+hosts+for+Nasonia+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Rearing Sarcophaga bullata fly hosts for Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+maintenance+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Strain maintenance of Nasonia vitripennis (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+sex+determination+in+the+haplodiploid+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Hymenoptera:+Chalcidoidea).">Genetics of sex determination in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).</a> Journal of Genetics. 89 (3), 333-339 (2010).</li><li>Leung, K., van de Zande, L., Beukeboom, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life-history+traits+of+the+Whiting+polyploid+line+of+the+parasitoid.">Life-history traits of the Whiting polyploid line of the parasitoid.</a> Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. 167 (7), 655-669 (2019).</li><li>Kennerdell, J. R., Carthew, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+dsRNA-mediated+genetic+interference+to+demonstrate+that+frizzled+and+frizzled+2+act+in+the+wingless+pathway.">Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway.</a> Cell. 95 (7), 1017-1026 (1998).</li><li>Yang, J., Zhao-jun, H. A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+different+methods+for+dsrna+delivery+in+cotton+bollworm+(Helicoverpa+armigera).">Efficiency of different methods for dsrna delivery in cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera).</a> Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 13 (1), 115-123 (2014).</li><li>Brown, S., Holtzman, S., Kaufman, T., Denell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+Tribolium+Deformed+ortholog+and+its+ability+to+directly+regulate+Deformed+target+genes+in+the+rescue+of+a+Drosophila+Deformed+null+mutant.">Characterization of the Tribolium Deformed ortholog and its ability to directly regulate Deformed target genes in the rescue of a Drosophila Deformed null mutant.</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 209 (7), 389-398 (1999).</li><li>Hughes, C. L., Kaufman, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+analysis+of+Deformed,+proboscipedia+and+Sex+combs+reduced+in+the+milkweed+bug+Oncopeltus+fasciatus:+novel+roles+for+Hox+genes+in+the+hemipteran+head.">RNAi analysis of Deformed, proboscipedia and Sex combs reduced in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus: novel roles for Hox genes in the hemipteran head.</a> Development. 127 (17), 3683-3694 (2000).</li><li>Dzitoyeva, S., Dimitrijevic, N., Manev, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-abdominal+injection+of+double-stranded+RNA+into+anesthetized+adult+Drosophila+triggers+RNA+interference+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Intra-abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA into anesthetized adult Drosophila triggers RNA interference in the central nervous system.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (6), 665-670 (2001).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein+into+arthropod+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing.">Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into arthropod ovaries for heritable germline gene editing.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 3008 (2018).</li><li>Macias, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9-mediated+gene-editing+in+the+malaria+mosquito+anopheles+stephensi+by+ReMOT+control.">Cas9-mediated gene-editing in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi by ReMOT control.</a> G3. 10 (4), 1353-1360 (2020).</li><li>Heu, C. C., McCullough, F. M., Luan, J., Rasgon, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-based+genome+editing+in+the+silverleaf+whitefly+(Bemisia+tabaci).">CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).</a> CRISPR Journal. 3 (2), 89-96 (2020).</li><li>Shirai, Y., Daimon, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+cardinal+are+responsible+for+the+red-1+and+peach+eye+color+mutants+of+the+red+flour+beetle+Tribolium+castaneum.">Mutations in cardinal are responsible for the red-1 and peach eye color mutants of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 529 (2), 372-378 (2020).</li><li>Hunter, W. B., Gonzalez, M. T., Tomich, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BAPC-assisted+CRISPR/Cas9+system:+targeted+delivery+into+adult+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing+(Arthropoda:+Hemiptera).">BAPC-assisted CRISPR/Cas9 system: targeted delivery into adult ovaries for heritable germline gene editing (Arthropoda: Hemiptera).</a> bioRxiv. , 478743 (2018).</li><li>Chaverra Rodriguez, D., Bui, M., Li, M., Raban, R., Akbari, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+genetic+tools+to+control+ACP.">Developing genetic tools to control ACP.</a> Citrus Research Board Citrograph Magazine. 11 (1), 64-68 (2020).</li></ol>

Met het recente toegenomen gebruik van Nasonia vitripennis als modelorganisme voor verschillende biologische vragen2,3,7,17, is het nodig om injectiemethoden te ontwikkelen en te optimaliseren om een vereenvoudigd en efficiënt protocol voor de functionele analyse van N. vitripennis-genen mogelijk te maken. De huidige methoden met betrekking tot embryonale micro-injection van ...

CRISPR/Cas9 genbewerking is een krachtige technologie voor functionele genetische studies, vooral in veel opkomende modelorganismen zoals de juweelwesp, Nasonia vitripennis. Het gemak van opfokken en de beschikbaarheid van een compleet genoom maakt de juweelwesp een belangrijk experimenteel systeem voor het ophelderen van de moleculaire mechanismen van verschillende biologische processen. N. vitripennis is bijvoorbeeld onlangs gebruikt om de epigenetische basis van het haploïde geslachtsbepalingssysteem1,2,de biologie van B-chromosomen 3 ,4,5,6en de genetische basis voor circadiane en seizoensgebonden regulatie7,8teontrafelen . Enkele van de kenmerken die N. vitripennis vatbaar maken om mee te werken, zijn korte generatietijd (~ 2 weken bij 25 °C), hoge reproductiesnelheden, gemakkelijke geslachtsscheiding in het popstadium en de mogelijkheid om stammen bij 4 °C te diapause en op te slaan. De levenscyclus begint met vrouwelijke wespen die de poppen van de blaasvlieg parasiteren, Sarcophaga bullata. Via hun legboor leggen vrouwtjes tot 50 eieren in het popgeval van de blaasvlieg. Eieren ontwikkelen zich tot larven die zich voeden met de S. bullata-pop, zich de komende dagen blijven ontwikkelen en vervolgens verpoppen, gevolgd door volwassen eclosie en opkomst uit het gastheerpoppenarium9.
Moleculaire instrumenten voor het uitvoeren van functionele genetische studies in N. vitripennis, zoals RNA-interferentie (RNAi)10 en CRISPR/Cas911,12, zijn beschikbaar, maar zijn beperkt, voornamelijk als gevolg van problemen bij het uitvoeren van embryonale micro-invoegsels13. Omdat N. vitripennis-eieren een popgastheer nodig hebben voor ontwikkeling, is eimanipulatie zeer uitdagend. Embryo's in het pre-blastodermstadium moeten worden verzameld bij de blaasvliegpoppen van de gastheer, snel micro-geïnjecteerd en onmiddellijk worden overgebracht naar de gastheer voor ontwikkeling13. Deze stappen vereisen precisie en gespecialiseerde training om te voorkomen dat de micro-geïnjecteerde embryo's of de pop gastheren13beschadigen. Bovendien zijn de eieren erg klein en fragiel, vooral na micro-invoegingen, met een zeer stroperig cytoplasma dat een continue verstopping van de injectienaald veroorzaakt13. Deze kenmerken maken embryonale micro-injections uitzonderlijk uitdagend, waarvoor hoogopgeleide operators en gespecialiseerde apparatuur nodig zijn die in de meeste N. vitripennis-laboratoria ontbreekt.
De optimalisatie van alternatieve injectiemethoden voor de levering van CRISPR-reagentia zou bijdragen tot de consolidatie van N. vitripennis als modelorganisme. De manipulatie van poppen en volwassenen is minder uitdagend dan het manipuleren van embryo's en kan worden bereikt met een basisinjectieopstelling. Hier worden twee protocollen beschreven voor injectie van poppen en volwassenen: één met gespecialiseerde apparatuur voor injecties en de andere met behulp van een aspiratorbuisassemblage uitgerust met een glazen capillaire naald. Het gebruik van een aspiratorbuis is bijzonder geschikt voor laboratoria die geen toegang hebben tot gespecialiseerde apparatuur voor embryomicro-insecties. Efficiënte injecties van verschillende ontwikkelingsstadia van N. vitripennis, waaronder witte of zwarte poppen en volwassen wespen, worden aangetoond. Wespen in het witte popstadium zijn bijzonder geschikt voor RNAi-gemedieerde knockdown-experimenten. Hoewel RNAi in Nasonia voor het eerst werd beschreven door Lynch en Desplan in 200610, is er geen visuele procedure beschikbaar voor hoe RNAi-injecties worden uitgevoerd. RNAi werd onlangs gebruikt om het happloidizer-gen van het B-chromosoom PSR (Paternal Sex Ratio)3 te ontdekken en om de betrokkenheid van het klokgen, punt, in N. vitripennis biologische ritmes7te bestuderen .
Zwarte poppen en volwassen wespen kunnen worden gebruikt om CRISPR/Cas9 kiembaangenbewerking te induceren met behulp van ReMOT Control (Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) en BAPC (Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules) protocollen. Deze twee eierstokafgiftemethoden zijn onlangs beschreven als effectief in Nasonia voor het genereren van kiembaanmutaties in het doelgen, cinnabar7,12. Hier is een vereenvoudigd protocol voorzien voor injecties, inclusief een visuele procedure van een stapsgewijze methodologie voor zowel pop- als volwassen injecties die kunnen worden gebruikt om functionele geneticastudies in Nasonia en waarschijnlijk bij andere parasitoïde wespen te genereren, zonder gespecialiseerde apparatuur te vereisen en embryonale micro-invoegingen te omzeilen.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x 15 mm Stackable Petri Dishes, Polystyrene, Mono, Sterile</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>960-97693-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminosilicate glass capillary tubing 1 mm(outside diameter) x 0.58 mm (inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BF100-58-10</td>
			<td>Can also use Borosilicate or Quartz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated microcapillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177-5EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BAPC</td>
			<td>phoreus biotech</td>
			<td>BAPtofect-25 0.5 mg Kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cas9 Protein with NLS</td>
			<td>PNABio</td>
			<td>CP01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting needle</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10806-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase/RNase-Free distilled Water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtojet Express programmable microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtotips Microloader tips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E5242956003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tip paintbrush</td>
			<td>ZEM</td>
			<td>2595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flesh fly pupae,&#160;Sarcophaga bullata</td>
			<td>Ward&#39;s Science</td>
			<td>470180-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Food colorant dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>982010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>washable, no toxic school glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-1000 or P-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-A3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZ51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis

De juweelwesp, Nasonia vitripennis, is een efficiënt modelsysteem geworden om epigenetica van haploïde geslachtsbepaling, B-chromosoombiologie, gastheer-symbiontinteracties, speciatie en gifsynthese te bestuderen. Ondanks de beschikbaarheid van verschillende moleculaire hulpmiddelen, waaronder CRISPR/Cas9, zijn functionele genetische studies nog steeds beperkt in dit organisme. De belangrijkste beperking van het toepassen van CRISPR/Cas9-technologie in N. vitripennis komt voort uit de uitdagingen van embryonale micro-invoegingen. Injecties van embryo's zijn bijzonder moeilijk in dit organisme en in het algemeen bij veel parasitoïde wespen, vanwege de kleine embryogrootte en de vereiste van een gastheerpop voor embryonale ontwikkeling. Om deze uitdagingen aan te pakken, werd cas9 ribonucleoproteïne complexe levering in vrouwelijke eierstokken door injectie bij volwassenen, in plaats van embryonale micro-injectie, geoptimaliseerd, wat resulteerde in zowel somatische als erfelijke kiembaanbewerkingen. De injectieprocedures werden geoptimaliseerd bij poppen en vrouwelijke wespen met behulp van ReMOT Control (Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo) of BAPC (Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules). Deze methoden blijken effectieve alternatieven te zijn voor embryo-injectie, waardoor plaatsspecifieke en erfelijke kiembaanmutaties mogelijk zijn.

Dit artikel presenteert twee eenvoudige methoden voor pop- en volwassen micro-injection, hetzij met behulp van een femtojet of een aspiratorbuis. De eerste methode maakt een nauwkeurigere injectie van vloeistof mogelijk, wat belangrijk is voor de consistentie van RNAi, terwijl de tweede de injectie van grotere hoeveelheden vloeistof in Nasonia-poppen of volwassenen mogelijk maakt.
De representatieve resultaten in <stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Hier beschrijven we methoden voor efficiënte pop- en volwassen injecties in Nasonia vitripennis als toegankelijke alternatieven voor embryomicro-injectie, waardoor functionele analyse van genen van belang mogelijk is met behulp van RNA-silencing via RNA-interferentie (RNAi) of gen knock-out via CRISPR / Cas9 genoombewerking.

Pupal en volwassen injecties voor RNAi en CRISPR Gen editing in Nasonia vitripennis

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...

Research on non-canonical insect model, like parasitoid wasp, is limited because embryonic microinjection is very challenging. Our method bypasses this problem, enabling site-specific and heritable germline mutations. Injecting pupae or adult females is fast and removes the requirement for expensive equipment or specialized training required to achieve successful embryonic microinjections.This technique will allow no specialized labs that do not have access to expensive equipment to do functional studies in any insect species they are using as a model. After the optimization, this method can be used to study functional genetics of many other genes in Nasonia. We also think this method may be used to deliver nucleic acids for genetic transformation of Nasonia or other insects.Begin by setting up approximately 20 mated females singularly in small glass test tubes plugged with cotton. Add two S.bullata hosts per tube and maintain the wasps at 25 degrees Celsius and 30%relative humidity with a 12:12 light dark cycle for two to three days. After two to three days, gently remove the females using a fine tipped brush to avoid continuous over position and a synchrony in offspring development.Removed females can optionally be re-hosted or stored at five degrees Celsius for up to a month. Maintain the parasitized host at 25 degrees Celsius and 30%relative humidity with a 12:12 light dark cycle for seven days if the desired injection stage requires white pupae, for 13 days, if the required developmental stage is black pupae, or 14 days for young, newly emerged adults. When the desired stage is reached, crack open the host puparium with a dissecting needle to recover N.vitripennis pupae and adults.Prepare a glass slide by applying a line of school glue at the center. Spread the glue with the dissecting needle to obtain a thick layer, which will be used to align the pupae. Let the glue dry for approximately two minutes before transferring the pupae.Under a dissecting microscope, use a dissecting needle to apply glue on the back of the head of the pupa. Attach the pupa to the glue layer on the slide with its abdomen facing up. Align 20 to 30 pupae side-by-side on the slide.Place the slide with the pupae and a Petri dish to let the glue drive for approximately 10 minutes. Before starting the injections, test the adherence of the pupae to the glue by pushing them gently with the dissecting needle. If most of the pupae are loosened, prepare a new slide.Alternatively, remove all loose pupae and proceed to inject those that are properly attached to the slide. Load one capillary glass tube into a needle puller and pull needles following the manufacturer's instructions. Load the needle with five microliters of the prepared injection mixture using microloader pipette tips.Open the needle, sliding the tip on a surface made from two overlapping slides. Alternatively, open the tip of the needle with a pair of fine forceps to create a sharp edge. Place the slide with the aligned pupae under a dissecting microscope, then insert the needle into the femtojet's injection tube and tighten the grip head.Looking at the needle under the microscope, turn on the femtojet and set the compensation pressure and injection pressure parameters by rotating the rotary knobs. Carefully insert the needle between the second and third visible abdominal segments with a vertical angle of about 30 degrees. Inject with a continuous flow until the whole abdomen turns green in the case of white stage pupae or until the abdomen increases in size in the case of black pupae.Stop injecting when it is clear that the abdomen cannot take any more liquid or when the liquid starts flowing out of the body. Move carefully to the next pupa and repeat these steps. Transfer the slide with the injected pupae to a Petri dish.Cover the dish with its lid and place it at 25 degrees Celsius until wasp emergence. For adult preparation, separate groups of 20 virgin females in a clean small test tube with a fine paint brush. Place a glass slide on top of ice and align the female side by side on the cold slide with abdomens facing up under a dissecting scope.Load one needle with the ribonucleoprotein solution using a microloading tip and insert the needle into the connector pack of the aspirator tube assembly. Support the females from the opposite side with blunted dissecting needles, while injecting slowly into the abdomen. Avoid touching the ovipositor.This will severely damage this critical reproductive structure. Carefully insert the needle between the second and third visible abdominal segments with a vertical angle of about 30 degrees. Inject the solution into the female abdomen, stopping when no more liquid can enter or when leaking of surplus solution is observed.Move carefully to the next female and repeat these steps. When finished, gently transfer a single injected females to a new tube with one host using a paintbrush. Leave them to recover at room temperature for approximately one hour, confirm survival, and return the tubes to the rearing incubator.After adult eclosion from the injected pupae, place single wasps into a glass to plugged with cotton and insert one S.bullata host. For CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiments, allow females to parasitize the host for one day and replace the host each day for three consecutive days. Place the parasitized host, set 25 degrees Celsius until emergence of the G0 male offspring, approximately 13 to 14 days.Under a dissecting microscope, screen G0 males for the mutated phenotypes. The cinnabar gene is responsible for eye pigmentation. Wasps with brown eyes are wild-type and wasps with bright red eyes or variations between red and brown eyes are mutants.This protocol can be used for either pupal or adult microinjection. Survival rates of this procedure range from 15 to 100%The efficiency of achieving the desired phenotype via RNAi or CRISPR without requiring laborious egg injections is shown here. When injecting pupae or adult females, the needle should be sharp and be introduced in a way that liquid should not leak immediately after injecting.If this happens, remove the needle, ensure that the tip is fine and sharp, change it if necessary or inject in a different location. Function analysis can be performed on the gene of interest targeted from this procedure. This will answer a question about the gene function and if the gene is necessary for the specific phenotype studied.

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Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

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